Abstract

Dyes have been an intriguing subject of matter and debate since its invention. Surely, it has many advantages and its usage is wide in the fields of chemistry, biology, & day-to-day life. However, there are yet; many disadvantages and the most dangerous one is its toxic nature. Modern synthetic dyes are made from chemicals which include many toxins that might harm human life and the surrounding environment. The extensive use of dyes in fabric products is also an upsurge and it's a developing problem. Yet, not many researches have been performed to target its authenticity and safety. Even when forensic scientists compare dyes and create report or analyse individual components of dyes, it is important to extract it out safely from easy methods. My research deals with finding fast, efficient and easy method to extract fabric dyes from clothes. Fabric dyes are of many types and each different type has its own method of extraction. I have used Hot Alkaline Extraction Technique to extract dyes from cotton and polyester fabrics through different reagents and solvents and found the best reagent and solvent combination to extract the dye efficiently. My comparative analysis gives us suitable methods and best method for specific variety of clothes and helps in giving fast as well as efficient extraction tool for fabric dye extraction. My basic research question was to find the best suitable and efficient tool for extraction of fabric dyes and determine the best reagent-solvent combination for the same. The secondary objective was to perform heavy metal and toxin test on the dye obtained to qualify the substances which might be harmful and present in the dye. Subsequently, TLC has also been done to get results of suitable mobile phase and Rh Factor.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON REAGENTS USED FOR EXTRACTION OF FABRIC DYES & ITS TOXICITY ANALYSIS

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Abstract: A novel, precise, and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of [Mobile Phase Composition] at a flow rate of [Flow Rate]. The detection wavelength was set at [Detection Wavelength]. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines, and the results showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. The retention times for Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin were found to be [Retention Time] and [Retention Time], respectively. The percentage recovery for both drugs was within the acceptable limits. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin in pharmaceutical formulation, and the results were in good agreement with the label claim. The proposed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical industries. The developed method is simple, rapid, and cost-effective, making it suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industries. The method's specificity, accuracy, and precision ensure reliable quantification of Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin, supporting its use in pharmaceutical development and quality control.

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Key Words: RP-HPLC, Dapagliflozin, Linagliptin,Method Development, Validation, Simultaneous Estimation

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Avipattikara Churna is one of the most effective Ayurvedic formulations to manage health problems due to an imbalance of Pitta dosha like acidity, indigestion and heartburn. These are either due to lack of physical activities, sedentary lifestyle or due to unhealthy eating habits. Avipattikara Churna helps reduce excessive heat generated due to an imbalance of Pitta dosha and provides a cooling effect inside the body.

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Shunthi (Zingiber officinale) ,Maricha (Piper nigrum) ,Pippali (Piper longum) ,Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) ,Vibhitaka (Terminalia bellerica) ,Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) ,Musta (Cyperus rotundus) ,Salt (Vida Lavana) ,Vidanga (Embelia ribes)

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The August 2018 floods that destroyed Kerala were among the worst in the state's history in nearly a century. The 2018 Kerala flood had a severe impact, leading to widespread displacement, loss of life, and extensive damage to homes, infrastructure, and agricultural land. The disaster disrupted daily life across the state, overwhelmed public services, and caused long term economic and environmental consequences. This dissertation critically analyses the political role in managing this disaster in the post-disaster period, with a specific focus on the role of political leadership, institutional governance, and public participation in contributing to disaster response and recovery. Based on extensive reports of relief operations, intergovernmental relations, and engagement of diverse actors such as the state government, local self-governments, opposition parties, and civil society organizations, this research investigates the effectiveness and shortcomings of politically motivated disaster governance. The study highlights the critical leadership of Kerala's political leadership, especially the initiative of the Chief Minister and other major actors to mobilize resources, maintain open communication, and link decentralized governance structures for prompt response. It also assesses the relationship between the government and opposition, interaction with the civil society and volunteer networks, and the coordination with national agencies like the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and the central government. From this perspective, the research showcases the strengths and weaknesses of Kerala's political machinery in dealing with an unprecedented human crisis, providing insights into the wider implications of political agency for disaster resilience and recovery. The results underscore the significance of inclusive governance, inter-party collaboration, and decentralized administration in informing an effective post-disaster strategy.

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Leadership, Governance, Kerala, Floods

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Humans and other biological entities are at a great risk from microplastics, which are ubiquitous in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Their capacity to transport and absorb harmful substances is demonstrated by recent research, which suggests that they may be the source of a number of health problems. By offering insights into the fundamental molecular processes and aiding in the development of abatement techniques, computational biology has emerged as a critical method for identifying important genes impacted by microplastic exposure. This work uses databases and bioinformatics methods, such as MalaCard, GeneCard, and OMIM to find and examine the genes that are affected by exposure to microplastics. Additionally, utilizing 12 distinct cytohubba characteristics, the protein-protein interaction networks were examined in order to identify the hub gene. "TNF" protein was identified as the key regulator of the network. A list of phytochemicals was also carefully selected after a thorough review of the literature in order to determine which ones would be useful in protecting against the exposure to microplastics. Using ADMETLab 3.0, the drug-like properties of these phytochemicals were tested. The structure of the key hub gene, that is, TNF was modeled using Swiss-Model. Molecular docking studies were done to explore the potential of phytochemicals against TNF. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential role of "Ellagic Acid" that has the highest binding energy of "-9.36" in the management of microplastics exposure in human. This study underscores the pervasive threat of microplastics to both human health and the environment, highlighting their ability to transport harmful substances. Computational biology has played a pivotal role in identifying key genes affected by microplastic exposure, with TNF emerging as a critical regulator. Through molecular modeling and docking studies, Ellagic Acid shows promising potential as a therapeutic agent against microplastic-induced health risks.

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Network biology, Computational biology, TNF, Mircoplastic, Molecular modeling, Exposure management, Gingerol, Binding energy.

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Costus igneus, also referred to as the "Insulin Plant," is a tropical medicinal plant with proven antidiabetic activity and common use in traditional treatment of metabolic disorders.This research sought to investigate the phytochemical composition, total phenolic content, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of Costus igneus leaf extracts that were procured using methanolic, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extraction procedures. Initial screening showed the occurrence of major bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, and glycosides, which have been reported to be responsible for the drug effects of the plant. Total phenolic content quantification showed the high occurrence of antioxidant components, indicating good therapeutic potential. Also, in silico analysis with SwissADME was utilized to assess pharmacokinetic properties of major phytoconstituents like quercetin, kaempferol, diosgenin, and corosolic acid. These compounds had desirable drug-likeness profiles, gastrointestinal absorption, and low cytochrome P450 inhibition, validating their potential as therapeutic compounds. The findings validate the historical claims of the antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities of Costus igneus. This research fills the gap between traditional use and scientific proof, providing information for further development of standardized herbal drugs and furthering the inclusion of Costus igneus in evidence-based phytomedicine.

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Costus igneus, Phytochemical screening, Antidiabetic activity, SwissADME, Bioactive compounds, Herbal medicine

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This comprehensive discussion explores the complex pharmaceutical landscape, focusing on the distinct characteristics and benefits of branded and generic medicines. Branded medicines are highlighted for their innovative research, rigorous quality assurance, robust clinical evidence, and enduring patient trust. Despite generic medicines' notable cost-effectiveness, branded medicines play a vital role in advancing medical treatment and patient care, driving innovation and investment in the pharmaceutical industry. Common misconceptions about generic medicines are addressed, emphasizing their equivalence to branded medicines in quality, safety, and efficacy, as well as the stringent regulatory standards that govern their approval. The benefits of branded medicines are outlined in detail, including their innovative research and development processes, stringent quality control measures, comprehensive clinical trials, and the trust they inspire in patients. Ultimately, branded medicines offer a valuable option for patients seeking effective, safe, and reliable treatments, underscoring their importance in the pursuit of optimal healthcare outcomes.

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Branded medicines, Generic medicines , Innovative research, Quality assurance ,Clinical evidence ,Patient trust, Cost-effectiveness Bioequivalence, Regulatory standards.

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The enforcement of antitrust laws plays a crucial role in ensuring fair competition and economic growth. This dissertation examines the anti-competitive impacts of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in both Indian and international contexts with the aim of fostering equitable economic expansion. Through case studies, regulatory analysis, and policy recommendations, this study explores the complexities surrounding antitrust vigilance in M&A transactions and its implications for economic development (Larry Hitchcock). Anti-trust vigilance makes sure the marketplaces are working to provide the consumers with quality goods, and fair prices and to keep up the competitive marketplaces in other words, it also advises businesses to be active in competition that gets beholds by the actions of consumers. Every action that gets taken at the end of the consumer reflects on the providers and to book maximum profits, they get fumbled from what they are asked to follow. Several actions are taken by them to hinder the laws or their attempt to make anti-competitive marketplaces that are dominated by them only, to avoid all these practices, The anti-trust regulators come into play. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is responsible for all the acts under enforcing competition laws and monitoring M&A, i.e., Mergers and Acquisitions, and activities to prevent anti-competitive outcomes. The CCI focuses on all the transactions made within the sources and checks if they fall into the criteria they have made. The Competition Commission of India has got the power to review M&A transactions and intervene if something is found illegitimate. The Competition Act, of 2002, defines "appreciable adverse effect on competition" and empowers the CCI to review, approve, modify, or reject M&A transactions that may be anti-competitive (Louis Lehot, 31 October 2023). M&A, Mergers and Acquisitions, makes sense in the corporate world where Mergers refer to the combination of two or more businesses turns into a new one or We can say 50% each equity of new model made by former two different businesses where Acquisition can be defined as the taking over the whole firm by an another entity in one go. Well M&A plays a vital role in maintaining the stable state of competitive marketplaces.

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ENSURING FAIR COMPETITION: ANALYSING THE EFFECTS OF MERGERS ON MARKETS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDIA AND BEYOND

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Heat exchangers are essential equipment in a wide variety of industrial processes, and they are a central component of such industries as power generation, petrochemical and chemical processing, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The equipment enables efficient transfer of thermal energy from fluids, and it is therefore crucial to the operational efficiency and energy economy of most processes. But as the equipment operates continuously day and night over extended periods, their efficiency declines steadily. Fouling is one of the main reasons for this decline--a process in which unwanted substances such as scale, biological material, or corrosion products precipitate out of solution and accumulate on the inner surfaces of heat exchangers. The main aim of this project is to develop and implement a predictive maintenance system for heat exchangers with particular emphasis on machine learning algorithms. The system uses several machine learning approaches, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and hybrid models utilizing SVM and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The algorithms are created to simulate and predict fouling behavior under different operating conditions effectively.

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Heat Exchanger, Machine Learning, Predictive Maintenance

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High-performance liquid chromatographic, Tadalafil, Analytical technique, chromatography.

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The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of herbal transdermal patches incorporating Cissus quadrangularis, Thespesia populnea Linn, and Mentha piperita Linn. With increasing interest in alternative and non-invasive drug delivery systems, transdermal patches offer an effective route that bypasses first-pass metabolism and enhances patient compliance. The selected herbal extracts, known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties, were subjected to phytochemical screening, confirming the presence of active constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. Patches were formulated using rice and corn starch bases and evaluated for physicochemical parameters including weight uniformity, thickness and tensile strength, The optimized formulation demonstrated satisfactory physical characteristics, effective drug release, and minimal skin irritation. This study supports the potential of herbal-based transdermal systems as a promising alternative for sustained and targeted drug delivery.

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Transdermal patch, Anti-inflammatory patch, Painless drug delivery, Herbal drugs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main cause of many skin conditions is ultraviolet (UV) light, which makes UV protection essential. Sunscreen, commonly referred to as sunblock, is a topical photoprotective substance that helps shield the skin from sunburn and prevent skin cancer. Many medical professionals recommend using sunscreen products to lessen the damage that ultraviolet radiation does to the skin. Sunscreen comes mainly as creams, lotions, gel forms; however, powders and spray forms are becoming much more popular. Sunscreens sprays are frequently less prone than lotions and mineral-based sunscreens to leave a noticeable white film on the skin. This research involves the development of moisturizing sunscreen spray containing Blue pea flower extract and essential oils in order to respond to the current demand of the consumers. The suncreeen spray was prepared by using natural ingredients as active ingredients in specific quantities. Formulation was done by incorporating aqueous phase of glycerin and ethanol into a mixture of essential oils such as carrot seed oil and pomegranate seed oil, virgin coconut oil, aloe vera gel using tween 80 as surfactant. Four formulations (F1-F4) were prepared by varying the concentration of the ingredients like carrot seed oil, pomegranate seed oil, coconut oil and aloe vera gel. Tests were conducted to evaluate the product for its organoleptic properties, SPF determination, pH, spreadability, rancidity, viscosity, irritancy and homogeneity to ensure product quality and consistency. The formulation F4 was found to be the best among the four preparations as it showed greater SPF value, moisturizing property, consistency and homogeneity. The findings suggest that the developed sunscreen spray to be a stable, safe and effective skin care product which can deliver multiple benefits. The formulation successfully meets the intended objectives like providing SPF, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, moisturizing and skin healing properties. Using a sunscreen spray that is sulphate-free, paraben- free and silicone- free, a quick and improved way of protection from UV radiation was obtained that is abundant and sustainable. Packaging design was created and a spray bottle was used for package. The formulation was shown to be stable across all parameters after a month of stability tests. Further research and clinical studies are needed to explore its efficacy and safety in larger population.

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Sunscreen spray, Blue pea flower extract, Essential oils, SPF, Moisturizing, UV radiation

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This study analyzed the Philippine Army's doctrine manual backlogs to improve its doctrine development system. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive research design, the study assessed data from 2019 to 2023, identifying significant gaps, inefficiencies, and areas requiring enhancement in the doctrine development process. A structured questionnaire was administered to 110 respondents, including planners, writers, proponents, end-users, and stakeholders involved in the doctrine manual creation process. Results indicated an increasing trend in doctrine manual backlogs due to unmet yearly targets. While the tracking of backlogs was generally perceived as effective, strategies to minimize backlogs and corrective actions for individuals or units involved were viewed less positively. Additionally, clarity of yearly targets was highly rated, yet consistency in meeting these targets revealed significant dissatisfaction among respondents. The study further evaluated doctrine development programs, policies, processes, proponents, and writers, highlighting favorable perceptions regarding clarity and communication of policies, adequacy of program funding, and the qualifications and experience of doctrine proponents and writers. However, stakeholder involvement and the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms for doctrine writers received moderate ratings, indicating room for improvement. Recommendations include adopting new technologies, such as digital tracking systems, to simplify monitoring, avoid duplication of efforts, and improve the doctrine development process. Additionally, implementing easy-to-use online collaboration tools will enhance teamwork and communication among stakeholders. Establishing regular feedback through modern platforms will keep the doctrine development system efficient, current, and prepared for future advancements. This improvement is critical to the Philippine Army, as it directly enhances operational readiness and effectiveness in achieving national security goals. Furthermore, for public administration, efficient doctrine management ensures better resource utilization, accountability, and responsiveness to the public's needs.

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Philippine Army Doctrine Manual Backlogs

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Om Shri Ganeshaya Namaha!!! The laws of Hinduism include dharma and karma. Dharma refers to righteous living and karma refers to a person's words, thoughts and deeds creating their destiny. Dharma comes in four different forms with the first being the universal law. This refers to the laws of physics regulating the forces of nature. Social dharma means that everyone has occupations, duties and responsibilities they must fill. This is an element of moral and religious law. Human law looks at the stages of life and the evolution and natural expression of the mind, feelings, body and soul throughout the stages. Self-dharma is the path a person takes and everything that represents this path. While the book may be placed in the hands of the boys for their own study, it is intended to be simplified by the oral explanations of Everyone, and each chapter serves as an outline on which one or more lessons may be based. They will thus acquire a useful store of sacred authorities on their religion. It has become somewhat of a sectarian name in some parts of Nepal and India, but it is here taken only as meaning the eternal religion. This book may prove useful in laying a firm foundation of right thinking in the minds of Hindu youths, and may help in shaping them in to pious, moral, loyal and useful citizens of their mother-land and of the empire. Apart from that, Due to lack of knowledge about Sanatan Hindu Dharma the Hindu youths are becoming Atheist in larger scale. Britishers ruled over India about 200 years and In India Thomas Babington Macaulay is fully credited with the official introduction of English education all over the India and Britishers banned over Sanskrit education and they shut down all Gurukuls. Hindu was in Majority therefore Britishers closed gurukuls in order to break down the unity of hindus and then divided all hindus in casteism for divide and rule policy. When Macaulay studies came in to existence and all Gurukuls was officially banned and destroyed in India, as a result Hindus did not know about the reality of Sanatan Hindu Dharma because Hindus cut off from their roots of Sanatan Hindu Dharma or we can say Macaulay studies kept Hindus far away from their roots of Sanatana Hindu Dharma.

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SANATAN VEDIC DHARMA

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This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively. This study explores the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in navigating complex campus environments. It presents a novel application that integrates real-time data with AR visualization to guide users effectively.

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Augmented Reality, AR navigation, Mapbox

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. Reproductive health deals with their productive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. It is being flection of health during childhood, and crucial during adolescence and adulthood, sets the stage for health beyond the reproductive years for both women and men, and affects the health of the next generation. Reproductive health is a universal concern, but is of special importance for women particularly during the reproductive years. A Quantitative research approach was adopted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage among high school girls in selected schools at Bangalore. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: o To assess the level of knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pad usage among high school girls before & after the structured teaching programme. o To evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage among high school girls. o To determine the association between the level of pretest knowledge on healthy practices of sanitary pads usage & selected demographic variables HYPOTHESIS:- H1-There is statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest knowledge scores among high school girls regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads. H2-Thereissignificantassociationbetweenthelevels of knowledge of high school girls regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage with selected demographic variables. METHODOLOGY The researcher has followed Quasi- experimental design, one group pre- test& post -test design with Evaluative approach to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage among high school girls in selected schools at Bangalore. Convenient sampling technique was used to assess the knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage among high school girl to select the subjects. The sample included 80 high school girls. Data was collected through structured knowledge questionnaire by administering the questionnaire to the samples. After the pre-test, structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage was administered on the same day to the participants. On seventh day post-test was given using the same questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme Collected data was analysed by using description and inferential statistics. RESULTS The study found that in the overall pre-test knowledge score among high school girls majority 56(70.0%) of the high school girls had inadequate knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage, 24(30.0%) had moderate knowledge and none had adequate knowledge. After administration of structured teaching programme whereas in the overall post- test knowledge score, none of the high school girls had inadequate knowledge, 22(27.5%) had Moderate knowledge and 58(72.5%) of the high school girls had adequate knowledge The overall mean knowledge level obtained by the high school girls following administration of structured teaching programme was24.24inpost-testwhichwas found to behig her than the overall mean knowledge level 13.56 in the pre-test. The statistical test indicated that structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage. The mean enhancement between pre-test and post-test was10.68and the obtained paired't' value was 37.03. It was found to be statistically significant at the level of P<0.05. There is a statistically significant association between post-test knowledge and selected variables with Age group Educational level Type of family Occupation of Mother Number of Siblings Hence H2was accepted. However, there was no significant association between post-test knowledge and religion, family income, education of father education of mother and source of information. Hence, stated hypothesis H2 is rejected above selected variables. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The study findings revealed that the majority of the high school girls gained knowledge after structured teaching programme. Hypothesis H1is accepted and hypothesis H2 is accepted Age Group Educational level Type of family Occupation of Mother Number of Siblings but religion, family income, education of father education of mother and source of information was rejected. Thus, the study showed that the structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage was effective in improving the knowledge of high school girls. The findings of the study recommended the further interventional approaches regarding the healthy practice of sanitary pads usage among high school girls. Self-learning and m education regarding healthy practices of sanitary pads usage creates awareness. The present study proved that Structured Teaching Programme was effective among high school girls on healthy practices of sanitary pads.

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Keywords: Effectiveness, Structured Teaching Programme, Knowledge, sanitary pads, healthy practices high school girls.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Census 2011, being a nationwide enumeration of households and their characteristics, provides a comprehensive baseline understanding of the housing situation in rural India. It captures crucial data points such as the type of dwelling (pucca, semi-pucca, kutcha), the number of rooms, and the availability of basic amenities. This macro-level data highlights the extent of housing inadequacy across different regions and socio-economic groups. PMAY-G strategically leverages the detailed household-level information within the SECC 2011, a subset of the Census focused on socio-economic indicators, to pinpoint the most deprived families. The deprivation criteria outlined under PMAY-G, such as households with no shelter, living in kutcha houses with specific room limitations, households headed by single women, or those with disabled members, are directly derived from the data collected in SECC 2011. This targeted approach ensures that the benefits of the housing scheme reach those in the greatest need, promoting social equity and inclusive development. The Gram Sabha's involvement in validating the beneficiary lists generated from the SECC 2011 adds a layer of grassroots verification and ensures that local contexts and genuine needs are considered. While the Census 2011 provides the initial framework for identification, the ongoing implementation of PMAY-G and subsequent surveys may reveal evolving housing needs and demographic shifts that future census exercises will further illuminate, creating a continuous feedback loop for refining housing policies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

pradhan mantri awas yojna,gramin, rural development, housing scheme

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana (PMGAY), launched in 2016 by the Government of India, is a flagship rural housing scheme aimed at providing "Housing for All" by 2028. The target under the PMAY-G was construction of 2.95 crores pakka houses with basic amenities by march 2024, out of which almost all houses have been sanctioned and 2.69 crores houses have been completed till end of the financial year 23-24. The program is implemented under the Ministry of Rural Development and provides financial assistance of INR1.2 lakh for plains and INR1.3 lakh for difficult terrains. PMGAY focuses on social inclusion by giving preference to marginalized groups including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, and women. Beneficiaries are selected based on the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, ensuring transparency and targeting those most in need. One of the key features of the scheme is convergence with other government schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (toilets), Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connection), Saubhagya Yojana (electricity), and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme, enabling a holistic approach to rural development. By empowering rural communities with secure housing and basic amenities, PMGAY plays a critical role in reducing poverty, enhancing dignity, and promoting socio-economic upliftment. The scheme also boosts local employment and construction activities, contributing to rural economic growth. As PMGAY progresses toward its goal of "Housing for All," it continues to represent a major stride in India's mission to ensure sustainable and inclusive rural development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Housing scheme, pradhan mantri, yojna, pmay, Indra Awas Yojana, pradhan mantri awas yojana

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Social media marketing has emerged as a transformative force in the digital age, reshaping the way businesses engage with consumers. This study explores the impact of social media marketing on consumer behavior, brand awareness, and business performance. Through a review of recent literature and case studies, the research highlights how platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok provide cost-effective and interactive channels for targeted advertising, customer engagement, and brand loyalty. The findings suggest that businesses leveraging data-driven strategies and user-generated content tend to achieve higher customer retention and improved market reach. However, the study also discusses challenges such as algorithm dependency, privacy concerns, and managing negative feedback. Overall, social media marketing proves to be a vital tool for contemporary marketing, offering both opportunities and risks in an increasingly connected marketplace.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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challenges and barriers , business outcomes

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The objective of this study is to determine the elements that play an important role on consumer's buying behavior. The purpose of this research is to find out the main important factors related with the packaging effect, which are driving the success of a brand. Companies in order to create the right packaging for their products, they must understand the consumer buying process and understanding the role and the impact of packaging as a variable that can influence the purchase decision. So, by understanding what factors influence the buying behavior and what packaging elements are most important help companies making the right decisions about packaging their products. This research will identify the relationship between consumer buying process as the main variable of the study and some independent variables like packaging colour, printed information, packaging material, design of wrapper, printed information, brand image, and innovation and practicality that help consumers in their decision buying process.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Packaging, Consumer buying behavior, Marketing, Branding, Product design

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The pharmaceutical industry generates a significant amount of waste, ranging from chemical solvents to packaging materials. Effective recycling methods are essential for reducing the environmental impact and achieving sustainable production. This descriptive study aims to explore and evaluate the recycling methods widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Data was gathered through literature reviews, case studies, and industry reports to identify the most prevalent practices and innovations. The study focuses on key areas such as solvent recovery, waste-to-energy conversion, plastic and glass recycling, and management of hazardous materials. Results indicate that solvent recovery through distillation is one of the most commonly employed methods, with high efficiency in cost and waste reduction. Plastic and glass recycling initiatives are also widely adopted, particularly in packaging lines, driven by stricter environmental regulations and corporate sustainability goals. Advanced techniques, such as chemical recycling and bioremediation, are gaining traction for managing complex and hazardous pharmaceutical waste. While these methods contribute significantly to minimizing waste, challenges remain, including high initial costs, regulatory compliance, and the need for specialized infrastructure. The study concludes by recommending integrated waste management systems, cross-industry collaborations, and investment in cutting-edge recycling technologies to further enhance sustainability in the pharmaceutical sector. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, policymakers, and researchers, paving the way for more eco-friendly practices and innovation in waste recycling.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pharmaceutical industry, recycling methods,waste management, hazardous waste, packaging recycling, environmental impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The development of intelligent healthcare solutions has transformed disease diagnosis and treatment recommendation processes, addressing critical needs in personalized and accessible healthcare. This research presents an AI-driven, web-based disease prediction and recommendation system built using the Flask framework, which integrates machine learning models with symptom-based user inputs to offer personalized healthcare recommendations. Using a Support Vector Classifier (SVC) trained on symptom-disease datasets, the model predicts likely diseases based on user-inputted symptoms, then offers targeted recommendations encompassing medication, dietary suggestions, exercise routines, and preventive precautions. The system holds both technical and clinical significance, combining data-driven methods with healthcare-specific recommendations to streamline diagnosis and treatment. Technical contributions include efficient data integration from diverse sources--symptom records, medication lists, and disease information--to create a robust recommendation engine capable of supporting healthcare providers and patients alike. Clinically, the model addresses common diagnostic challenges, such as symptom ambiguity, by utilizing a probabilistic approach to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the system prioritizes user accessibility through an intuitive web interface, making it suitable for both clinical and individual use. This AI-powered recommendation system has substantial societal implications, especially for remote or underserved populations with limited access to medical care. By providing preliminary diagnostic insights and personalized recommendations, the model can bridge gaps in healthcare access and potentially reduce the burden on healthcare facilities. In summary, this research contributes to the ongoing integration of AI in healthcare, demonstrating a scalable, user-friendly model that can enhance early diagnosis and support better health outcomes, ultimately advancing the accessibility and personalization of medical services.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Disease Prediction, Machine Learning, Python Programming, Healthcare Analytics, Predictive Modeling, Medical Data Analysis, Health Informatics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Children are among the most vulnerable members of society, and the growing incidence of sexual offences against them underscores the urgent need for comprehensive legal safeguards. In India, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, form the legislative bedrock for addressing such crimes--both from the perspective of victim protection and juvenile justice. This research undertakes a critical examination of these two pivotal laws, assessing their effectiveness in preventing abuse, delivering justice, and ensuring the welfare of affected children. The study explores the practical challenges involved in their implementation, including institutional shortcomings, enforcement bottlenecks, and judicial interpretations. It further highlights how legal provisions interact with child psychology and procedural sensitivities. By analyzing relevant case law, policy frameworks, and ground realities, the paper aims to evaluate the extent to which these laws have succeeded in their objectives. Finally, it offers constructive recommendations to strengthen the protective mechanisms for children, contributing to the broader goal of building a safer, more just society for the nation's youth. Furthermore, the paper discusses persistent issues such as victim stigmatization, delayed justice, lack of child-friendly legal processes, and the need for specialized training among stakeholders. By identifying systemic loopholes and offering evidence-based recommendations, this research seeks to contribute to ongoing policy reforms and advocate for a more sensitive, child-centric approach to justice. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts in creating a safe and supportive environment for every child, thereby steering society towards a more secure and compassionate future.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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POCSO Act 2012, Juvenile Justice Act, Child protection laws India, Legal framework for child safety, Juvenile justice system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

On behalf of technology scaling, on-chip memories in a die undergoes bit errors because of single events or multiple cell upsets by the ecological factors such as cosmic radiation, alpha, neutron particles or due to maximum temperature in space, leads to data corruption. Error detection and correction techniques (ECC) recognize and rectify the corrupted data over communication channel. In this paper, an advanced error correction 2-dimensional code based on divide-symbol is proposed to weaken radiationinduced MCUs in memory for space applications. For encoding data bits, diagonal bits, parity bits and check bits were analyzed by XOR operation. To recover the data, again XOR operation was performed between the encoded bits and the recalculated encoded bits. After analyzing, verification, selection and correction process takes place. The proposed scheme was simulated and synthesized using Xilinx Vivado implemented in Verilog HDL. Compared with the well known existing methods, this encoding-decoding process consumes low power and occupies minimum area and delay.

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ECC

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research investigates variations in decision-making approaches between individuals from North India and South India, focusing on cultural, psychological, and organizational influences. The study evaluates how regional traditions, historical contexts, and societal values impact five decision-making categories: analytical, emotion-driven, group-oriented, delay-prone, and impulsive strategies. A blended methodology was adopted, incorporating a 20-item survey calibrated for cultural relevance and distributed to 209 participants (balanced regional representation), covering diverse age groups (19-55), genders, and professions. Advanced statistical techniques, including factor validation and multivariate testing, were used to isolate cultural factors, while frameworks such as individualism-collectivism theory contextualized behavioral outcomes. Core insights reveal that North Indian respondents prioritized methodical decision-making, marked by structured evaluation, risk mitigation, and adherence to established norms--traits consistent with societal emphasis on hierarchy and individual achievement. South Indian participants, however, leaned toward emotionally informed choices, reflecting adaptive, context-sensitive reasoning, potentially shaped by communal values and indirect communication practices. Collaborative decision-making was more frequent in South Indian groups, aligning with collective social structures, whereas North Indians often deferred decisions in high-pressure scenarios, possibly due to fear of individual accountability. Impulsive choices showed minimal regional disparity, though younger demographics universally favored rapid, instinctive actions. The analysis emphasizes cultural self-awareness--recognizing inherent cognitive biases--as vital for reducing misinterpretations in cross-cultural collaborations, such as multinational team projects. Practical applications include adapting leadership models (e.g., task-focused strategies for North Indians vs. relationship-driven approaches for South Indians) and developing region-specific evaluation metrics for workplace assessments. Policymakers could apply these insights to improve intercultural training programs, while integrating cultural flexibility indices may enhance global personality assessments. Theoretical advancements explore potential neurobiological foundations for decision-making styles, suggesting brain network variations (e.g., analytical vs. emotional processing pathways) as areas for future inquiry. Limitations include urban participant overrepresentation and snapshot data collection, which may exclude rural or less-educated perspectives. Subsequent studies should employ longitudinal tracking to observe cultural adaptation over time and neuroscientific methods (e.g., brain imaging) to map decision-making neural pathways. Comparative subregional analyses (e.g., Gujarat vs. Kerala) and qualitative fieldwork could further elucidate localized cultural nuances. By merging behavioral science and cultural anthropology, this work advances understanding of how societal norms and cognitive patterns jointly shape decision architectures in evolving global landscapes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cultural decision-making, Analytical reasoning, Emotion-driven choices, Collective social dynamics, Cognitive bias mitigation, Individualism-collectivism theory, Leadership adaptation, Neurobehavioral correlates, Intercultural training.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Influencer Marketing, Consumer Trust,,Skincare Industry, Digital Marketing, Social Media Influencers, Brand Engagement, Market Segmentation, Consumer Behavior, Authenticity in Marketing, Micro-Influencers, Macro-Influencers, Skincare Product Recommendations, Brand Loyalty, Purchase Intentions, Social Media Advertising, Online Consumer Perception, Content Marketing, Transparency in Influencer Marketing, Digital Advertising Trends, Influencer Endorsements, Consumer Psychology, Product Reviews, Tru

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Included

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Included

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Key words: Effectiveness, NIPS module, IV

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research examines the influence of a high-class brand image on consumer purchasing behavior in the fashion industry, focusing on factors such as exclusivity, premium pricing, and social status. It also studies at what degree ethical practices and sustainability influence the buying behavior of a consumer.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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luxury, brand,fashion,choices,analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This abstract provides an overview of the problems faced by street vendors in Coimbatore City, aiming to shed light on the challenges they encounter in their daily operations. Street vending plays a crucial role in the urban economy, providing affordable goods and services to the public. It is a global phenomenon and the most visible aspect. Like other informal sector, street vending is characterized by low level of income, easy of entry, self-employed and it involves large number of people. The study examines socio economic condition and problems faced by the street vendors in Coimbatore city. This study involves that 55% are street vendors, government of India passed the bill about street vendors 2022 for standard life style. This research selected 122 respondents from Coimbatore city adopting convenient sampling and study in descriptive natures. It's noted that the street vendors follow the street vending policies and they get the licenses from the authorized officials. Addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by street vendors requires a holistic approach encompassing legal reforms, access to financial services, and investment in supportive infrastructure. Recognizing the socioeconomic contributions of street vending and fostering inclusive urban policies are essential steps towards empowering vendors and fostering more equitable and vibrant urban spaces sanitation facilities, undermines the health and dignity of street vendors and their customers alike.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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steet vendors, issue of street vendors,sample

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research explores the Cultural Intelligence (CQ) levels of employees working in Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and Government Organizations in India, with the goal of understanding whether the nature of their work environment influences the development of CQ. Cultural Intelligence is an essential skill that helps individuals adapt and perform effectively in culturally diverse settings. In today's global and multicultural workspaces, CQ has become increasingly important, particularly in a culturally rich country like India. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative survey data collected through Google Forms using the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and qualitative insights from 30 in-depth interviews with employees from both sectors. The CQS instrument, developed by Ang et al. (2007), measures four key dimensions of CQ--Metacognitive, Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral--across 20 items using a 7-point Likert scale. A total of 112 employees (57 from MNCs and 55 from Government Organizations) participated in the survey. Data was analyzed using Stata software, and an independent sample t-test was conducted to compare CQ levels between the two groups. The results revealed no statistically significant difference in the CQ levels of MNC employees (M = 85.75) and Government employees (M = 87.04), with a t-value of -0.7294 and p-value of 0.4673. Although Government employees showed a slightly higher mean score, this difference was not large enough to be considered significant. The interviews provided valuable context for these findings. Employees in MNCs largely attributed their cultural adaptability to international exposure and formal cross-cultural training, while Government employees emphasized the diversity within India itself as a driving factor in developing their CQ. This highlights that both international exposure and domestic cultural diversity can equally contribute to enhancing an individual's CQ. These findings challenge the common perception that global work environments automatically lead to higher CQ. Instead, they emphasize that navigating cultural differences within one's own country can be just as valuable in developing CQ, particularly in a diverse nation like India. This study offers practical insights for both MNCs and Government Organizations, encouraging them to foster CQ development not only through global assignments but also by exposure to domestic diversity. While the sample size was relatively small, and the data relied on self-reported responses, the research lays the groundwork for future studies. Longitudinal research or sector-specific comparisons could offer deeper insights into how CQ evolves over time and across different industries.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cultural Intelligence (CQ), Multinational Corporations (MNCs), Government Organizations , Cross-Cultural Adaptability , Workforce Diversity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Knowledge, skill, effectiveness, nursing interventional package, breast self examination, student

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Unconditional true love and mirage relationship of Shree Radharaniji with Lord Krishna. According to Rudraktantra Samhita, energy may convert into matter. Krishna.Again

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Unconditional true love and mirage relationship of Shree Radharaniji with Lord Krishna.AyanGhosh/Rayenvaishya was the shadow of Lord Krishna and Chaya radharaniji was the shadow of Shree Radharaniji.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Objectives: To explore strategies for effective recruitment and talent acquisition in the pharmaceutical sector. Focus Areas: Recruitment challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The identification of ramifications for improvement of hiring procedures. Significance of Recruitment in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Recruitment of competent individuals boosts innovation, enhances regulatory compliance, and contributes to business success. The specialized and competitive nature of this industry makes effective talent acquisition core. Scope of the Research: Current state of recruitment and talent acquisition landscape. Best practices and emerging trends in recruitment. Solutions to overcome barriers in attracting and retaining top talent. Target Audiences: HR leaders, recruiters, and business decision makers in the Pharmaceutical industry. Key Messages: Trains stakeholders with nitty-gritty strategies in aligning recruitment to organizational objectives.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Recruitment and Talent Acquisition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract This paper explores the intriguing parallel between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Krishna's role in the Mahabharata, particularly in decision-making, ethical dilemmas, and strategic leadership. Just as Krishna served as a guide to Arjuna and other key figures, AI-powered Decision Support Systems (DSS) assist modern leaders in making complex choices based on data-driven insights. Krishna's interventions--whether advising Arjuna on dharma in the Bhagavad Gita or formulating war strategies--mirror AI's ability to provide situational awareness, risk assessment, and strategic recommendations without directly enforcing decisions. However, just as Krishna's guidance required human interpretation and moral judgment, AI too presents insights that human decision-makers must ethically evaluate. By drawing on examples from the Mahabharata and modern AI applications, this paper examines AI's potential as a "digital Krishna," highlighting both its transformative power and its inherent limitations in leadership and ethics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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AI,Mahabharata,Lord Krishna,Leadership

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Indian stock market has witnessed a significant rise in share buyback activities in recent years, as companies strategically utilize surplus cash to optimize capital structure, enhance shareholder returns, and signal confidence in their financial stability. While buybacks are often associated with positive outcomes, their impact on share prices and market sentiment remains a topic of extensive debate and analysis.This study investigates the implications of share buybacks on shareholder wealth and market dynamics in India, focusing on data from 154 companies that conducted buybacks over the past four years. A refined sample of 76 companies, selected based on their use of tender offers and market capitalization exceeding INR1,000 crore, serves as the basis for detailed analysis. Data was sourced from credible platforms such as BSE, NSE, Chittorgarh, and Investing.com, encompassing critical details like buyback size, record dates, and acceptance ratios.Findings indicate that buybacks often result in favourable market reactions, with share prices frequently surging within three months to a year following the announcement. This is largely attributed to perceptions of undervaluation and confidence in future profitability. Calculations of actual and assumed acceptance ratios reveal that the actual acceptance is often higher, enabling participating shareholders to realize substantial gains. Additionally, residual value analysis provides a framework for investors to optimize selling prices for shares not accepted during buybacks, ensuring profitable outcomes.While buybacks are widely regarded as a signal of positive future prospects, they can also serve as a defensive mechanism during periods of declining stock valuations to stabilize market perception and protect the company's capital base. The study underscores the importance of analyzing factors such as stock price trends and earnings per share to discern the motives behind buybacks, offering valuable insights to investors, analysts, and corporate decision-makers.In conclusion, share buybacks stand as a powerful financial tool, driving shareholder value, enhancing market confidence, and shaping perceptions of corporate governance. However, their broader implications depend on market conditions, company strategies, and investor interpretations, emphasizing the need for nuanced decision-making.

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Impact of Share Buybacks on Equity Market Prices: A Study of Indian Listed Companies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Surya namaskar is considered a part of modern-day yogic practice though it was neither considered an asana nor a part of traditional yoga. Practicing Surya namaskar before beginning routine activities vitalizes the practitioner and give a completely energized day. Starting from Raja of Aundh who first introduced Surya namaskar, there is line of eminent people who popularized this dynamic group of asanas including T Krishnamacharya, Swami Sivananda, Swami Satyananda from Bihar school of yoga, so on and so forth. Their efforts led to the introduction of this wonderful set of asanas to the practitioners. A comprehensive practice including asanas and pranayama is provided by this amazing set of postures, which also incorporate dynamic breathing patterns at each pose. Surya Namaskar practice consists of 12 postures in total, with 24 steps in a single round. Based on available research, we highlight the significance of Surya Namaskar in this review, emphasizing its impact on the physiological, psychological, and physical components of the body.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Knee osteoarthritis, pain, quality of life, Surya namaskar

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The current study explored the multifaceted mental health challenges experienced by Indian school students, particularly from class 6 through 12. With a variety of behavioral and cognitive issues, such as anxiety, depression, stress, and the impact of competitive academic environments, we provided a comprehensive overview of the current mental health landscape in schools. Our research findings were based on extensive surveys, case studies, and statistical data from reputable national and international sources, such as NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences), the Journal of Medical Sciences, and ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)

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Mind Matters

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the rights of arrested and detained individuals under Indian law. It examines the legal framework governing arrest and detention, focusing on constitutional provisions, statutory protections, and judicial interpretations. The study emphasizes the fundamental principle of presumption of innocence and highlights the safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention enshrined in Articles 20, 21, and 22 of the Indian Constitution. It also discusses the procedural requirements for arrests, such as informing the accused of the grounds for arrest, the right to legal counsel, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. The dissertation explores key Supreme Court rulings that have shaped the legal landscape, including Kishore Singh Ravinder Dev v. State of Rajasthan and Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India. Additionally, it addresses issues related to bail, custodial violence, and the role of law enforcement in upholding human rights. The research further evaluates international human rights standards and their influence on India's legal framework. The study concludes with recommendations for strengthening legal safeguards, enhancing police accountability, and ensuring the effective implementation of rights for arrested and detained persons. It advocates for legal awareness, judicial vigilance, and systemic reforms to prevent abuse of power and uphold the rule of law

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Arrest and detention o Constitutional rights Indian criminal justice system ,Presumption of innocence ,Bail and custody ,Human rights jurisprudence ,Judicial interpretations ,Police accountability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study delves into the financial literacy and decision-making capabilities of women entrepreneurs, with a particular focus on Coimbatore, India. The research investigates various factors that influence their entrepreneurial journeys, such as the challenges they face, their motivations for starting businesses, and the critical role of financial awareness in ensuring business sustainability. By adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data, including surveys and interviews, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. It further explores the impact of gender norms, educational background, family dynamics, and government support on women entrepreneurs' ability to make informed business decisions. The research also highlights the key barriers that limit women's access to financial resources and knowledge, and how these challenges hinder their overall business growth. Additionally, the study proposes strategies to enhance financial literacy among women entrepreneurs, including educational programs, access to mentorship, and government initiatives. The study aims to foster inclusive economic growth and contribute to the broader goal of gender equality in entrepreneurship. Overall, this research seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs themselves to drive positive change.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Financial literacy, Women entrepreneurs, Gender norms, Business sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research delves into the contrasting landscape of bail provisions enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the newly introduced Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). Through a meticulous examination, the analysis dissects the criteria employed by each law in determining the grant of bail. This includes a critical evaluation of factors considered by courts, such as the nature of the offense, flight risk, and potential to tamper with evidence. Furthermore, the research meticulously compares the conditions imposed on bail by both the CrPC and the BNSS. This analysis sheds light on any potential differences in stringency or focus, such as limitations on travel or contact with witnesses. Finally, the research will identify unique features specific to each law. This may encompass provisions related to anticipatory bail, mandatory bail after a certain period of detention, or specific considerations for vulnerable categories like women or children. By providing a comprehensive comparison of these crucial elements, the research aims to illuminate the evolving framework of bail in India's criminal justice system. This analysis will be valuable to legal professionals, policymakers, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the right to liberty and its safeguards in the context of pre-trial detention.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bail, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS),Offence, Witness, India's criminal justice system, Judicial Discretion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Union Parishad is the lowest tier of local government institution which provides service to citizens at their doorsteps. It is the only institution that ensures good governance, development planning, implementation, transparency, and accountability for rural areas in Bangladesh. The latest local Government (Union Parishad) Act 2009 has created an opportunity to ensure participation and effective service to the citizens. By ensuring the best service to the citizen in local areas, union parishad can improve the living standard of local people and the development of the country as a whole. Moreover, actual sustainable development cannot be insured without the development of the status of local people, and for that union parishad play a catalytic role because of its functions, activities, role, and responsibility towards the citizen. Local institutions like union parishad ensure the best service to the citizen for promoting democracy, good governance, people participation, etc. Over the last few decades, Bangladesh see rapid growth but in local areas, people still face the problem of getting services because of institutional and outside reasons. In this research, we have been finding out the current problems which are being faced by the citizen in a particular union parishad in Feni Sadar Upazila. This is exploratory and descriptive research where survey method deployed on citizens and interviewing on union parishad bodies has been used based on multi-stage sampling in mixed approach. This is based on primary data in the area of 2 no Panchgachia union in Feni Sadar upazila at Feni district, where 200 respondents (190 citizens and 10 union parishad members) are taken by random sampling method. The findings of the study prove that most people face different kinds of problems when they seek service from union parishad. Reason of those challenges as respondent pointed out political, educational, economic, and social structure play a very significant role in terms of getting service from union parishad. This study reveals some ways to solve those problems for providing effective service to the citizen in the local area.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Decentralization, Elected body, Local resident

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Key words: Effectiveness, Sensitization Program, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Mothers, Home based diarrhoeal management, Under five children.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This dissertation explores the principle of absolute liability in addressing industrial disasters in India, highlighting its evolution from strict liability through landmark cases like the Oleum Gas Leak and Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It examines the devastating impacts of industrial negligence on human lives and the environment, analyzing existing legal frameworks such as the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the Hazardous Waste Management Rules. The study identifies regulatory and operational lapses, emphasizing the need for stricter enforcement, robust safety measures, and proportional compensation for victims. Recommendations focus on empowering regulatory bodies and strengthening legal provisions to ensure industrial accountability and disaster prevention.

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Absolute Liability Strict Liability Industrial Accidents Environmental Laws Bhopal Gas Tragedy Vishakhapatnam Gas Leak Oleum Gas Leak Judicial Principles Regulatory Challenges Operational Safety Legal Doctrines National Green Tribunal (NGT) Chemical Hazards Environmental Protection Factory Safety Regulations Public Liability Hazardous Chemicals Industrial Safety Compensation Mechanisms Torts and Liability

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Background: In the digital age, it is a common sight to see people of all ages hunched over their digital devices. Technology has indeed helped us in many ways, but on the downside, it has also led to the rise of lifestyle disorders. The cervical spine is a continuous and coordinated network of muscles, nerves, and joints, the pathway ranging from the brain to the spinal cord. Irritation along this pathway leads to pain. Text neck syndrome leads to harmful symptoms such as neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, chronic headaches and increased curvature of the spine while we look down at the screens of mobile devices and while we "text" for long periods of time. Aim: - The aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding text neck syndrome among students in selected nursing colleges of Guwahati, Assam. Pre-Experimental Study was conducted at St. Martha Institute of Nursing and Dispur Nursing Institude, Guwahati, Assam; 100 samples drawn by purposive sampling technique. The knowledge was assessed by using a self-structured questionnaire. Results: - the study reveals that majority of the students 40% fall under the age group of 21 - 25 years and least 20% of the student fall under age group >25 years. Also, majority (93%) are female students and (7%) were male students. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 60%, are using smartphone 2-4 hours daily and least 5% are using smartphone >6 hours daily. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 86% have never heard about TNS and 14% has heard about TNS previously. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 44% are using smartphone from 2-3 yrs and least 4% are using smartphone from <1 yr. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 97% don't have history of TNS and least 3% are having history of TNS. Study findings also revealed that majority (58%) had moderately adequate knowledge, (29%) had adequate knowledge, and (13%) had inadequate knowledge regarding text neck syndrome. There was no significant difference between pre-test (M = 5.42, SD = 1.85) score and post-test (M = 8.45, SD = 1.18) score with a mean difference of 3.03 and pair t test score is 25.68 and df = 60 at p <0.001 which shows that mean structured teaching programme brought an effect among B.Sc. Nursing students in improving the knowledge on Text Neck Syndrome. Conclusion: - The moderately adequate knowledge and practice of the students regarding prevention and treatment exercise of TNS should be considered an important concern for the health system.

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Key Word: - TNS: Text Neck Syndrome, WHO: World Health Organization, B.Sc. nursing: Bachelor of Science in Nursing, STP: Structured Teaching Program.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Yoga , Sankhya, Vedanta, Cosmogony, Ontology

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Drones or Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV's) portray and exhibit a modern class of flying innovation that can be remotely steered or worked independently through programming controlled flight plans and calculations using coordinated and specialized frameworks that consolidate technical and systematic sensors with global positioning system(GPS). In the domain of calamity the board and help inside savvy urban communities these UAVs assume a critical part by upgrading situational mindfulness and further developing reaction time during cataclysmic events and mishaps, for example, quakes and so on in this manner further creating response time during horrendous occasions and disasters. Outfitted with significant standard imaging abilities, constant information taking care of and numerous helpful innovation, robots can quickly survey harm find caught people and convey basic and significant data to specialists on call by using the robot working structure (ROS) for capable correspondence and data gathering. This way the development can on a very basic level further develop emergency errands thus consequently showing their unprecedented chance in metropolitan flexibility and failure response frameworks. In metropolitan networks, the coordination of robots with IoT engages consistent data grouping and noticing, basically chipping away at metropolitan organization and system strength. This mix refreshes situational care during crises, pushes asset dispersing, and upholds proficient associations like traffic the board and customary checking. As robots and IoT frameworks keep on pushing, they will anticipate a fundamental part in changing sharp metropolitan locales into more responsive, conceivable, and related metropolitan circumstances. Drones, or UAVs, are becoming major mechanical assemblies across organizations, particularly in medical services and movement organizations. In clinical benefits, drones are fundamentally impacting the manner by which essential clinical supplies like blood, antibodies, and emergency remedies show up at remote or everything went south for districts, ensuring faster and more useful movement where standard strategies could endure. In made factors, drones are reshaping development frameworks by connecting, major areas of strength for speedy, fiscally sharp vehicle of things, particularly in time touchy circumstances. Their capacity to avoid traffic and appear at far away areas makes them focal in impressive metropolitan organizations, upgrading utilitarian practicality and reaction times. As robots continue to facilitate into clinical consideration and systems, they will expect a critical part in advancing metropolitan establishment, further creating receptiveness, and extending flexibility in both ordinary undertakings and emergency taking care of.

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Debacle The board, Automated Flying Vehicle, Robot Working Framework, Savvy Urban areas, Situational Mindfulness, Imaging Capacities, Metropolitan Flexibility, Crisis Clinical Conveyance, Functional Proficiency, Avoid traffic.

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RP-HPLC, Finasteride, and ChromNAV CFR.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study aimed to give ideas about the cases of chronic kidney disease in the Municipality of Lapaz Tarlac. The term paper includes demographic profiles and life experiences of the chronic kidney disease patients. The main goal of this study is to resolve issues about chronic kidney disease patients as well as to give them the right support system from the government. In addition, the research design for this study is a qualitative phenomenological study. It is qualitative research approach that builds on the assumption that the universal essence of anything ultimately depends on how its audience experiences it. Phenomenological researchers record and analyze the beliefs, feelings, and perceptions of the audience they're looking to study in relation to the thing being studied Lapaz is a municipality in the Philippines province of Tarlac. It is the main point of the study. This study involved residents with chronic kidney disease of the municipality of Lapaz, Tarlac this includes 22 barangays. This is the locale chosen to facilitate gathering of data. Findings revealed that a diverse distribution of CKD cases across different age groups. The most significant proportion of CKD patients was found in the age ranges of 15 to 19 (50%) and 20 to 29 (9%). This demographic pattern suggests a concentration of CKD cases among Young Adults in Lapaz Tarlac., Regarding gender distribution, 77.00% of CKD cases were female and 23.00% were male. This shows that female predominance aligns with global CKD epidemiology trends, reflecting higher incidence rates than in males. In summary, the study reveals the lived experience of CKD patients in the Municipality of Lapaz Tarlac. Most of the respondents need more support, especially financial support. The Mega Rhu Dialysis Center will have an impact on how patients with CKD survive on their financial needs as well as on their physical, emotional, and mental health.

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Chronic Kidney failure, Epidemiolgy, Dialysis Center, Financial

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On May 19, 2024, two young software engineers died untimely by a speeding Porsche car driven by an allegedly intoxicated 17-and-a-half-year-old minor in Pune. The investigation in this case revealed elaborate attempts by the family, doctors, police, and local politicians to cover up the crime committed by a teenager who is the only heir to the family fortunes, which runs in several hundred crores. An uproar on social media and protests on the streets of Pune ultimately forced the authorities to probe the case on the basis of the First Information Report (FIR) lodged by friends. The minor was produced before the Juvenile Justice Board which kept aside the request of the Police to try the boy as an adult. Also, within 15 hours, the Juvenile Justice Board also granted conditional bail to the minor and was asked to work with the 'Yerawada traffic police for 15 days, write a 300-word essay on the accident, get treatment to quit drinking and to seek psychiatric counselling'. Two days later, following a public outcry over these conditions, the Juvenile Justice Board cancelled the bail and remanded the minor to an Observation Home until June 5, 2024 which was further extended till June 12, 2024. The above case-text is a gist of an article written by Vishvajeet Ghoshal, Co-Founder of Children Unbound Foundation and former Joint Secretary & Director (Projects) of Prayas JAC published in thepressindia.in where he explains that "Beyond the criticism and uproar over Juvenile Justice Board's direction, the issue needs to be seen in the larger legal context, as the underlying philosophy of the Juvenile Justice Act is different from the Criminal Justice System. The accused minor is four months short of becoming an 'adult'. The directions of the JJ Board were in the context of the 'process' to be followed for 'adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of the children', setting up a system distinct from the adult criminal justice system for apprehension, detention, prosecution, penalty, imprisonment, rehabilitation and social reintegration of children in conflict with law'. The basic tenet of the JJ Act is to focus on rehabilitation and social reintegration of the child rather than punishment".

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"PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT UNDER JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) ACT, 2015: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY"

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION "We must protect families, we must protect children, who have inalienable rights and should be loved, should be taken care of physically and mentally, and should not be brought into the world only to suffer" Mrs. Indira Gandhi. The 21st century is known as the era of information technology, when technology advancement hits civilization, parental care, and guidance slowly replaced by variety of technological innovations. The term "smartphone" was used in 1997 by Ericson. Smatphone is providing integrated services from communication, computing and mobile sectors such as voice communication, messaging, personal information management applications and wireless communication capability. The internet fuels the smartphone uses and is useful for a variety of purposes, such as convenient, rapid sharing of information, and contact with other cultures, emotional and feasibility and an easy charring of a smartphone makes it possible to use it anywhere, Because Smartphone's currently include all the features of a laptop, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, a bundle of apps. All over the world, adolescents are the more vulnerable group for the smartphone usages and abuse. According to WHO, Adolescents are defined as young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Today 20% of the world population is of adolescents, constituting 1.2 billion people worldwide. Nearly 243 million adolescents live in India.4 A UN report has raised concerns about the increased use of Smartphone in schools all over the world. This report shows the impact of technology shared objectives of on teaching and learning. And also abuse of technology for non-educational activities like entertainment and commercial use. UN also warned and suggested the whole countries to maintain the human -centred use of technology only to support the education, not to supplement the teachers led instructions. The Adolescents should know and use only the relevant content and ignore the unnecessary and irrelevant content. The technology has a double edge sword so adolescents should select only the use of technology to enhance their knowledgeand growth , not to replace the human relationship. 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM: Effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smart phone addiction and associated health problems among adolescents in selected schools at Patiala, Punjab. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: It is often stated that children are the world's most valuable resources and assets, but their rights throughout the world are largely ignored often resulting into tragic outcomes. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smart phone addiction and associated health problems among adolescents in selected schools at Patiala, Punjab. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative approach with two group experimental research design was used for this study. A sample size of 560 adolescents 280 in each, from experimental and control group at selected schools of Patiala Punjab was selected using probability stratified sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and SAS scale was administered to assess knowledge regarding smartphone addiction and the prevalence of smartphone addiction among adolescents at selected schools of Patiala, Punjab. RESULTS: As the result of analysis of Section A In this study among 560 subjects , the pre- test knowledge score was only 2 (0.37%) had adequate knowledge followed by 165(29.23%) had moderate knowledge score with the remained 293 (70.50%) had shown the inadequate knowledge score regarding smartphone addiction . The Mean knowledge score of pre-test of the experimental group was 9.37(31.23%) and the Mean knowledge score of the pre-test of the control group was 9.40 (31.35%). After intervention there was a substantial gain in knowledge compared to the pre-test scores was seen with the significant difference in the adequate knowledge score of experimental group) that mean score was 21.91(73.5%) but the post test knowledge score in the control group was almost the same as pre- test with mean score of 9.55 (3.31.85%). As reported in the post test knowledge score of experimental group 189 (67.5 %) subjects have adequate knowledge score, followed by 89 (31.8%) shown moderate knowledge score, where only 2 (0.7%) subjects had reported the inadequate knowledge score. On the other hand reported in the post- test knowledge score, the subjects of the control group shown the score almost same with pre test effect that is 5(1.8%) subjects had adequate knowledge , followed by 87(31.1%) had moderate and 188(67.1%) had shown the inadequate knowledge score . In the analysis report of Section -B, Out of total 560 subjects (Experimental group, N=280 +Control group, N= 280), the majority 183 (32.67%) subjects (experimental 92 and control 91) had severe Smartphone addiction followed by 193(34.46%) subjects from both groups had reported with the moderate addiction score while the remaining 184 (32.85%) had been found at the risk or in the low addiction score. An notable effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smartphone addiction among adolescents on severe addiction score of experimental group had been reported with the post- test addiction score of 4 (1.4%) that was shifted from a higher pre-test mean score of severe addiction 92 (32.5 %) of experimental group . The moderate addiction score was raised up to mean score 140(50%) from 99(35.4%) Followed by the low addiction mean score 136 (48.6%) from the 94 (33.6%) of the addiction score of experimental group .The pre-test mean percentile addiction score was 114.35 %which decreased up to post -test score of 94.71%after the intervention On the other hand the addiction score among the adolescents of the control group had remained same that was as severe 85(30.4%), moderate, 107(38.2%) and mild 88(31.4%) with the pre -test addiction score as 91(32.5%), 99(35.4%) and 90(32.1%) respectively. The post -test mean score of control group was found almost the same as 115.78% and 115.29 % of the pre test and post test respectively CONCLUSION: It was concluded in this study, that there is a noticeable effectiveness of the intervention 'A nurse led educational package regarding smartphone addiction among adolescents at selected schools of Patiala, Punjab, which had shown a substantial gain in knowledge compared to the pre-test scores as a significance difference in the pre-test and post test knowledge score among adolescents of experimental group. There is also seen a significance difference in the prevalence score of Smartphone addiction among the adolescents of the experimental group, after intervention that was shifted from severe to moderate and low addiction score .

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KEY WORDS: knowledge, Effectiveness, Smartphone, Smartphone addiction, adolescents.

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In the year 1980, I could derive a new gravitational formula based on push by the smallest particles rather than an imaginary magical attraction between the objects. The smallest particles or the energy packets, moving with the speed of light in every direction were already present before the emergence of planets of the universe, and the planets or the matter emerged by their complex groupings. The paper was copyrighted in 1983. Later on April 22, 2019, I found from Quora.com that Le Sage's Theory was based on my hypothesis of gravitational push, which of course was not having much experimental evidence, that's why it remained ignored. I was glad to find that one person was already supporting my hypothesis based on logical facts. Newton and Einstein have tried to explain gravitational attraction that still lacks to clarify complete working of our universe. When people compared Le Sage's Theory with Newton's theory, they found Newton's theory more acceptable because its formula was readily available to predict (not explain) most of the motions of heavenly bodies. Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mundane corpuscles) impacting all material objects from all directions. During Le Sage's time mathematics was not so helpful to Le Sage's hypothesis and he was not able to develop a formula to calculate force of push between the objects. Also, there was no evidence of the presence of dark matter and the expansion of the universe. Since the 1920s, astronomers have hypothesized that the universe contains more matter than seen by the naked eye or by the use of any scientific gadgets. It is noticed, by observing unexplainable movement of galaxies, that the path of motion of galaxies is being influenced by some nearby clusters of invisible matter. On 25 August 2016, astronomers reported that Dragonfly 44, an ultra diffuse galaxy (UDG) with the mass of the Milky Way galaxy, but with nearly no star structure, is made almost entirely of dark matter. It is said that satellites are able to orbit around the planet because they are locked into speeds that are fast enough to defeat the downward pull of gravity. Everyone is aware that when we see an image of a star located several light years away, that star has already moved to a new location and we are watching its fake position at the old location. Based on my hypothesis of gravitational attraction there is another explanation for orbiting satellites and planets. Any visible attraction between two objects can be felt after a certain time interval of their presence at a location. And during that time interval, if the objects take new positions, they will deflect the resultant effect of visible attraction by their previous positions. To avoid the effect of push between the two objects, one of them has to leave the area enclosed between their common tangents before they experience the effect of push due to their previous positions. So, in order to understand and estimate visible attractions more precisely, there is a need to re-examine the hypothesis of push by particles. Einstein also assumed that the universe was static [not expanding], and he had added a term to his equations called the cosmological constant that provided a repulsive force to overcome the mutual gravity that would otherwise cause the universe to collapse. My gravitational formula predicts that the distance of Sun-Earth Lagrangian point from earth comes out to be 1370444 kilometers (1.37 million km) . The Google search shows the Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, is about 1.5 million km from the Earth towards the Sun, and there have been many solar observatories located here, including DSCOVR, WIND, SOHO, and ACE. Use of mathematics for scientific explanations need not be required but only for resultant output of an effect. Using any constant in any equation is equivalent to admitting that we don't know some part of the fundamentals. After Hubble's discovery [that the universe is expanding] Einstein not only withdrew his cosmological constant, but regretted ever putting it in. Another mysterious, very common observation of attraction and repulsion by magnets is being taught in the schools without any convincing explanation. A simple model depicting the working of magnet explains that the attractions between opposite poles are the result of repulsive forces.

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defying gravity, who discovered gravity, anti gravity, dark matter, magnet, Universe, Newton, Eisenstein, Gravity, Galaxies, Rays, Science, Research, Discovery, Big bang, stationary satellite, General Theory, cosmological constant, smallest particle, push particles, black holes, real present time, momentum, anu, Inderjeet

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Gambling has become increasingly accessible due to technological advancements and the legalization of certain gambling activities. With the increasing accessibility of gambling through technology and legalization, addiction persists despite efforts by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) to promote responsible gaming. Despite PAGCOR's oversight and efforts to promote safe gambling practices, addiction continues to be a critical problem, driven by factors like peer influence, online gambling platforms, and intense marketing strategies. This study seeks to understand the lived experiences of people with gambling addiction, aiming to shed light on their challenges and inform strategies for effective intervention and support. The study identifies key gaps in regulation, intervention, and rehabilitation programs in the Philippines, particularly highlighting how social and governmental policies fail to adequately address the personal struggles and community impacts of gambling addiction. Motivated by over two decades of experience in the gaming industry, the researcher seeks to offer insights into the lived experiences of gambling addicts, aiming to inform public policy and improve support systems for addiction. Using qualitative methods such as interviews and documentary analysis, the study focuses on personal narratives, interviewing twenty participants engaged in various forms of gambling (e.g., online gambling, slot machines, and mixed games) to understand the complex challenges they face. The study on gambling addiction in Pampanga uncovers a progression from casual gambling to severe addiction, with significant financial, emotional, and relational consequences. Initially drawn in by small wins and social influences, participants soon found themselves in cycles of debt, secrecy, and strained family relationships. The emotional toll included guilt, shame, and in severe cases, depression, with attempts at recovery often providing only temporary relief. Many emphasized the need for personal boundaries and support networks to manage addiction. This study highlights the need for stronger community support and targeted policies to address gambling's broader societal impact.

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gambling, PAGCOR, lived experiences, gambling addiction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rationale for this study is rooted in the recognition that Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSEs) are vital to Ethiopia's economic growth and job creation. The government has established numerous institutions to facilitate the smooth functioning of MSEs, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) are also playing a significant role in promoting their development. However, despite these efforts, the performance of the sector has not met the expectations of many stakeholders due to persistent problems.One of the main reasons for this study is to delve deeper into the mechanisms that influence the development of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia. The primary objective is to investigate and identify the relationships between the performance of these enterprises and various selected influencing factors. Additionally, the study aims to determine the impact of these factors on the performance of small and micro businesses.Ethiopia has long acknowledged the critical role that MSEs play in fostering economic growth and generating employment. This acknowledgment is evident in the government's efforts to create a supportive ecosystem for these enterprises. Various institutions have been established with the specific mandate to support MSEs, addressing their needs and challenges to ensure their sustainable development. These institutions provide essential services such as access to finance, training, market linkage, and policy advocacy. In parallel, NGOs are also actively engaged in promoting the development of MSEs. They offer complementary support by providing training, facilitating access to markets, and advocating for policies that favor the growth of these enterprises. The combined efforts of government institutions and NGOs have created a robust support system aimed at fostering the growth and development of MSEs.Despite these efforts, the performance of the MSE sector has not fully met the expectations of various stakeholders. Several persistent problems continue to hinder the sector's potential. These problems may include limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, lack of market access, insufficient managerial skills, and regulatory challenges. These issues contribute to the suboptimal performance of MSEs, preventing them from achieving their full potential and significantly impacting their contribution to the economy. Given this context, the study's main objective is to investigate the mechanisms that influence the development of MSEs in Ethiopia. By identifying the relationships between the performance of these enterprises and various influencing factors, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of what drives or hinders their success. This understanding is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policies that can effectively address the sector's challenges.The study focuses on several key influencing factors that are believed to impact the performance of MSEs. These factors include access to finance, infrastructure, market access, managerial skills, and regulatory environment. By examining these factors, the study aims to determine their specific impact on the performance of small and micro businesses. This analysis will provide valuable insights into which areas require the most attention and intervention to improve the overall performance of the MSE sector. Access to finance is a critical factor for the growth and development of MSEs. Limited access to financial resources can severely constrain the ability of these enterprises to invest in their operations, expand their businesses, and compete effectively in the market. The study aims to explore the extent to which access to finance influences the performance of MSEs and identify potential solutions to address this challenge.Infrastructure is another crucial factor that can significantly impact the performance of MSEs. Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks, unreliable power supply, and limited access to communication technology, can create substantial barriers for businesses. The study seeks to understand the role of infrastructure in supporting or hindering the development of MSEs and provide recommendations for improving infrastructure to enhance their performance.Market access is essential for the growth and sustainability of MSEs. Limited access to markets can restrict the ability of these enterprises to reach customers, generate sales, and expand their operations. The study aims to investigate the extent to which market access influences the performance of MSEs and identify strategies to improve market linkage and access for these enterprises.Managerial skills are also critical for the success of MSEs. Lack of managerial expertise and business acumen can hinder the ability of these enterprises to effectively plan, manage resources, and make informed decisions. The study seeks to assess the impact of managerial skills on the performance of MSEs and provide recommendations for enhancing managerial capacity through training and development programs.Lastly, the regulatory environment plays a significant role in shaping the performance of MSEs. Complex and burdensome regulations can create barriers to entry, increase compliance costs, and limit the growth potential of these enterprises. The study aims to examine the impact of the regulatory environment on the performance of MSEs and identify opportunities for regulatory reforms to create a more enabling environment for their development. In conclusion, this study is motivated by the need to address the persistent problems that hinder the performance of MSEs in Ethiopia. By investigating the mechanisms that influence the development of MSEs and identifying the relationships between performance and various influencing factors, the study aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for improving the sector's performance. These insights will be crucial for policymakers, government institutions, NGOs, and other stakeholders in designing targeted interventions and policies to support the growth and development of MSEs in Ethiopia This study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design to analyze, interpret and to commend some solutions on the influencing Mechanism of the development of Small and Micro Enterprises in Ethiopia. The descriptive research is a study designed to describe the characteristics of a phenomena and it was used to collect data concerning a certain phenomenon in respect to the conditions of Mechanism of the Development of Small and Micro Enterprises. The explanatory research design was used to analyze the effect influencing Mechanism of the Development on micro and small scale enterprise and to explain the relationship between performance of micro and small scale enterprise and some selected influencing Mechanism of the Development. A mixed research methodology was used and a mixed research approach use of both qualitative and quantitative working since it permits to get adequate information for a better understanding of the topic under investigation. Quantitative Data is structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of 106 MSE owners/firms in Addis Ababa. This will involve a five-point Likert scale to gather information on various aspects of business operations and perceived impacts of influencing factors. Qualitative Data is Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key informants, including senior municipal administrators, Micro and Small Enterprises Bureau officials, and MSE heads/upper management. This allows for in-depth exploration of experiences and insights beyond pre-defined questions in the questionnaire. The population of this study is MSEs in Ethiopia. The target populations of the study were composed of business owners who are involved in micro and small enterprise at Addis Ababa. The target population of this study was the business owners/firms of MSEs in Addis Ababa. A total of 106 respondents were selected from wood and metal products, textiles and clothing, food preparation and processing, and leather products companies through simple random sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data types. To collect primary data, questionnaires and key informant interviews were conducted with senior municipal and Micro and Small Enterprises Bureau administrators. Key informant interviews included heads of enterprise and upper management. The researcher used this technique because semi-structured interviews enable the researcher to urge or prod the respondent to disclose more details. Secondary data was gathered from a range of sources, including journals, books, websites, electronic papers, and policy documents. The data was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the many factors affecting MSE performance. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed on the questionnaire data from this sample. The mean and standard deviation provided an explanation for the descriptive statistics, even if multiple regression and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were employed. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was utilized to gather information from 106 small and micro firms. This sequential explanatory design ensures that the study builds upon a solid foundation of quantitative data before delving deeper into the complexities of the influencing mechanisms through qualitative analysis. This approach leads to more robust recommendations and actionable insights for stakeholders invested in fostering a thriving MSE sector in Ethiopia. The results showed a weak but statistically significant link (r = 0.270*, p =.0.035) between management parameters and the performance of small and micro enterprises. Due to the fact that the p-value was smaller than.05. This demonstrates that there was a marginally favorable but statistically significant association between management and small- and microbusiness performance. Correlation study, on the other hand, reveals that there is a weakly significant and positive association between the financial and marketing aspects and the performance of small and micro organizations, with varying probability values.The result study showed a substantial and robust link (r = 0.802*, p =.0.000) between the infrastructure components and the performance of small and micro enterprises. Due to the fact that the p-value was smaller than.05. This demonstrates that there was a substantial and highly positive correlation between small and micro business performance and infrastructure. The aforementioned shows displays a favorable and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.794* p = 000) between the performance of small and micro enterprises and the political and legal regulation. This leads one to the conclusion that there was a highly significant and favorable relationship between the performance of small and micro enterprises and the political and legal regulation.According to the result, there is a substantial and robust link (r = 0.789*, p =.000) between technical characteristics and the performance of small and micro enterprises. As a result of the p-value being.000, which was below.05. This demonstrates that there was a substantial and favorable correlation between technology-related parameters and small- and micro business performance. According to the study, working place characteristics and the success of small and micro enterprises had a moderately and significantly positive link (r = 0.592*, p =.000). As a result of the p-value being.000, which was below.05. This demonstrates that there was a favorable moderate and significant association between small and micro enterprises' performance and their working environment. The results of multiple regressions, result revealed that marketing have a positive and insignificant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.103) and p value .421 at 95% confidence level. Marketing has statistically insignificant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises and marketing coefficient is meaningless to the small and micro enterprises performance.The results of multiple regressions, led that Finance has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.125) and p value .043 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, finance has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises. The results of multiple regressions , revealed that Management has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.171) and p value .051 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, management has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Infrastructure has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.313) and p value 049 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, infrastructure has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Political and legal regulation has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.434) and p value .042 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, Political and legal regulation has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Technology has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (1.287) and p value .000 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, Technology has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises. The independent variables (political and legal regulation, marketing, finance, working environment, management, technological and infrastructure elements) account for 80.30% of the variance in performance. Other factors not covered in this study account for the remaining 19.7% of the variation. The infrastructure, political and legal, and technological aspects were found to be the main determinants of SMEs' success. These elements were shown to have a high positive link with SMEs' performance in Ethiopia. Infrastructure elements have the most impact on MSE performance (0.802), followed by political and legal variables (0.794). Conversely, technology considerations impacting MSE performance have a beta value of 0.789.The study found that the performance of small and micro companies and management parameters had a weak but significant association (0.270).Similarly, the study demonstrates that, with varying probability values, there is a weakly positive and significant association between marketing and financial aspects and the success of small and micro organizations. However, the study found that, with a probability value of (r=0.592), there was a moderate and substantial association between working environment variables and the performance of small and micro organizations. The study came to the conclusion that the following factors had a statistically significant influence on the performance of Ethiopia's small and micro enterprises: finance, management, infrastructure, political and legal regulation, technology, and working environment. These findings were based on the results of multiple regression analysis. The findings highlight the critical role of infrastructure, a stable political and legal environment, and technology adoption in driving MSE success. These areas warrant prioritized attention from policymakers and stakeholders. However, the study also reveals the importance of management skills, access to finance, and a positive working environment, even though their impact might be statistically weaker. Neglecting these factors can still hinder MSE growth and overall performance. The limitations of this study, particularly the pre-determined set of independent variables, open doors for further exploration. Examining social and cultural influences, entrepreneurial characteristics, and access to business networks can provide a more nuanced understanding of the Ethiopian MSE landscape. Additionally, incorporating alternative performance measures beyond just profitability can capture the broader impact of MSEs on job creation, social progress, and long-term sustainability. By acknowledging these limitations and pursuing further research along the suggested avenues, stakeholders can refine their understanding and design more effective interventions. The proposed policy and intervention recommendations, targeting infrastructure development, political and legal frameworks, technology adoption, management skills development, access to finance, and a positive working environment, offer a starting point for creating a more supportive ecosystem for MSEs in Ethiopia. Investing in these areas can empower MSE owners to overcome challenges, unlock their full potential, and contribute meaningfully to the country's economic and social development. As MSEs flourish, they can generate jobs, create innovative solutions, and drive inclusive growth, propelling Ethiopia towards a brighter future. This study does not contain all of the elements impacting the development of SMEs since it included independent variables that were only presumed to be universal to all operators operating in the Ethiopian business environment. These include the areas of politics, law, marketing, infrastructure, finance, technology, and management. The majority of SMEs are profit-focused, so the study looked at profitability as a gauge of their development. This is because the majority of operators don't keep records, and their businesses are survival-based, so they gauge their performance by meeting their household expenses and ensuring the continuing existence of their businesses. Create a micro and small business revolving fund in each Addis Ababa woreda by assigning a fixed amount of money, allowing operators to use the funds for startup and monthly repayment. The process will be closely watched, with extension workers providing technical help as well. An alternate approach would be to offer a guarantee of work for a predetermined duration, all the while encouraging savings by establishing connections with credit and savings organizations.In Addis Ababa City, there need to be a methodical and well-run entrepreneurial training facility that offers MSE officials, extension agents, and company owners ongoing training. It evaluates current market data via extension agents, studies emerging and established business sectors, pinpoints opportunities and risks, and most importantly, talks to MSE operators about how to have a broad vision that can lead to smaller and medium-sized businesses.The FMSEs office should set up well-organized marketing sites where all producers can provide their goods for sale, with their prices and markings tagged on them and promoted jointly. This gives MSEs' products access to the market and makes it simple to promote goods through a well-organized marketing structure. Equal access to the market is possible for all operators, and it also eliminates unjust housing rent and gives them the option to focus solely on production while their goods are offered at a common market. According to the researcher, more studies might look at other industries like retail, urban agriculture, and construction and provide particular results that could have a significant impact on the growth of the nation as a whole. In addition to the previously mentioned strategies, creating a more supportive business environment is crucial for MSE development in Ethiopia. Here are some additional recommendations. Simplifying business registration processes can reduce administrative burdens and encourage formalization among MSEs. This could involve utilizing online registration platforms or one-stop shops for obtaining necessary licenses and permits. Implementing targeted tax breaks or tax holidays for newly established MSEs can incentivize business creation and reinvestment of profits into growth. Encouraging research and development (R&D) activities and facilitating access to technology can help MSEs improve efficiency, develop new products and services, and compete more effectively in the market. This could involve establishing innovation hubs, providing tax breaks for R&D investments, and offering training programs on digital marketing and e-commerce. Providing centralized access to relevant information on business regulations, market trends, funding opportunities, and best practices can empower MSE operators to make informed decisions. This could involve establishing online portals or collaborating with chambers of commerce to disseminate crucial business information. Public-private partnerships can facilitate collaboration between government institutions, training providers, and established businesses. This can lead to the development of more targeted training programs and mentorship opportunities for MSE owners.Joint Investment in Infrastructure Development Public-private partnerships can also play a key role in accelerating infrastructure development projects critical for MSE growth, such as improving transportation networks, electricity grids, and access to communication technology in rural areas. Introducing entrepreneurship education into the school curriculum can foster a culture of innovation and self-employment among younger generations. This can equip students with the skills and mindset necessary to become future business leaders. Highlighting and celebrating the success stories of Ethiopian entrepreneurs can inspire and motivate aspiring business owners. This can be done through awards programs, media coverage, and mentorship initiatives. By implementing a combination of these strategies, stakeholders can create a more supportive and enabling environment for MSEs to thrive in Ethiopia. This will contribute to a flourishing entrepreneurial ecosystem, driving economic growth, job creation, and overall national development. Building a thriving MSE ecosystem in Ethiopia requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. The research findings provide valuable insights into the key influencing factors, but true progress necessitates addressing both the foundational elements and the practical considerations of financial empowerment, market access, skills development, supportive business environment, and a culture of entrepreneurship. Through a commitment to implementing the proposed policy and intervention strategies, stakeholders can empower Ethiopian MSEs to unlock their full potential and propel the nation towards a brighter future.

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Small and micro enterprises, development mechanism, influencing factors, performance

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Tuberculosis (TB), derived from bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has become one of the worst infectious and contagious illnesses in the world after HIV/AIDS.

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tuberculosis, nanomedicine, theranostic, diagnostic, therapeutic

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The study sought to evaluate the effect of strategic management practices on the academic performance of private schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study examined the effects of strategic planning, strategic leadership, strategic organization structure, and strategic resource allocation on academic performance of private secondary schools in Kiambu county. The study was guided by competence-based management theory, system theory of management, and resource-based theories. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The target population consisted of 78 private secondary schools in Kiambu County. A sample of 39 private secondary schools was derived using Cochran's sample size formula. The schools were selected using stratified and simple random sampling methods. 195 respondents were selected from the sampled schools. This included 39 respondents in the management level, 78 teachers, and 78 support staff. The data was collected using the questionnaire with both open and closed-ended questions. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability through a pilot study, strategic management experts, and Cronbach Alpha coefficient. The quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26, descriptive statistical methods, inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis method. Quantitative data was presented using tables, while qualitative data using narrations. The researcher observed integrity and transparency when collecting the data, interpreting and reporting the findings by upholding privacy, safety, moral and ethical practices. The study found that strategic management practices played a vital role in boosting the academic performance of private secondary schools in Kiambu County. There are significant correlations among strategic planning, leadership, organizational structure, and resource allocation. In conclusion, the study advocates for a comprehensive strategy that integrates these elements to optimize educational outcomes. It is recommended that private secondary schools in Kiambu County adopt this holistic approach to improve academic performance and ensure long-term educational success. Further studies are recommended to be conducted to identify the long-term impact of strategic management on educational institutions

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Strategic Planning, Strategic Leadership, Strategic Organization Structure, Strategic Resources Allocation, Academic Performance

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ABSTRACT Background :- Neck pain is most common these days after pandemic, Neck pain is most common symptom for seeking therapeutic alternative to congenital medicine. Neck pain upper Trapezitis is most Common Condition in desk job. Desk job for prolong hours leads to neck pain which aggravated with further activity, work & Stress. Myofascial Pain symptoms usually involves muscle. Pain with Specific trigger & tender points. In addition to the local or regional Pain, untreated & Chronic cases might lead to Symptoms like depression, Fatigue behavioral disturbances. The Cause for myofascial Pain are Structural inadequacies tight constrictive Clothing, lack of exercises, poor posture, an unsupportive ergonomics. These are various treatment modalities include electrotherapy, manual therapy, Stress reduction, dry needling, ergonomic training for management of Neck pain Trapezitis. 1 Objective :- To Compare the effect of Dry cupping (Myofascial Cupping) (integrated Neuromuscular technique) Trigger point manual therapy on the upper trapezius latent on pain intensity. Myofascial Dry Cupping Technique :- Dry Cupping therapy is a noninvasive treatment commonly used to reduce pain & promote the healing process in various populations, including those with nonspecific neck pain. Manual Pressure Release :- Sustained manual pressure has been advocated as an effective treatment for myofascial trigger points. This study aimed to investigate the effect of manual pressure sensitivity of latent in the upper trapezius muscle, using a novel pressure algometer. (Sustained manual pressure, referred to this paper as Manual pressure release) previously referred to as "ischemic Compression", "inhibition" and "trigger point pressure release''. 2 Objectives :- To find out effective of Myofascial cupping therapy verses Manual myofascial Pressure release on Postural Neck Pain in Desk job Persons. Methods :- A comparative study was conducted in Gokul Global University, Sidhpur. Depending on the selection criteria participants were selected & informed consent was signed. The respondents were then requested to offer their demographic information. Assessment of risk factors in young adults was Completed. The data was analyzed using was performed which includes frequency, mean & standard deviation. 3 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Trapezitis (Neck pain) With desk job. Neck pain upper Trapezitis is most common condition after pandemic where most of the education and all office work are online. Desk job for prolong hours leads to neck pain which aggravated with further activity, work & stress. Myofascial pain symptoms usually involves muscle pan with specific trigger points. In addition to the local or regional pain untreated & chronic cases fatigue & behavioral disturbances. The cause for Myofascial pain are structural inadequacies, tight constrictive clothing, lack of exercises, poor posture, an unsupportive ergonomics, There are various treatment modalities include electrotherapy manual therapy, stress reduction, dry needling, ergonomic training for management of neck pain Trapezitis. Non specific neck pain is typically caused by mechanical or Myofascial disorders. Trigger point is one of the most widespread long-lasting muscle disorders affecting all ages & social groups, regardless of occupation, physical build or physical activity levels. A TRP is associated with a tender spot situated in a taunt band of muscle. 4 when this spot is manipulated, impulsive or exertion pain may be experienced. TRP is classified as latent or active. However, both types have the potential to Create pain, limit Rom & restrict functional activities, therefore Clinically it is important to identify it & should be addressed as part of a comprehensive physiotherapy programs. Currently instrument based & non instrument based manual therapy interventions exist for deactivation or TRPs. Dry needling, Dry Cupping, ischemic Compression, muscle energy techniques, strain counter strain are the most Common conventional treatment approaches for treating Trp. Cupping therapy is an ancient form of alternative medicine in which a therapist applies cups on your skin for few minutes to create suction in order to mobilize accumulated blood. Cupping therapy helps in removing harmful substances & toxin from the body to promote healing and it is one of the best detoxification treatment. According to history, Cupping therapy, a traditional Chinese medicine threads, has been used for > 2000 years. 5 According Muslim history cupping therapy was practiced and its awareness spread by PROPHET ( P.B.U.H) It is Sunnah to do cupping on sunnah points also called (horary) points. Nowadays it is accepted worldwide by Olympic athletes like Michael phelps, Alex naddour & many who use & suggested cupping as remedial for sports injury. Cupping therapy is an effective way to manipulate sort tissues. It works on various theories like reflex zone theory, Pain gate theory & Genetic theory. It is described detoxification process by which waste matte & toxins are removed and as harmonization process for the imbalanced vital energy. Today, Cupping is widely used as a holistic treatment in foreign for inpatient care & prevention and treatment of various disorders, as well as for promotion of general health. Cupping therapy generates relaxation, rejuvenation, improve blood circulation improve skin conditions, revitalization, deep tissue massage & sports injure. Muslim society follow this therapy as a sunnah or Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) and like to get it performed on lunar dates. With day to day activities & lifestyle, with wrong posture, unsupported ergonomic people are prone for TRP which are frequently seen in trapezius muscle, as it is an antigravity muscle holding the head to inefficient posture & emotional stress adding on to activate Trp. The Psychological side effects of living with chronic pain can be debilitating as pain itself. Thus by reducing the pain, a person can focus on his work more clearly. 6 1.2 Need Of The Study Researcher & healthcare professionals are becoming more interested in performing comparison studies to evaluate the efficacy of various approaches as their understanding of upper trapezius and its treatment choice advances. Such research can help to improve patient care & outcomes by shedding light on the best, most reliable method for treating upper trapezius. Researchers are comparing Myofascial cupping & Manual Muscle pressure release techniques effectiveness for pain relieve along with neck & shoulder girdle exercise, ergonomical changes make evidence-based recommendations for efficient treatment protocols that are specifically suited to the needs of individuals with upper Trapezitis. This study aims to contribute to the expanding body of information upper Trapezitis care & may enhance their quality of life. 7 1.3 Significance Of The Study Myalgia and inflammation in the upper trapezius muscle region are two examples of the conditions that fall under the category of musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort, which creates serious problems for people's productivity and well-being. This comparison of Myofascial Release (MR) and Myofascial Dry Cupping Therapy (MDCT), combined with neck and shoulder girdle exercises, is very important for a number of reasons. Selection of Treatments Based on Evidence:- Healthcare professionals frequently struggle with the choice of the most successful therapy strategy for musculoskeletal upper body pain due to the wealth of therapeutic choices accessible. The objective of this study is to offer empirical proof of the relative effectiveness of targeted exercises, Myofascial Release, and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy. These research-based conclusions can help doctors build individualized treatment regimens for their patients, improving outcomes and decreasing trial-and-error in therapy selection. Improved Patient Outcomes:- Improving patient outcomes requires an understanding of the effectiveness of interventions. Exercises for the shoulder girdle, neck and shoulders can be compared to find the best pain alleviations, functional improvement, and range of motion. This information results in more effective treatment plans that enhance the comfort, mobility, and general quality of life of patients. Advancement of Therapeutic Approaches:- This study advances musculoskeletal pain management by investigating Myofascial Release and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy, along with targeted exercises, to uncover mechanisms of action and synergistic effects. This could lead to more effective therapeutic approaches for upper extremity pain. Holistic Patient Care:- The study emphasizes holistic patient care by incorporating shoulder girdle and neck exercises, addressing muscular imbalances and promoting strength and flexibility. This approach emphasizes multimodal treatment strategies for comprehensive pain management. 8 1.4 Aim & Objective The aim of this comparative study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic interventions, Myofascial Release and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy, along with targeted shoulder girdle and neck exercises, in managing musculoskeletal upper extremity pain in patients. The study seeks to provide evidence-based insights into the potential benefits of each treatment approach, aiding healthcare practitioners in making informed decisions while designing personalized treatment plans for individuals suffering from musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. Objectives:- To evaluate the efficacy of myofascial Release in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. To evaluate how well Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy worked in providing pain relief and reducing inflammation in individuals experiencing musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. To compare the impact of "Myofascial Releases" and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy on the ROM and flexibility of the affected shoulder girdle and neck muscles. 9 1.5 Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (HO) (HO)1: There is no statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (HO)2: There is no statistical tremendous impact of Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (HO)3: There is no statistical tremendous impact of "Myofascial Release" and Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. Alternate Hypothesis (H1) (H1)1: There is statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (H1)2: There is statistical significant effect of Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (H1)3: There is statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" and Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW (Westgaard et al., 2001) There was no discernible variation in the activity of the trapezius muscles between employees who had and did not have shoulder and neck pain, according to a study of female service employees with modest biomechanical exposure. This implies that in this cohort, muscular activity is not a good predictor for vulnerability for neck and shoulder pain. According to the study, stress may play a bigger role in the onset of neck & shoulder discomfort in this population than other factors. They cite the elevated levels of stress that the study's participants reported, as well as earlier research that has connected stress to pain in the neck and shoulders. (Castro-Sanchez et al., 2011) Demonstrates that decreasing upper Trapezitis can be accomplished via myofascial cupping therapy significantly improved patients' quality of life and pain levels. These results are in line with prior studies that have indicated the value of myofascial cupping therapy for treating a range of pain disorders. Both therapies were helpful at reducing pain, according to the findings, although myofascial cupping therapy was superior at enhancing quality of life. In light of the fact that myofascial cupping therapy not only lessens pain but also enhances general quality of life, it is suggested that it may be a more thorough treatment for upper Trapezitis. (V N et al., 2014) The efficacy of positional release therapy and myofascial release therapy in the treatment of Trapezitis were compared in a study. According to the study, both therapies had a positive impact on range of motion and pain levels. Positional release therapy was shown to be less successful than myofascial release therapy. 11 According to the study's conclusions, myofascial release therapy may be better option for treating Trapezitis than positional release therapy. However, additional study is required to validate these results. (Mishra et al., 2018) Conducted a research where individuals with upper trapezius muscular spasm were compared to the benefits of Myofascial Release (MFR) & Active Release Technique (ART) on pain and neck flexibility in movement. Both methods were successful in lessening pain and enhancing range of motion, according to the study. However, ART might be a better option for treating upper trapezius muscular spasm than MFR. However, additional study is required to validate these results. (Choksi et al., 2021) Conducted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of three different treatments for upper Trapezitis: ischemic compression, deep transverse friction massage and sham conventional therapy. The study found that all three treatments were effective in terms of pain relief and restricted ROM. However there was no statistically subsequent difference between three treatments. According to the study's findings, each of the three therapies has a comparable impact on lowering upper Trapezitis. Healthcare professionals need to know this information in order to suggest the best course of action for their patients. The long-term effectiveness of the therapies in lowering discomfort and limited range of motion was also discovered by the investigation. This is significant for patients because it suggests that they can anticipate experiencing long-lasting symptom relief. The study was well planned and carried out and the outcomes are trustworthy. The study followed the best practices for clinical research- randomized controlled trials. The study also used a sizable sample size, which boosts the accuracy of the findings. 12 (Joshi et al., 2022) Looked out to find the efficacy of "Myofascial Release (MFR)" and high frequency "transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)." The findings demonstrated that in subjects with trapezius myalgia, both MFR & TENS were successful in lowering pain and enhancing function. However, it was discovered that MFR was more efficient than TENS at minimizing discomfort and enhancing range of motion. 13 Review Of Literature Literature suggests the need to explore myofascial Cupping on autonomous nervous system affecting the pain sensitivity. However, these methods have not been critically evaluated or compared. Therefore, we hypothesized that MFC therapy will show better effect than manual pressure release on pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT) & neck movement in individuals with latent TPR in trapezius. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of MFC therapy and MPR on these parameters. 14 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology :- A 3.1 Study design :- Comparative Study 3.2 Study Settings :- Gokul Global University, Sidhpur 3.3 Sampling Method :- Comparison between two therapy 3.4 Sample size Calculation:- 42 people 3.5 Sampling Criteria I. Inclusion Criteria o Age between 15-40 years o Both Genders o Neck pain more than 3 months (Chronic Trapezitis cases) II. Exclusion Criteria :- o Any injury to Neck o Cervical Region Congenital deformity o Neurological disorders o Acute inflammatory Condition 3.6 Outcome Measures :- A. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) B. Active Cervical lateral flexion using goniometer. 3.7 Operation Definitions :- Trapezitis:- Trapezitis is a common condition that causes inflammation of the trapezius muscles in the Upper Back and Neck. 15 3.8 Data Collection Tools :- ? Assessment form ? Consent form ? Data Sheet ? Marker Pen ? Pencil ? Eraser ? Paper ? Alcohol Swab ? Recording material ? Inch Tape ? Dry Cupping cups, Piston gun ? Neck disability scale form ? Numerical Analog Scale for pain ? Goniometer ? Algometer for measuring pain & pressure threshold. Fig 3.8.1 Data Collection Tools 16 3.9 Methods:- An experimental study was carried in Cresent High School and Infigrity IT Company in Juhapura, Ahmedabad. There were 42 participants. The sample size was determined using primer statistical Software, 21 participants in each group was calculated based on a previous study with alpha =Power alteration, mean difference and expected s > at Therefore total sample size taken was 42. Participants aged 15 years - 40 years, male & females with neck pain more than 3 months, having latent TrPs in upper trapezius were included And participants excluded were one with :- (a) Any other musculoskeletal problem at or around cervical region like fracture, sprain. (b) Systemic disorder, infection, Progressive disorder. (c) Neurological Conditions. (d) Any Psychological disorder where person might not Cooperate for the treatment. (e) One who has taken m treatment for TrPs within 6 months. Participants were examined for TrP in upper trapezius muscle with following diagnostic Criteria. 1. Taut band within the muscle. 2. Exquisite tenderness at a point on the taut band. 3. Referred pain. 4. Local twitch response. 17 Baseline assessment was taken pain intensity using Numerical pain rating scale. (NPRS), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) by pressure Algometer & cervical lateral flexion to contralateral. side of Trp by universal goniometer. Outcome Measure :- 1. Pain intensity :- It was assessed by NPRS - (Numerical Pain Rating Scale) that best reflects the intensity of the pain. The 11 points numeric Scale ranges form " 0 " representing no pain to " 10 " representing worst pain. a. NPRS is valid & reliable scale to measure pain intensity. 2. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT):- It is the minimal amount of pressure that produces pain .PPT was measured by a wanger Algometer which is considered as a reliable method in the assessment of TrPs sensitivity. It consisted of a 1 cm2 rubber tip & dial that could display the pressure of up to 10 kg with graduation with 100 gm . Algometer was placed perpendicular on the marked Trp On the trapezius & then the pressure was applied until the pressure caused a pain. The maximum pressure displayed by the Algometer was recorded. Three measurements were obtained and the mean value was calculated. 3. Range of Motion(ROM):- Cervical lateral flexion motion was measured using goniometer. Participants were asked to sit upright & laterally flex their head towards opposite side of the Trp The motion was stopped once the available ROM was completed the care was taken to disallow shoulder elevation. The cervical CROM measured by goniometer. 18 Methodology B Collection of Data Group A Group A was treated with MFC and Group B treated with MPR. Group A Myofascial Dry Cupping Muscle selection :- Trapezius ( Upper) Sternocleidomastoid Levator Scapulae Sub occipitals. Trigger Points Sensitivity :- Trigger points sensitivity in the stated muscles were determined by perpendicular thumb pressure on TPS sensitivity ranking from 0 to 2. 0 - indicates thumb palpation increased sensitivity in TPs area without pain indicates intensity of pain increased and patient reports pain when asked. Indicate that pain intensity increased & patient spontaneously notes the pain when pressure pa applied. The Trigger points sensitivity on each muscle were summed & the total recorded as Trigger points sensitivity. Each active MTrps was diagnosed based on Simons diagnostic criteria after palpating Trigger Points sensitivities It was marked with Pen, Then wiped with alcohol pad. 19 Material required :- Three plastic cup with size 2.5 cm in diameter One piston gun Goniometer Inch tap Pen Alcohol parcel 3.10 Myofascial Cupping Techniques:- Trp in upper trapezius was identified and marked. Then participants were taken in prone or comfortable sitting position, lubrication was applied Ove the marked point & three cups were places. 1st Cup placed on C7 Spinous Process area followed by treatment cup on marked area and counter balance cup was secured on other side of treatment cup. Cups were placed & fixed with help of piston gun by creating a negative pressure (Vacuum) inside Cups. Participants was asked for any discomfort during the Session . After 10 minutes, the Cups were removed. Again lubricants or Alovera gel can be applied over the marks. Next Session was done after 3 days. 20 3.11 Myofascial Pressure Release:- Participants were assessed for TrPs & then in supine position, the participants arm was placed in shoulder abduction, external rotation and head side flexed.to the involved side with elbow flexion. Using the pincher grip. the therapist moves through the fibers of trapezius on marked point. Pressure Compression was followed by strain counter strain i.e. isometric contraction of muscles & then MPR was given. Each isometric sessions applied for 8-10 seconds & followed by contralateral side bending flexion & ipsilateral rotation to maintain the sort tissue Stretch for 30 seconds & was repeated 5 times. The duration of treatments was 10 min per session, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. Measurement taken in both groups with goniometer Lat side flexion. Pressure & Pain threshold measured with algometer. In both approach MFC & MPR , All Participants got stability Exercises of neck muscles for 15 minutes , Three Sessions per week with 10 Sec. hold, 10 repetitions with 2 minutes rest interval between the exercises. 21 3.12 Stability Exercise :- Fig 3.12.1 Neck Exercises 22 Static Neck Exercise:- Fig 3.12.2 Neck Exercises 23 Fig 3.12.3 Neck Exercises 24 Fig 3.12.4 Neck Exercises 25 Fig 3.12.5 Neck Exercises 26 Fig 3.12.6 Neck Exercises 27 Fig 3.12.7 Neck Exercises 28 Fig 3.12.8 Neck Exercises 29 Fig 3.12.9 Neck Exercises 30 Fig 3.12.10 Stability Neck Exercises 31 Fig 3.12.11 Stability Neck Exercises 32 Fig 3.12.12 Shoulder Girdle Exercises Methodology B (Data Collection Procedure) :- I have approached the population & encourage them to take part in the study. I checked for the inclusion & exclusion criteria among the population. I explained the study after the participants have seen selected. After signing the inform consent form, I took demographic details before starting the procedure. I have taken fall assessment Or Participants, I have checked owes try Disability Index questionnaire of day to day life physical activities. I have taken all neck ROM with goniometer at starting and end of my sessions. 33 I have checked Tenderness & Trigger points with digital algometer. Consisting of a capacitance sensor attached to the tip of the palpating thumb changes in pressure sensitivity were also measured during the application of Manual pressure Release via Numerical pain Scale. 34 CHAPTER 4 4.1 STATISTICAL RESULTS 35 Table 1 Graph 4.1 36 Table 2 Graph 4.2 37 Table 3 Graph 4.3 38 Table 4 Graph 4.4 39 Table 5 Gender wise distribution in Manual Pressure Therapy Group Gender Number Percentages Graph 4.5 40 Table 6 Graph 4.6 41 Table 7 Graph 4.7 42 Table 8 Graph 4.8 43 Table 9 Pain Score Wise Distribution Between Cupping Therapy Group And Manual Pressure Therapy Group Time Groups Mean SD Difference T Value P Value Before Cupping Therapy Group 8.67 0.73 1.00 0.151 0.767** Manual Pressure Therapy Group 7.67 1.01 After Cupping Therapy Group 0.38 0.49 -1.3 -5.9328 0.001* Manual Pressure Therapy Group 1.76 0.94 Level of Significance P < 0.05, Significant, **Non Significant Statistically, no significant difference was present in pain score between Cupping Therapy Group and Manual Pressure Therapy Group. Mean pain score was less in Cupping Therapy Group (0.38 + 0.49) as compared to Manual Pressure Therapy Group after group (1.76 + 0.94). Statistically, significant difference was present in pain score between Cupping Therapy Group and Manual Pressure Therapy Group. Graph 4.9 44 Table 10 Graph 4.10 45 CHAPTER 5 5.1 DISCUSSION The purpose of study was to determine how manual muscle pressure and myofascial dry cupping therapy decrease level of perceived pain associated with nonspecific neck pain and increased localized blood flow of the treated tissues compared with sham cupping and control conditions along with neck exercises and posture correction. In my comparative study I took 42 people 21 are students below age 20 years old other group 21 people age between 20 to 40 years which are working in IT Industry. In both group there are tender points and upper trapezius neck pain. In both group neck pain and lateral neck flexion is reduced. My moto of study is which is fastest pain reliver and improving lateral neck flexion. In my study I found myofascial cupping therapy along with neck exercise reduced neck pain faster then manual pressure release. On improving lateral neck flexion both are same effective. 46 5.2 Limitations of the Study While this study offers valuable insights into the efficacy of Manual Myofascial Release, Myofascial Cupping Therapy and targeted exercises for musculoskeletal upper extremity pain management, certain limitations must be acknowledged to contextualize the findings appropriately: Sample Size : The relatively small sample size may restrict the generalizability of the results and limit the ability to detect nuanced effects. Lack of Control Group : The absence of a specific control group hinders the isolation of intervention effects, potentially influencing the interpretation of outcomes. Subjective Reporting : The self-report nature of pain assessment and patient-reported outcomes introduces potential bias and variability in data collection. These limitations, while important to acknowledge, do not diminish the significance of the study's contributions to musculoskeletal pain management. They serve as guiding points for future research endeavors, encouraging a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding the efficacy of these interventions. It is critical to interpret the findings with caution. The study adds to the ongoing search for evidence-based techniques to improving patient outcomes and developing musculoskeletal pain care practices. Larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods and controlled designs in future research can give more substantial evidence and enhance the foundations for effective pain management strategies. Future research is needed not only to standardize treatment guidelines but also to continue analyzing the physiological effect of dry cupping therapy. The physiological mechanism and theory behind dry cupping must also continue to be evaluated. 47 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION In patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain, particularly upper Trapezitis, a comparative analysis of Manual Myofascial Release vs. Myofascial Cupping Therapy, accompanied by shoulder girdle and neck exercises, yielded valuable insights into effective pain management strategies. The study's outcomes demonstrated potential early benefits of Myofascial Cupping Therapy in reducing pain intensity and improving functional outcomes for individuals with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. The application of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) revealed statistically significant reductions in pain intensity across all interventions- Manual Myofascial Release, Myofascial Cupping Therapy and the combined intervention. Particularly noteworthy was the combined intervention's pronounced pain reduction, suggesting potential synergistic effects between targeted exercise and myofascial cupping therapy for addressing musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort. This study highlights the significant role of these therapies in diminishing pain severity, with improving lateral neck flexion. 6.1 Future Scope Of The Study The current comparison of Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release together with neck and shoulder exercise in patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort, paved the way for further investigation and research in a number of areas. Long Term Follow-up Studies: Long term follow-up research will help determine whether the pain alleviation and functional gains were sustainable and durable. 48 Comparison with Other Modalities: In the future, research might compare the efficacy of Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release to other therapeutic modalities that are frequently employed to treat pain in the muscular upper extremities. Mechanisms of Action: Researching the basic principles that underlie Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release can help us better understand how these treatments for musculoskeletal pain work. Studies Comparing Non-pharmacological Interventions To Drug Therapies: Studies comparing the efficacy of non-pharmacological to standard pain killer for Upper Trapezitis may focused on advantages of non invasive therapies. 49 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY Aiming to treat patients with muscles skeletal upper extremity discomfort, notably upper Trapezitis the study compared the effectiveness of Manual Pressure Release and Myofascial Cupping Therapy with neck & shoulder girdle exercises. The two groups 21 each is MFR + exercise other group MFC + exercises have been studied on. The trial lasted 45 days, each intervention consisted of 20 minutes sessions that were held every alternate days in week. Prior to and following the therapies, the Numerical pain rating scale was used to measure severity of pain. For data comparisons, normality tests were performed using SPPS version. The study's findings showed that Myofascial Cupping significantly decreased severity of pain compare to Myofascial Pressure Release Therapy. To support and build upon these important discoveries, additional research with bigger sample numbers & longer follow up time is advice. 50 CHAPTER 8 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 MANUAL PRESSURE RELEASE REFERENCES 61 62 63 64 65 66

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Cupping Therapy, Manual Muscle Release, Neck Pain, Trapezitis , etc.

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Ethosomes, Fluticasone propionate, Gel, skin conditions, Phospholipids, Triethanolamine and Carbopol 934.

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The development and assessment of nanoparticles in anti inflammatory ointments represent a significant advancement in topical therapy.This research aimed to create an anti inflammatory ointment with nanoparticles to enhance the delivery and effectiveness of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.Characterisation of the nanoparticles involved techniques like zeta potential,scanning electron microscopy which confirmed their uniform size and morphology. The ointment was formulated by integrating the nanoparticles into an appropriate ointment base,followed by through evaluation of physical properties,spreadability,viscosity and Ph. Invitro release studies indicated a sustained release profile and anti inflammatory activities. This novel formulation harnesses the benefits of nanotechnology,offering a controlled release system and enhanced skin penetration leading to better therapeutic outcome.The studies concludes that nanoparticle-infused ointments have great potential for managing inflammatory conditions effectively,necessitating further clinical investigation.

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Nanoparticles, Anti inflammatory,ointment,controlled release,skin permeation.

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The synthesis and characterization of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes have garnered significant interest due to their diverse applications in fields such as catalysis, medicine, and materials science. This study focuses on the preparation of these metal complexes using various ligands, particularly Schiff bases, which exhibit chelating properties that enhance metal coordination. The complexes are synthesized through direct reaction methods involving metal salts and ligands in suitable solvents, followed by purification techniques such as recrystallization. Characterization of the synthesized complexes is achieved through an array of analytical techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy provides insights into the electronic transitions and ligand field interactions, while Infrared (IR) spectroscopy elucidates the coordination modes by identifying shifts in functional group vibrations. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveals the electronic environments of the ligands in the complexes, enhancing our understanding of their structure. Furthermore, Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) is employed to ascertain the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, confirming the geometries and bonding environments of the complexes. The thermal stability of the complexes is evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), providing essential data on their thermal behavior. Additionally, Mass Spectrometry and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) are utilized to determine molecular weights and investigate electrochemical properties, respectively. The applications of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes are diverse. Zinc complexes demonstrate antimicrobial properties, making them suitable for medical applications, while Mercury complexes are explored for their catalytic abilities. Iron(III) complexes are significant in various biochemical processes and serve as potential therapeutic agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, structural characterization, and application potential of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes. By shedding light on their properties and versatile applications, this study underscores the potential of these complexes in the development of new functional materials and therapeutic agents, paving the way for future innovations in materials science and medicinal chemistry.

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Zinc(II) complexes, Mercury(II) complexes, Iron(III) complexes, Synthesis, Characterization, Schiff bases, Chelating properties, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy.

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Inheritance laws in India are deeply rooted in the country's diverse religious traditions, leading to a complex legal landscape. This Paper examines the principles of inheritance under Hindu and Muslim laws, highlighting their distinct characteristics, legal frameworks, and contemporary challenges. Inheritance laws in India, influenced by religious traditions, create a diverse and complex legal framework particularly for Hindus and Muslims. Hindu inheritance is primarily governed by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, which applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs. In contrast, Muslim inheritance laws are derived from the Quran, Hadith, and codified under the Muslim Personal Law. These laws emphasize fixed shares for primary heirs such as spouses, children, and parents, ensuring detailed and equitable distribution. Unlike Hindu law, Muslim law does not recognize representation, and the property is distributed strictly according to prescribed shares, preventing wealth concentration. Comparatively, Hindu law is largely statutory and has evolved with legislative amendments to promote gender equality, while Muslim law remains closely tied to religious prescriptions with a focus on fairness and wide distribution. In this paper we will discuss the key differences among these laws, highlighting the key differences, reforms and challenges. Emphasis is given how the judiciary played an active role. Understanding these religious inheritance laws is crucial for addressing legal disputes and promoting equitable distribution of property

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personal law, customary practices, equal distribution, inheritance

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The development of human civilization has been based on the knowledge and skills passed down from generation to generation, which have allowed people to traverse, adapt to, and manage their social and natural circumstances. As the cornerstone for wealth, well-being, and democratic participation, education plays a pivotal role in economic growth, societal change, and national advancement. Notably, education has a critical role in national progress by integrating economic, social, and demographic development and strengthening institutional and individual capability. The Twelve Five Year Plan (2012-2017) places a strong emphasis on the idea that education is essential for the development of human resources, especially in developing countries. Nelson Mandela emphasized that education is crucial for nation-building and healing, and its impact goes beyond skill development. Furthermore, as Twining (1987) claims, the content of vocational education serves as the foundation for many aspects of everyday life, illustrating the ubiquitous significance that education plays in both individual lives and society systems.

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Vocational Education, Individual Development, Social Change, Economic Growth, National Development

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This study presents the development of an engineered strain of Methylomicrobium buryatense, designated 5GB1C-RO1, optimized for methane bioconversion and contaminant removal. Through genetic engineering, key metabolic pathways were enhanced, including the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle and methane oxidation mechanisms, resulting in a 40% improvement in methane uptake rates and a methane-to-biomass conversion efficiency of up to 80%. The strain also demonstrates advanced bioremediation capabilities, with hydrogen sulfide (H?S) removal rates of up to 95% and the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene and xylene with an efficiency of over 85%. Novel bioreactor designs, including a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor (TPPB) using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), were introduced to enhance methane mass transfer by 60% compared to conventional systems. The integration of these biotechnological innovations enables the production of high-purity biomethane (>98%) while efficiently removing contaminants, making this strain suitable for industrial applications in biogas upgrading, natural gas processing, and environmental remediation. The scalability and robustness of this system offer promising potential for sustainable methane valorization and greenhouse gas mitigation.

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Methane bioconversion, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5GB1C-RO1, CRISPR/Cas9, methane oxidation, ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

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Scholars

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Typing

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The Yellow Stem Borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), is an important pest of rice throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia. The highest incidence of this pestis primarily observed in tropical lowland rice fields and deep-water rice cultivation. Theyield loss caused by the YSB is estimated to be 20% in early-planted rice crops and 80%in late-planted crops. In this paper, we developed a method to detect and classify the forms of YSB using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and then model the infestation migration patterns of YSB in several rice-growing regions by using a CNN learning model. A dedicated CNN architecture is designed, and optimized for its ability to extract features and discern spatial hierarchies indicative of pest presence. Transfer learning techniques, utilizing pre-trained models, enhance the model's capability to recognize subtle patterns associated with pest infestations. The dataset is carefully annotated and augmented to ensure robust model training, with an emphasis on realworld variability. These models can help detect, classify, and model the infestations of other Agricultural pests, improving food security for rice.

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1. Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) 2. Scirpophaga incertulas 3. Rice pest management 4. Tropical lowland rice fields 5. Deep-water rice cultivation 6. Yield loss estimation 7. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 8. Pest detection and classification 9. Infestation migration modeling 10. Transfer learning 11. Feature extraction 12. Pre-trained models 13. Dataset annotation 14. Data augmentation 15. Spatial hierarchies 16. Pest presence patterns 17. Agricultural pest monitoring 18. Food sec

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BACKGROUND: Spastic CP is the most prevalent diagnosis among children with CP. Lower limb muscles often afflicted in children with cerebral palsy include gastro-soleus. So, Children with spastic diplegic CP exhibited more stiffness at the ankles than the knees affecting ankle dorsiflexion and balance. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of SMIT Vs SS technique in spastic diplegic CP with calf tightness. AIM: To compare the effectiveness of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique versus static stretching technique on ankle ROM and balance in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy patients with calf tightness. METHODOLOGY: Subjects were divided by using convenient sampling. 48 subjects were selected by Inclusion criteria. Subjects were evaluated for ankle DF-ROM, MAS & PBS. In this study, 48 subjects were assigned, 24 subjects were in group A who received SMIT in six sessions for 2 weeks. Group B consisted of 24 subjects who received static stretching technique in six sessions for 2 weeks. RESULT: The results indicated that while both techniques had some impact, SMIT demonstrated significant improvements in the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) scores, suggesting its efficacy in enhancing motor function in this population. CONCLUSION : The findings of this study support the effectiveness of SMIT in improving spasticity and balance in spastic diplegic CP patients with calf tightness. While static stretching also offers benefits, SMIT appears to be the more effective intervention . CLINICAL IMPLICATION : Given the promising results of SMIT, it may be beneficial for clinicians to incorporate this technique into rehabilitation programs for spastic diplegic CP patients, particularly those with calf tightness.

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Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition, Cerebral Palsy, Static Stretching, Spasticity, Balance, Ankle Range Of Motion

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The young population plays a crucial role in the future of any nation, and with Telangana being one of the youngest states, prioritizing the well-being and reintegration of its young populace is of utmost importance. Recent data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has brought to light the alarming involvement of children in criminal activities, emphasizing the pressing need to focus on their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. Despite the challenges posed by the limited number of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) compared to the state's population and area size, understanding and enhancing existing rehabilitation programs are imperative for laying a solid foundation for the state's development. The study, utilizing a mixed research methodology encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methods, has a sample size of 20. While the sample size may be relatively small, it offers a foundation for future research to expand upon the findings. Quantitative methods will be employed for descriptive statistical analysis, while qualitative methods will involve interpretative analysis. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation and reintegration programs for children involved in criminal activities in Telangana, India. Recognizing the complexities of reintegrating such children into society, this study engages various stakeholders in the rehabilitation process and conducts direct interviews with the children to provide a comprehensive assessment. This study aims to identify the challenges, accomplishments, and gaps in current rehabilitation and reintegration practices. By capturing the perspectives of key stakeholders, including social workers, judges, members of the child welfare committee, officials from observation homes, lawyers, and psychologists, alongside conducting direct interviews with children participating in these programs, the study aims to gain valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of the rehabilitation process. Data analysis examines various aspects of the rehabilitation and reintegration process, including access to education, vocational training, mental health support, family reunification, and community acceptance. By delving into the lived experiences of stakeholders and children, this research endeavours to inspire positive change in policies and practices in Telangana and beyond. Ultimately, the study findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding the rehabilitation and reintegration of children involved in criminal activity, guiding future interventions to promote their overall well-being and social inclusion.

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juvenile, rehabilitation, reintegration, CCL

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