Abstract

The Census 2011, being a nationwide enumeration of households and their characteristics, provides a comprehensive baseline understanding of the housing situation in rural India. It captures crucial data points such as the type of dwelling (pucca, semi-pucca, kutcha), the number of rooms, and the availability of basic amenities. This macro-level data highlights the extent of housing inadequacy across different regions and socio-economic groups. PMAY-G strategically leverages the detailed household-level information within the SECC 2011, a subset of the Census focused on socio-economic indicators, to pinpoint the most deprived families. The deprivation criteria outlined under PMAY-G, such as households with no shelter, living in kutcha houses with specific room limitations, households headed by single women, or those with disabled members, are directly derived from the data collected in SECC 2011. This targeted approach ensures that the benefits of the housing scheme reach those in the greatest need, promoting social equity and inclusive development. The Gram Sabha's involvement in validating the beneficiary lists generated from the SECC 2011 adds a layer of grassroots verification and ensures that local contexts and genuine needs are considered. While the Census 2011 provides the initial framework for identification, the ongoing implementation of PMAY-G and subsequent surveys may reveal evolving housing needs and demographic shifts that future census exercises will further illuminate, creating a continuous feedback loop for refining housing policies.

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 Keywords

pradhan mantri awas yojna,gramin, rural development, housing scheme

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana (PMGAY), launched in 2016 by the Government of India, is a flagship rural housing scheme aimed at providing "Housing for All" by 2028. The target under the PMAY-G was construction of 2.95 crores pakka houses with basic amenities by march 2024, out of which almost all houses have been sanctioned and 2.69 crores houses have been completed till end of the financial year 23-24. The program is implemented under the Ministry of Rural Development and provides financial assistance of INR1.2 lakh for plains and INR1.3 lakh for difficult terrains. PMGAY focuses on social inclusion by giving preference to marginalized groups including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, and women. Beneficiaries are selected based on the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, ensuring transparency and targeting those most in need. One of the key features of the scheme is convergence with other government schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (toilets), Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connection), Saubhagya Yojana (electricity), and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme, enabling a holistic approach to rural development. By empowering rural communities with secure housing and basic amenities, PMGAY plays a critical role in reducing poverty, enhancing dignity, and promoting socio-economic upliftment. The scheme also boosts local employment and construction activities, contributing to rural economic growth. As PMGAY progresses toward its goal of "Housing for All," it continues to represent a major stride in India's mission to ensure sustainable and inclusive rural development.

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 Keywords

Housing scheme, pradhan mantri, yojna, pmay, Indra Awas Yojana, pradhan mantri awas yojana

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Social media marketing has emerged as a transformative force in the digital age, reshaping the way businesses engage with consumers. This study explores the impact of social media marketing on consumer behavior, brand awareness, and business performance. Through a review of recent literature and case studies, the research highlights how platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok provide cost-effective and interactive channels for targeted advertising, customer engagement, and brand loyalty. The findings suggest that businesses leveraging data-driven strategies and user-generated content tend to achieve higher customer retention and improved market reach. However, the study also discusses challenges such as algorithm dependency, privacy concerns, and managing negative feedback. Overall, social media marketing proves to be a vital tool for contemporary marketing, offering both opportunities and risks in an increasingly connected marketplace.

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challenges and barriers , business outcomes

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 Abstract

The objective of this study is to determine the elements that play an important role on consumer's buying behavior. The purpose of this research is to find out the main important factors related with the packaging effect, which are driving the success of a brand. Companies in order to create the right packaging for their products, they must understand the consumer buying process and understanding the role and the impact of packaging as a variable that can influence the purchase decision. So, by understanding what factors influence the buying behavior and what packaging elements are most important help companies making the right decisions about packaging their products. This research will identify the relationship between consumer buying process as the main variable of the study and some independent variables like packaging colour, printed information, packaging material, design of wrapper, printed information, brand image, and innovation and practicality that help consumers in their decision buying process.

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Packaging, Consumer buying behavior, Marketing, Branding, Product design

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The pharmaceutical industry generates a significant amount of waste, ranging from chemical solvents to packaging materials. Effective recycling methods are essential for reducing the environmental impact and achieving sustainable production. This descriptive study aims to explore and evaluate the recycling methods widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Data was gathered through literature reviews, case studies, and industry reports to identify the most prevalent practices and innovations. The study focuses on key areas such as solvent recovery, waste-to-energy conversion, plastic and glass recycling, and management of hazardous materials. Results indicate that solvent recovery through distillation is one of the most commonly employed methods, with high efficiency in cost and waste reduction. Plastic and glass recycling initiatives are also widely adopted, particularly in packaging lines, driven by stricter environmental regulations and corporate sustainability goals. Advanced techniques, such as chemical recycling and bioremediation, are gaining traction for managing complex and hazardous pharmaceutical waste. While these methods contribute significantly to minimizing waste, challenges remain, including high initial costs, regulatory compliance, and the need for specialized infrastructure. The study concludes by recommending integrated waste management systems, cross-industry collaborations, and investment in cutting-edge recycling technologies to further enhance sustainability in the pharmaceutical sector. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, policymakers, and researchers, paving the way for more eco-friendly practices and innovation in waste recycling.

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Pharmaceutical industry, recycling methods,waste management, hazardous waste, packaging recycling, environmental impact.

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 Abstract

The development of intelligent healthcare solutions has transformed disease diagnosis and treatment recommendation processes, addressing critical needs in personalized and accessible healthcare. This research presents an AI-driven, web-based disease prediction and recommendation system built using the Flask framework, which integrates machine learning models with symptom-based user inputs to offer personalized healthcare recommendations. Using a Support Vector Classifier (SVC) trained on symptom-disease datasets, the model predicts likely diseases based on user-inputted symptoms, then offers targeted recommendations encompassing medication, dietary suggestions, exercise routines, and preventive precautions. The system holds both technical and clinical significance, combining data-driven methods with healthcare-specific recommendations to streamline diagnosis and treatment. Technical contributions include efficient data integration from diverse sources--symptom records, medication lists, and disease information--to create a robust recommendation engine capable of supporting healthcare providers and patients alike. Clinically, the model addresses common diagnostic challenges, such as symptom ambiguity, by utilizing a probabilistic approach to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the system prioritizes user accessibility through an intuitive web interface, making it suitable for both clinical and individual use. This AI-powered recommendation system has substantial societal implications, especially for remote or underserved populations with limited access to medical care. By providing preliminary diagnostic insights and personalized recommendations, the model can bridge gaps in healthcare access and potentially reduce the burden on healthcare facilities. In summary, this research contributes to the ongoing integration of AI in healthcare, demonstrating a scalable, user-friendly model that can enhance early diagnosis and support better health outcomes, ultimately advancing the accessibility and personalization of medical services.

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Disease Prediction, Machine Learning, Python Programming, Healthcare Analytics, Predictive Modeling, Medical Data Analysis, Health Informatics

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 Abstract

Children are among the most vulnerable members of society, and the growing incidence of sexual offences against them underscores the urgent need for comprehensive legal safeguards. In India, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, form the legislative bedrock for addressing such crimes--both from the perspective of victim protection and juvenile justice. This research undertakes a critical examination of these two pivotal laws, assessing their effectiveness in preventing abuse, delivering justice, and ensuring the welfare of affected children. The study explores the practical challenges involved in their implementation, including institutional shortcomings, enforcement bottlenecks, and judicial interpretations. It further highlights how legal provisions interact with child psychology and procedural sensitivities. By analyzing relevant case law, policy frameworks, and ground realities, the paper aims to evaluate the extent to which these laws have succeeded in their objectives. Finally, it offers constructive recommendations to strengthen the protective mechanisms for children, contributing to the broader goal of building a safer, more just society for the nation's youth. Furthermore, the paper discusses persistent issues such as victim stigmatization, delayed justice, lack of child-friendly legal processes, and the need for specialized training among stakeholders. By identifying systemic loopholes and offering evidence-based recommendations, this research seeks to contribute to ongoing policy reforms and advocate for a more sensitive, child-centric approach to justice. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts in creating a safe and supportive environment for every child, thereby steering society towards a more secure and compassionate future.

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POCSO Act 2012, Juvenile Justice Act, Child protection laws India, Legal framework for child safety, Juvenile justice system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

On behalf of technology scaling, on-chip memories in a die undergoes bit errors because of single events or multiple cell upsets by the ecological factors such as cosmic radiation, alpha, neutron particles or due to maximum temperature in space, leads to data corruption. Error detection and correction techniques (ECC) recognize and rectify the corrupted data over communication channel. In this paper, an advanced error correction 2-dimensional code based on divide-symbol is proposed to weaken radiationinduced MCUs in memory for space applications. For encoding data bits, diagonal bits, parity bits and check bits were analyzed by XOR operation. To recover the data, again XOR operation was performed between the encoded bits and the recalculated encoded bits. After analyzing, verification, selection and correction process takes place. The proposed scheme was simulated and synthesized using Xilinx Vivado implemented in Verilog HDL. Compared with the well known existing methods, this encoding-decoding process consumes low power and occupies minimum area and delay.

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ECC

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This research investigates variations in decision-making approaches between individuals from North India and South India, focusing on cultural, psychological, and organizational influences. The study evaluates how regional traditions, historical contexts, and societal values impact five decision-making categories: analytical, emotion-driven, group-oriented, delay-prone, and impulsive strategies. A blended methodology was adopted, incorporating a 20-item survey calibrated for cultural relevance and distributed to 209 participants (balanced regional representation), covering diverse age groups (19-55), genders, and professions. Advanced statistical techniques, including factor validation and multivariate testing, were used to isolate cultural factors, while frameworks such as individualism-collectivism theory contextualized behavioral outcomes. Core insights reveal that North Indian respondents prioritized methodical decision-making, marked by structured evaluation, risk mitigation, and adherence to established norms--traits consistent with societal emphasis on hierarchy and individual achievement. South Indian participants, however, leaned toward emotionally informed choices, reflecting adaptive, context-sensitive reasoning, potentially shaped by communal values and indirect communication practices. Collaborative decision-making was more frequent in South Indian groups, aligning with collective social structures, whereas North Indians often deferred decisions in high-pressure scenarios, possibly due to fear of individual accountability. Impulsive choices showed minimal regional disparity, though younger demographics universally favored rapid, instinctive actions. The analysis emphasizes cultural self-awareness--recognizing inherent cognitive biases--as vital for reducing misinterpretations in cross-cultural collaborations, such as multinational team projects. Practical applications include adapting leadership models (e.g., task-focused strategies for North Indians vs. relationship-driven approaches for South Indians) and developing region-specific evaluation metrics for workplace assessments. Policymakers could apply these insights to improve intercultural training programs, while integrating cultural flexibility indices may enhance global personality assessments. Theoretical advancements explore potential neurobiological foundations for decision-making styles, suggesting brain network variations (e.g., analytical vs. emotional processing pathways) as areas for future inquiry. Limitations include urban participant overrepresentation and snapshot data collection, which may exclude rural or less-educated perspectives. Subsequent studies should employ longitudinal tracking to observe cultural adaptation over time and neuroscientific methods (e.g., brain imaging) to map decision-making neural pathways. Comparative subregional analyses (e.g., Gujarat vs. Kerala) and qualitative fieldwork could further elucidate localized cultural nuances. By merging behavioral science and cultural anthropology, this work advances understanding of how societal norms and cognitive patterns jointly shape decision architectures in evolving global landscapes.

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Cultural decision-making, Analytical reasoning, Emotion-driven choices, Collective social dynamics, Cognitive bias mitigation, Individualism-collectivism theory, Leadership adaptation, Neurobehavioral correlates, Intercultural training.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Influencer Marketing, Consumer Trust,,Skincare Industry, Digital Marketing, Social Media Influencers, Brand Engagement, Market Segmentation, Consumer Behavior, Authenticity in Marketing, Micro-Influencers, Macro-Influencers, Skincare Product Recommendations, Brand Loyalty, Purchase Intentions, Social Media Advertising, Online Consumer Perception, Content Marketing, Transparency in Influencer Marketing, Digital Advertising Trends, Influencer Endorsements, Consumer Psychology, Product Reviews, Tru

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Included

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Included

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Key words: Effectiveness, NIPS module, IV

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This research examines the influence of a high-class brand image on consumer purchasing behavior in the fashion industry, focusing on factors such as exclusivity, premium pricing, and social status. It also studies at what degree ethical practices and sustainability influence the buying behavior of a consumer.

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luxury, brand,fashion,choices,analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This abstract provides an overview of the problems faced by street vendors in Coimbatore City, aiming to shed light on the challenges they encounter in their daily operations. Street vending plays a crucial role in the urban economy, providing affordable goods and services to the public. It is a global phenomenon and the most visible aspect. Like other informal sector, street vending is characterized by low level of income, easy of entry, self-employed and it involves large number of people. The study examines socio economic condition and problems faced by the street vendors in Coimbatore city. This study involves that 55% are street vendors, government of India passed the bill about street vendors 2022 for standard life style. This research selected 122 respondents from Coimbatore city adopting convenient sampling and study in descriptive natures. It's noted that the street vendors follow the street vending policies and they get the licenses from the authorized officials. Addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by street vendors requires a holistic approach encompassing legal reforms, access to financial services, and investment in supportive infrastructure. Recognizing the socioeconomic contributions of street vending and fostering inclusive urban policies are essential steps towards empowering vendors and fostering more equitable and vibrant urban spaces sanitation facilities, undermines the health and dignity of street vendors and their customers alike.

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steet vendors, issue of street vendors,sample

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research explores the Cultural Intelligence (CQ) levels of employees working in Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and Government Organizations in India, with the goal of understanding whether the nature of their work environment influences the development of CQ. Cultural Intelligence is an essential skill that helps individuals adapt and perform effectively in culturally diverse settings. In today's global and multicultural workspaces, CQ has become increasingly important, particularly in a culturally rich country like India. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative survey data collected through Google Forms using the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and qualitative insights from 30 in-depth interviews with employees from both sectors. The CQS instrument, developed by Ang et al. (2007), measures four key dimensions of CQ--Metacognitive, Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral--across 20 items using a 7-point Likert scale. A total of 112 employees (57 from MNCs and 55 from Government Organizations) participated in the survey. Data was analyzed using Stata software, and an independent sample t-test was conducted to compare CQ levels between the two groups. The results revealed no statistically significant difference in the CQ levels of MNC employees (M = 85.75) and Government employees (M = 87.04), with a t-value of -0.7294 and p-value of 0.4673. Although Government employees showed a slightly higher mean score, this difference was not large enough to be considered significant. The interviews provided valuable context for these findings. Employees in MNCs largely attributed their cultural adaptability to international exposure and formal cross-cultural training, while Government employees emphasized the diversity within India itself as a driving factor in developing their CQ. This highlights that both international exposure and domestic cultural diversity can equally contribute to enhancing an individual's CQ. These findings challenge the common perception that global work environments automatically lead to higher CQ. Instead, they emphasize that navigating cultural differences within one's own country can be just as valuable in developing CQ, particularly in a diverse nation like India. This study offers practical insights for both MNCs and Government Organizations, encouraging them to foster CQ development not only through global assignments but also by exposure to domestic diversity. While the sample size was relatively small, and the data relied on self-reported responses, the research lays the groundwork for future studies. Longitudinal research or sector-specific comparisons could offer deeper insights into how CQ evolves over time and across different industries.

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Cultural Intelligence (CQ), Multinational Corporations (MNCs), Government Organizations , Cross-Cultural Adaptability , Workforce Diversity.

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Knowledge, skill, effectiveness, nursing interventional package, breast self examination, student

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Unconditional true love and mirage relationship of Shree Radharaniji with Lord Krishna. According to Rudraktantra Samhita, energy may convert into matter. Krishna.Again

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Unconditional true love and mirage relationship of Shree Radharaniji with Lord Krishna.AyanGhosh/Rayenvaishya was the shadow of Lord Krishna and Chaya radharaniji was the shadow of Shree Radharaniji.

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Objectives: To explore strategies for effective recruitment and talent acquisition in the pharmaceutical sector. Focus Areas: Recruitment challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The identification of ramifications for improvement of hiring procedures. Significance of Recruitment in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Recruitment of competent individuals boosts innovation, enhances regulatory compliance, and contributes to business success. The specialized and competitive nature of this industry makes effective talent acquisition core. Scope of the Research: Current state of recruitment and talent acquisition landscape. Best practices and emerging trends in recruitment. Solutions to overcome barriers in attracting and retaining top talent. Target Audiences: HR leaders, recruiters, and business decision makers in the Pharmaceutical industry. Key Messages: Trains stakeholders with nitty-gritty strategies in aligning recruitment to organizational objectives.

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Recruitment and Talent Acquisition

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Abstract This paper explores the intriguing parallel between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Krishna's role in the Mahabharata, particularly in decision-making, ethical dilemmas, and strategic leadership. Just as Krishna served as a guide to Arjuna and other key figures, AI-powered Decision Support Systems (DSS) assist modern leaders in making complex choices based on data-driven insights. Krishna's interventions--whether advising Arjuna on dharma in the Bhagavad Gita or formulating war strategies--mirror AI's ability to provide situational awareness, risk assessment, and strategic recommendations without directly enforcing decisions. However, just as Krishna's guidance required human interpretation and moral judgment, AI too presents insights that human decision-makers must ethically evaluate. By drawing on examples from the Mahabharata and modern AI applications, this paper examines AI's potential as a "digital Krishna," highlighting both its transformative power and its inherent limitations in leadership and ethics.

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AI,Mahabharata,Lord Krishna,Leadership

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Indian stock market has witnessed a significant rise in share buyback activities in recent years, as companies strategically utilize surplus cash to optimize capital structure, enhance shareholder returns, and signal confidence in their financial stability. While buybacks are often associated with positive outcomes, their impact on share prices and market sentiment remains a topic of extensive debate and analysis.This study investigates the implications of share buybacks on shareholder wealth and market dynamics in India, focusing on data from 154 companies that conducted buybacks over the past four years. A refined sample of 76 companies, selected based on their use of tender offers and market capitalization exceeding INR1,000 crore, serves as the basis for detailed analysis. Data was sourced from credible platforms such as BSE, NSE, Chittorgarh, and Investing.com, encompassing critical details like buyback size, record dates, and acceptance ratios.Findings indicate that buybacks often result in favourable market reactions, with share prices frequently surging within three months to a year following the announcement. This is largely attributed to perceptions of undervaluation and confidence in future profitability. Calculations of actual and assumed acceptance ratios reveal that the actual acceptance is often higher, enabling participating shareholders to realize substantial gains. Additionally, residual value analysis provides a framework for investors to optimize selling prices for shares not accepted during buybacks, ensuring profitable outcomes.While buybacks are widely regarded as a signal of positive future prospects, they can also serve as a defensive mechanism during periods of declining stock valuations to stabilize market perception and protect the company's capital base. The study underscores the importance of analyzing factors such as stock price trends and earnings per share to discern the motives behind buybacks, offering valuable insights to investors, analysts, and corporate decision-makers.In conclusion, share buybacks stand as a powerful financial tool, driving shareholder value, enhancing market confidence, and shaping perceptions of corporate governance. However, their broader implications depend on market conditions, company strategies, and investor interpretations, emphasizing the need for nuanced decision-making.

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Impact of Share Buybacks on Equity Market Prices: A Study of Indian Listed Companies

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Surya namaskar is considered a part of modern-day yogic practice though it was neither considered an asana nor a part of traditional yoga. Practicing Surya namaskar before beginning routine activities vitalizes the practitioner and give a completely energized day. Starting from Raja of Aundh who first introduced Surya namaskar, there is line of eminent people who popularized this dynamic group of asanas including T Krishnamacharya, Swami Sivananda, Swami Satyananda from Bihar school of yoga, so on and so forth. Their efforts led to the introduction of this wonderful set of asanas to the practitioners. A comprehensive practice including asanas and pranayama is provided by this amazing set of postures, which also incorporate dynamic breathing patterns at each pose. Surya Namaskar practice consists of 12 postures in total, with 24 steps in a single round. Based on available research, we highlight the significance of Surya Namaskar in this review, emphasizing its impact on the physiological, psychological, and physical components of the body.

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Knee osteoarthritis, pain, quality of life, Surya namaskar

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The current study explored the multifaceted mental health challenges experienced by Indian school students, particularly from class 6 through 12. With a variety of behavioral and cognitive issues, such as anxiety, depression, stress, and the impact of competitive academic environments, we provided a comprehensive overview of the current mental health landscape in schools. Our research findings were based on extensive surveys, case studies, and statistical data from reputable national and international sources, such as NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences), the Journal of Medical Sciences, and ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)

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Mind Matters

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This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the rights of arrested and detained individuals under Indian law. It examines the legal framework governing arrest and detention, focusing on constitutional provisions, statutory protections, and judicial interpretations. The study emphasizes the fundamental principle of presumption of innocence and highlights the safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention enshrined in Articles 20, 21, and 22 of the Indian Constitution. It also discusses the procedural requirements for arrests, such as informing the accused of the grounds for arrest, the right to legal counsel, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. The dissertation explores key Supreme Court rulings that have shaped the legal landscape, including Kishore Singh Ravinder Dev v. State of Rajasthan and Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India. Additionally, it addresses issues related to bail, custodial violence, and the role of law enforcement in upholding human rights. The research further evaluates international human rights standards and their influence on India's legal framework. The study concludes with recommendations for strengthening legal safeguards, enhancing police accountability, and ensuring the effective implementation of rights for arrested and detained persons. It advocates for legal awareness, judicial vigilance, and systemic reforms to prevent abuse of power and uphold the rule of law

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Arrest and detention o Constitutional rights Indian criminal justice system ,Presumption of innocence ,Bail and custody ,Human rights jurisprudence ,Judicial interpretations ,Police accountability

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This study delves into the financial literacy and decision-making capabilities of women entrepreneurs, with a particular focus on Coimbatore, India. The research investigates various factors that influence their entrepreneurial journeys, such as the challenges they face, their motivations for starting businesses, and the critical role of financial awareness in ensuring business sustainability. By adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data, including surveys and interviews, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. It further explores the impact of gender norms, educational background, family dynamics, and government support on women entrepreneurs' ability to make informed business decisions. The research also highlights the key barriers that limit women's access to financial resources and knowledge, and how these challenges hinder their overall business growth. Additionally, the study proposes strategies to enhance financial literacy among women entrepreneurs, including educational programs, access to mentorship, and government initiatives. The study aims to foster inclusive economic growth and contribute to the broader goal of gender equality in entrepreneurship. Overall, this research seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs themselves to drive positive change.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Financial literacy, Women entrepreneurs, Gender norms, Business sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research delves into the contrasting landscape of bail provisions enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the newly introduced Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). Through a meticulous examination, the analysis dissects the criteria employed by each law in determining the grant of bail. This includes a critical evaluation of factors considered by courts, such as the nature of the offense, flight risk, and potential to tamper with evidence. Furthermore, the research meticulously compares the conditions imposed on bail by both the CrPC and the BNSS. This analysis sheds light on any potential differences in stringency or focus, such as limitations on travel or contact with witnesses. Finally, the research will identify unique features specific to each law. This may encompass provisions related to anticipatory bail, mandatory bail after a certain period of detention, or specific considerations for vulnerable categories like women or children. By providing a comprehensive comparison of these crucial elements, the research aims to illuminate the evolving framework of bail in India's criminal justice system. This analysis will be valuable to legal professionals, policymakers, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the right to liberty and its safeguards in the context of pre-trial detention.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bail, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS),Offence, Witness, India's criminal justice system, Judicial Discretion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Union Parishad is the lowest tier of local government institution which provides service to citizens at their doorsteps. It is the only institution that ensures good governance, development planning, implementation, transparency, and accountability for rural areas in Bangladesh. The latest local Government (Union Parishad) Act 2009 has created an opportunity to ensure participation and effective service to the citizens. By ensuring the best service to the citizen in local areas, union parishad can improve the living standard of local people and the development of the country as a whole. Moreover, actual sustainable development cannot be insured without the development of the status of local people, and for that union parishad play a catalytic role because of its functions, activities, role, and responsibility towards the citizen. Local institutions like union parishad ensure the best service to the citizen for promoting democracy, good governance, people participation, etc. Over the last few decades, Bangladesh see rapid growth but in local areas, people still face the problem of getting services because of institutional and outside reasons. In this research, we have been finding out the current problems which are being faced by the citizen in a particular union parishad in Feni Sadar Upazila. This is exploratory and descriptive research where survey method deployed on citizens and interviewing on union parishad bodies has been used based on multi-stage sampling in mixed approach. This is based on primary data in the area of 2 no Panchgachia union in Feni Sadar upazila at Feni district, where 200 respondents (190 citizens and 10 union parishad members) are taken by random sampling method. The findings of the study prove that most people face different kinds of problems when they seek service from union parishad. Reason of those challenges as respondent pointed out political, educational, economic, and social structure play a very significant role in terms of getting service from union parishad. This study reveals some ways to solve those problems for providing effective service to the citizen in the local area.

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Decentralization, Elected body, Local resident

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Key words: Effectiveness, Sensitization Program, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Mothers, Home based diarrhoeal management, Under five children.

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This dissertation explores the principle of absolute liability in addressing industrial disasters in India, highlighting its evolution from strict liability through landmark cases like the Oleum Gas Leak and Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It examines the devastating impacts of industrial negligence on human lives and the environment, analyzing existing legal frameworks such as the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the Hazardous Waste Management Rules. The study identifies regulatory and operational lapses, emphasizing the need for stricter enforcement, robust safety measures, and proportional compensation for victims. Recommendations focus on empowering regulatory bodies and strengthening legal provisions to ensure industrial accountability and disaster prevention.

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Absolute Liability Strict Liability Industrial Accidents Environmental Laws Bhopal Gas Tragedy Vishakhapatnam Gas Leak Oleum Gas Leak Judicial Principles Regulatory Challenges Operational Safety Legal Doctrines National Green Tribunal (NGT) Chemical Hazards Environmental Protection Factory Safety Regulations Public Liability Hazardous Chemicals Industrial Safety Compensation Mechanisms Torts and Liability

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Background: In the digital age, it is a common sight to see people of all ages hunched over their digital devices. Technology has indeed helped us in many ways, but on the downside, it has also led to the rise of lifestyle disorders. The cervical spine is a continuous and coordinated network of muscles, nerves, and joints, the pathway ranging from the brain to the spinal cord. Irritation along this pathway leads to pain. Text neck syndrome leads to harmful symptoms such as neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, chronic headaches and increased curvature of the spine while we look down at the screens of mobile devices and while we "text" for long periods of time. Aim: - The aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding text neck syndrome among students in selected nursing colleges of Guwahati, Assam. Pre-Experimental Study was conducted at St. Martha Institute of Nursing and Dispur Nursing Institude, Guwahati, Assam; 100 samples drawn by purposive sampling technique. The knowledge was assessed by using a self-structured questionnaire. Results: - the study reveals that majority of the students 40% fall under the age group of 21 - 25 years and least 20% of the student fall under age group >25 years. Also, majority (93%) are female students and (7%) were male students. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 60%, are using smartphone 2-4 hours daily and least 5% are using smartphone >6 hours daily. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 86% have never heard about TNS and 14% has heard about TNS previously. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 44% are using smartphone from 2-3 yrs and least 4% are using smartphone from <1 yr. Again, majority of the students, i.e., 97% don't have history of TNS and least 3% are having history of TNS. Study findings also revealed that majority (58%) had moderately adequate knowledge, (29%) had adequate knowledge, and (13%) had inadequate knowledge regarding text neck syndrome. There was no significant difference between pre-test (M = 5.42, SD = 1.85) score and post-test (M = 8.45, SD = 1.18) score with a mean difference of 3.03 and pair t test score is 25.68 and df = 60 at p <0.001 which shows that mean structured teaching programme brought an effect among B.Sc. Nursing students in improving the knowledge on Text Neck Syndrome. Conclusion: - The moderately adequate knowledge and practice of the students regarding prevention and treatment exercise of TNS should be considered an important concern for the health system.

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Key Word: - TNS: Text Neck Syndrome, WHO: World Health Organization, B.Sc. nursing: Bachelor of Science in Nursing, STP: Structured Teaching Program.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Yoga , Sankhya, Vedanta, Cosmogony, Ontology

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Drones or Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV's) portray and exhibit a modern class of flying innovation that can be remotely steered or worked independently through programming controlled flight plans and calculations using coordinated and specialized frameworks that consolidate technical and systematic sensors with global positioning system(GPS). In the domain of calamity the board and help inside savvy urban communities these UAVs assume a critical part by upgrading situational mindfulness and further developing reaction time during cataclysmic events and mishaps, for example, quakes and so on in this manner further creating response time during horrendous occasions and disasters. Outfitted with significant standard imaging abilities, constant information taking care of and numerous helpful innovation, robots can quickly survey harm find caught people and convey basic and significant data to specialists on call by using the robot working structure (ROS) for capable correspondence and data gathering. This way the development can on a very basic level further develop emergency errands thus consequently showing their unprecedented chance in metropolitan flexibility and failure response frameworks. In metropolitan networks, the coordination of robots with IoT engages consistent data grouping and noticing, basically chipping away at metropolitan organization and system strength. This mix refreshes situational care during crises, pushes asset dispersing, and upholds proficient associations like traffic the board and customary checking. As robots and IoT frameworks keep on pushing, they will anticipate a fundamental part in changing sharp metropolitan locales into more responsive, conceivable, and related metropolitan circumstances. Drones, or UAVs, are becoming major mechanical assemblies across organizations, particularly in medical services and movement organizations. In clinical benefits, drones are fundamentally impacting the manner by which essential clinical supplies like blood, antibodies, and emergency remedies show up at remote or everything went south for districts, ensuring faster and more useful movement where standard strategies could endure. In made factors, drones are reshaping development frameworks by connecting, major areas of strength for speedy, fiscally sharp vehicle of things, particularly in time touchy circumstances. Their capacity to avoid traffic and appear at far away areas makes them focal in impressive metropolitan organizations, upgrading utilitarian practicality and reaction times. As robots continue to facilitate into clinical consideration and systems, they will expect a critical part in advancing metropolitan establishment, further creating receptiveness, and extending flexibility in both ordinary undertakings and emergency taking care of.

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Debacle The board, Automated Flying Vehicle, Robot Working Framework, Savvy Urban areas, Situational Mindfulness, Imaging Capacities, Metropolitan Flexibility, Crisis Clinical Conveyance, Functional Proficiency, Avoid traffic.

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RP-HPLC, Finasteride, and ChromNAV CFR.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study aimed to give ideas about the cases of chronic kidney disease in the Municipality of Lapaz Tarlac. The term paper includes demographic profiles and life experiences of the chronic kidney disease patients. The main goal of this study is to resolve issues about chronic kidney disease patients as well as to give them the right support system from the government. In addition, the research design for this study is a qualitative phenomenological study. It is qualitative research approach that builds on the assumption that the universal essence of anything ultimately depends on how its audience experiences it. Phenomenological researchers record and analyze the beliefs, feelings, and perceptions of the audience they're looking to study in relation to the thing being studied Lapaz is a municipality in the Philippines province of Tarlac. It is the main point of the study. This study involved residents with chronic kidney disease of the municipality of Lapaz, Tarlac this includes 22 barangays. This is the locale chosen to facilitate gathering of data. Findings revealed that a diverse distribution of CKD cases across different age groups. The most significant proportion of CKD patients was found in the age ranges of 15 to 19 (50%) and 20 to 29 (9%). This demographic pattern suggests a concentration of CKD cases among Young Adults in Lapaz Tarlac., Regarding gender distribution, 77.00% of CKD cases were female and 23.00% were male. This shows that female predominance aligns with global CKD epidemiology trends, reflecting higher incidence rates than in males. In summary, the study reveals the lived experience of CKD patients in the Municipality of Lapaz Tarlac. Most of the respondents need more support, especially financial support. The Mega Rhu Dialysis Center will have an impact on how patients with CKD survive on their financial needs as well as on their physical, emotional, and mental health.

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Chronic Kidney failure, Epidemiolgy, Dialysis Center, Financial

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On May 19, 2024, two young software engineers died untimely by a speeding Porsche car driven by an allegedly intoxicated 17-and-a-half-year-old minor in Pune. The investigation in this case revealed elaborate attempts by the family, doctors, police, and local politicians to cover up the crime committed by a teenager who is the only heir to the family fortunes, which runs in several hundred crores. An uproar on social media and protests on the streets of Pune ultimately forced the authorities to probe the case on the basis of the First Information Report (FIR) lodged by friends. The minor was produced before the Juvenile Justice Board which kept aside the request of the Police to try the boy as an adult. Also, within 15 hours, the Juvenile Justice Board also granted conditional bail to the minor and was asked to work with the 'Yerawada traffic police for 15 days, write a 300-word essay on the accident, get treatment to quit drinking and to seek psychiatric counselling'. Two days later, following a public outcry over these conditions, the Juvenile Justice Board cancelled the bail and remanded the minor to an Observation Home until June 5, 2024 which was further extended till June 12, 2024. The above case-text is a gist of an article written by Vishvajeet Ghoshal, Co-Founder of Children Unbound Foundation and former Joint Secretary & Director (Projects) of Prayas JAC published in thepressindia.in where he explains that "Beyond the criticism and uproar over Juvenile Justice Board's direction, the issue needs to be seen in the larger legal context, as the underlying philosophy of the Juvenile Justice Act is different from the Criminal Justice System. The accused minor is four months short of becoming an 'adult'. The directions of the JJ Board were in the context of the 'process' to be followed for 'adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of the children', setting up a system distinct from the adult criminal justice system for apprehension, detention, prosecution, penalty, imprisonment, rehabilitation and social reintegration of children in conflict with law'. The basic tenet of the JJ Act is to focus on rehabilitation and social reintegration of the child rather than punishment".

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"PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT UNDER JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) ACT, 2015: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY"

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION "We must protect families, we must protect children, who have inalienable rights and should be loved, should be taken care of physically and mentally, and should not be brought into the world only to suffer" Mrs. Indira Gandhi. The 21st century is known as the era of information technology, when technology advancement hits civilization, parental care, and guidance slowly replaced by variety of technological innovations. The term "smartphone" was used in 1997 by Ericson. Smatphone is providing integrated services from communication, computing and mobile sectors such as voice communication, messaging, personal information management applications and wireless communication capability. The internet fuels the smartphone uses and is useful for a variety of purposes, such as convenient, rapid sharing of information, and contact with other cultures, emotional and feasibility and an easy charring of a smartphone makes it possible to use it anywhere, Because Smartphone's currently include all the features of a laptop, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, a bundle of apps. All over the world, adolescents are the more vulnerable group for the smartphone usages and abuse. According to WHO, Adolescents are defined as young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Today 20% of the world population is of adolescents, constituting 1.2 billion people worldwide. Nearly 243 million adolescents live in India.4 A UN report has raised concerns about the increased use of Smartphone in schools all over the world. This report shows the impact of technology shared objectives of on teaching and learning. And also abuse of technology for non-educational activities like entertainment and commercial use. UN also warned and suggested the whole countries to maintain the human -centred use of technology only to support the education, not to supplement the teachers led instructions. The Adolescents should know and use only the relevant content and ignore the unnecessary and irrelevant content. The technology has a double edge sword so adolescents should select only the use of technology to enhance their knowledgeand growth , not to replace the human relationship. 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM: Effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smart phone addiction and associated health problems among adolescents in selected schools at Patiala, Punjab. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: It is often stated that children are the world's most valuable resources and assets, but their rights throughout the world are largely ignored often resulting into tragic outcomes. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smart phone addiction and associated health problems among adolescents in selected schools at Patiala, Punjab. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative approach with two group experimental research design was used for this study. A sample size of 560 adolescents 280 in each, from experimental and control group at selected schools of Patiala Punjab was selected using probability stratified sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and SAS scale was administered to assess knowledge regarding smartphone addiction and the prevalence of smartphone addiction among adolescents at selected schools of Patiala, Punjab. RESULTS: As the result of analysis of Section A In this study among 560 subjects , the pre- test knowledge score was only 2 (0.37%) had adequate knowledge followed by 165(29.23%) had moderate knowledge score with the remained 293 (70.50%) had shown the inadequate knowledge score regarding smartphone addiction . The Mean knowledge score of pre-test of the experimental group was 9.37(31.23%) and the Mean knowledge score of the pre-test of the control group was 9.40 (31.35%). After intervention there was a substantial gain in knowledge compared to the pre-test scores was seen with the significant difference in the adequate knowledge score of experimental group) that mean score was 21.91(73.5%) but the post test knowledge score in the control group was almost the same as pre- test with mean score of 9.55 (3.31.85%). As reported in the post test knowledge score of experimental group 189 (67.5 %) subjects have adequate knowledge score, followed by 89 (31.8%) shown moderate knowledge score, where only 2 (0.7%) subjects had reported the inadequate knowledge score. On the other hand reported in the post- test knowledge score, the subjects of the control group shown the score almost same with pre test effect that is 5(1.8%) subjects had adequate knowledge , followed by 87(31.1%) had moderate and 188(67.1%) had shown the inadequate knowledge score . In the analysis report of Section -B, Out of total 560 subjects (Experimental group, N=280 +Control group, N= 280), the majority 183 (32.67%) subjects (experimental 92 and control 91) had severe Smartphone addiction followed by 193(34.46%) subjects from both groups had reported with the moderate addiction score while the remaining 184 (32.85%) had been found at the risk or in the low addiction score. An notable effectiveness of a nurse led educational package regarding smartphone addiction among adolescents on severe addiction score of experimental group had been reported with the post- test addiction score of 4 (1.4%) that was shifted from a higher pre-test mean score of severe addiction 92 (32.5 %) of experimental group . The moderate addiction score was raised up to mean score 140(50%) from 99(35.4%) Followed by the low addiction mean score 136 (48.6%) from the 94 (33.6%) of the addiction score of experimental group .The pre-test mean percentile addiction score was 114.35 %which decreased up to post -test score of 94.71%after the intervention On the other hand the addiction score among the adolescents of the control group had remained same that was as severe 85(30.4%), moderate, 107(38.2%) and mild 88(31.4%) with the pre -test addiction score as 91(32.5%), 99(35.4%) and 90(32.1%) respectively. The post -test mean score of control group was found almost the same as 115.78% and 115.29 % of the pre test and post test respectively CONCLUSION: It was concluded in this study, that there is a noticeable effectiveness of the intervention 'A nurse led educational package regarding smartphone addiction among adolescents at selected schools of Patiala, Punjab, which had shown a substantial gain in knowledge compared to the pre-test scores as a significance difference in the pre-test and post test knowledge score among adolescents of experimental group. There is also seen a significance difference in the prevalence score of Smartphone addiction among the adolescents of the experimental group, after intervention that was shifted from severe to moderate and low addiction score .

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KEY WORDS: knowledge, Effectiveness, Smartphone, Smartphone addiction, adolescents.

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In the year 1980, I could derive a new gravitational formula based on push by the smallest particles rather than an imaginary magical attraction between the objects. The smallest particles or the energy packets, moving with the speed of light in every direction were already present before the emergence of planets of the universe, and the planets or the matter emerged by their complex groupings. The paper was copyrighted in 1983. Later on April 22, 2019, I found from Quora.com that Le Sage's Theory was based on my hypothesis of gravitational push, which of course was not having much experimental evidence, that's why it remained ignored. I was glad to find that one person was already supporting my hypothesis based on logical facts. Newton and Einstein have tried to explain gravitational attraction that still lacks to clarify complete working of our universe. When people compared Le Sage's Theory with Newton's theory, they found Newton's theory more acceptable because its formula was readily available to predict (not explain) most of the motions of heavenly bodies. Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mundane corpuscles) impacting all material objects from all directions. During Le Sage's time mathematics was not so helpful to Le Sage's hypothesis and he was not able to develop a formula to calculate force of push between the objects. Also, there was no evidence of the presence of dark matter and the expansion of the universe. Since the 1920s, astronomers have hypothesized that the universe contains more matter than seen by the naked eye or by the use of any scientific gadgets. It is noticed, by observing unexplainable movement of galaxies, that the path of motion of galaxies is being influenced by some nearby clusters of invisible matter. On 25 August 2016, astronomers reported that Dragonfly 44, an ultra diffuse galaxy (UDG) with the mass of the Milky Way galaxy, but with nearly no star structure, is made almost entirely of dark matter. It is said that satellites are able to orbit around the planet because they are locked into speeds that are fast enough to defeat the downward pull of gravity. Everyone is aware that when we see an image of a star located several light years away, that star has already moved to a new location and we are watching its fake position at the old location. Based on my hypothesis of gravitational attraction there is another explanation for orbiting satellites and planets. Any visible attraction between two objects can be felt after a certain time interval of their presence at a location. And during that time interval, if the objects take new positions, they will deflect the resultant effect of visible attraction by their previous positions. To avoid the effect of push between the two objects, one of them has to leave the area enclosed between their common tangents before they experience the effect of push due to their previous positions. So, in order to understand and estimate visible attractions more precisely, there is a need to re-examine the hypothesis of push by particles. Einstein also assumed that the universe was static [not expanding], and he had added a term to his equations called the cosmological constant that provided a repulsive force to overcome the mutual gravity that would otherwise cause the universe to collapse. My gravitational formula predicts that the distance of Sun-Earth Lagrangian point from earth comes out to be 1370444 kilometers (1.37 million km) . The Google search shows the Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, is about 1.5 million km from the Earth towards the Sun, and there have been many solar observatories located here, including DSCOVR, WIND, SOHO, and ACE. Use of mathematics for scientific explanations need not be required but only for resultant output of an effect. Using any constant in any equation is equivalent to admitting that we don't know some part of the fundamentals. After Hubble's discovery [that the universe is expanding] Einstein not only withdrew his cosmological constant, but regretted ever putting it in. Another mysterious, very common observation of attraction and repulsion by magnets is being taught in the schools without any convincing explanation. A simple model depicting the working of magnet explains that the attractions between opposite poles are the result of repulsive forces.

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defying gravity, who discovered gravity, anti gravity, dark matter, magnet, Universe, Newton, Eisenstein, Gravity, Galaxies, Rays, Science, Research, Discovery, Big bang, stationary satellite, General Theory, cosmological constant, smallest particle, push particles, black holes, real present time, momentum, anu, Inderjeet

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Gambling has become increasingly accessible due to technological advancements and the legalization of certain gambling activities. With the increasing accessibility of gambling through technology and legalization, addiction persists despite efforts by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) to promote responsible gaming. Despite PAGCOR's oversight and efforts to promote safe gambling practices, addiction continues to be a critical problem, driven by factors like peer influence, online gambling platforms, and intense marketing strategies. This study seeks to understand the lived experiences of people with gambling addiction, aiming to shed light on their challenges and inform strategies for effective intervention and support. The study identifies key gaps in regulation, intervention, and rehabilitation programs in the Philippines, particularly highlighting how social and governmental policies fail to adequately address the personal struggles and community impacts of gambling addiction. Motivated by over two decades of experience in the gaming industry, the researcher seeks to offer insights into the lived experiences of gambling addicts, aiming to inform public policy and improve support systems for addiction. Using qualitative methods such as interviews and documentary analysis, the study focuses on personal narratives, interviewing twenty participants engaged in various forms of gambling (e.g., online gambling, slot machines, and mixed games) to understand the complex challenges they face. The study on gambling addiction in Pampanga uncovers a progression from casual gambling to severe addiction, with significant financial, emotional, and relational consequences. Initially drawn in by small wins and social influences, participants soon found themselves in cycles of debt, secrecy, and strained family relationships. The emotional toll included guilt, shame, and in severe cases, depression, with attempts at recovery often providing only temporary relief. Many emphasized the need for personal boundaries and support networks to manage addiction. This study highlights the need for stronger community support and targeted policies to address gambling's broader societal impact.

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gambling, PAGCOR, lived experiences, gambling addiction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rationale for this study is rooted in the recognition that Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSEs) are vital to Ethiopia's economic growth and job creation. The government has established numerous institutions to facilitate the smooth functioning of MSEs, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) are also playing a significant role in promoting their development. However, despite these efforts, the performance of the sector has not met the expectations of many stakeholders due to persistent problems.One of the main reasons for this study is to delve deeper into the mechanisms that influence the development of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia. The primary objective is to investigate and identify the relationships between the performance of these enterprises and various selected influencing factors. Additionally, the study aims to determine the impact of these factors on the performance of small and micro businesses.Ethiopia has long acknowledged the critical role that MSEs play in fostering economic growth and generating employment. This acknowledgment is evident in the government's efforts to create a supportive ecosystem for these enterprises. Various institutions have been established with the specific mandate to support MSEs, addressing their needs and challenges to ensure their sustainable development. These institutions provide essential services such as access to finance, training, market linkage, and policy advocacy. In parallel, NGOs are also actively engaged in promoting the development of MSEs. They offer complementary support by providing training, facilitating access to markets, and advocating for policies that favor the growth of these enterprises. The combined efforts of government institutions and NGOs have created a robust support system aimed at fostering the growth and development of MSEs.Despite these efforts, the performance of the MSE sector has not fully met the expectations of various stakeholders. Several persistent problems continue to hinder the sector's potential. These problems may include limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, lack of market access, insufficient managerial skills, and regulatory challenges. These issues contribute to the suboptimal performance of MSEs, preventing them from achieving their full potential and significantly impacting their contribution to the economy. Given this context, the study's main objective is to investigate the mechanisms that influence the development of MSEs in Ethiopia. By identifying the relationships between the performance of these enterprises and various influencing factors, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of what drives or hinders their success. This understanding is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policies that can effectively address the sector's challenges.The study focuses on several key influencing factors that are believed to impact the performance of MSEs. These factors include access to finance, infrastructure, market access, managerial skills, and regulatory environment. By examining these factors, the study aims to determine their specific impact on the performance of small and micro businesses. This analysis will provide valuable insights into which areas require the most attention and intervention to improve the overall performance of the MSE sector. Access to finance is a critical factor for the growth and development of MSEs. Limited access to financial resources can severely constrain the ability of these enterprises to invest in their operations, expand their businesses, and compete effectively in the market. The study aims to explore the extent to which access to finance influences the performance of MSEs and identify potential solutions to address this challenge.Infrastructure is another crucial factor that can significantly impact the performance of MSEs. Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks, unreliable power supply, and limited access to communication technology, can create substantial barriers for businesses. The study seeks to understand the role of infrastructure in supporting or hindering the development of MSEs and provide recommendations for improving infrastructure to enhance their performance.Market access is essential for the growth and sustainability of MSEs. Limited access to markets can restrict the ability of these enterprises to reach customers, generate sales, and expand their operations. The study aims to investigate the extent to which market access influences the performance of MSEs and identify strategies to improve market linkage and access for these enterprises.Managerial skills are also critical for the success of MSEs. Lack of managerial expertise and business acumen can hinder the ability of these enterprises to effectively plan, manage resources, and make informed decisions. The study seeks to assess the impact of managerial skills on the performance of MSEs and provide recommendations for enhancing managerial capacity through training and development programs.Lastly, the regulatory environment plays a significant role in shaping the performance of MSEs. Complex and burdensome regulations can create barriers to entry, increase compliance costs, and limit the growth potential of these enterprises. The study aims to examine the impact of the regulatory environment on the performance of MSEs and identify opportunities for regulatory reforms to create a more enabling environment for their development. In conclusion, this study is motivated by the need to address the persistent problems that hinder the performance of MSEs in Ethiopia. By investigating the mechanisms that influence the development of MSEs and identifying the relationships between performance and various influencing factors, the study aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for improving the sector's performance. These insights will be crucial for policymakers, government institutions, NGOs, and other stakeholders in designing targeted interventions and policies to support the growth and development of MSEs in Ethiopia This study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design to analyze, interpret and to commend some solutions on the influencing Mechanism of the development of Small and Micro Enterprises in Ethiopia. The descriptive research is a study designed to describe the characteristics of a phenomena and it was used to collect data concerning a certain phenomenon in respect to the conditions of Mechanism of the Development of Small and Micro Enterprises. The explanatory research design was used to analyze the effect influencing Mechanism of the Development on micro and small scale enterprise and to explain the relationship between performance of micro and small scale enterprise and some selected influencing Mechanism of the Development. A mixed research methodology was used and a mixed research approach use of both qualitative and quantitative working since it permits to get adequate information for a better understanding of the topic under investigation. Quantitative Data is structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of 106 MSE owners/firms in Addis Ababa. This will involve a five-point Likert scale to gather information on various aspects of business operations and perceived impacts of influencing factors. Qualitative Data is Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key informants, including senior municipal administrators, Micro and Small Enterprises Bureau officials, and MSE heads/upper management. This allows for in-depth exploration of experiences and insights beyond pre-defined questions in the questionnaire. The population of this study is MSEs in Ethiopia. The target populations of the study were composed of business owners who are involved in micro and small enterprise at Addis Ababa. The target population of this study was the business owners/firms of MSEs in Addis Ababa. A total of 106 respondents were selected from wood and metal products, textiles and clothing, food preparation and processing, and leather products companies through simple random sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data types. To collect primary data, questionnaires and key informant interviews were conducted with senior municipal and Micro and Small Enterprises Bureau administrators. Key informant interviews included heads of enterprise and upper management. The researcher used this technique because semi-structured interviews enable the researcher to urge or prod the respondent to disclose more details. Secondary data was gathered from a range of sources, including journals, books, websites, electronic papers, and policy documents. The data was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the many factors affecting MSE performance. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed on the questionnaire data from this sample. The mean and standard deviation provided an explanation for the descriptive statistics, even if multiple regression and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were employed. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was utilized to gather information from 106 small and micro firms. This sequential explanatory design ensures that the study builds upon a solid foundation of quantitative data before delving deeper into the complexities of the influencing mechanisms through qualitative analysis. This approach leads to more robust recommendations and actionable insights for stakeholders invested in fostering a thriving MSE sector in Ethiopia. The results showed a weak but statistically significant link (r = 0.270*, p =.0.035) between management parameters and the performance of small and micro enterprises. Due to the fact that the p-value was smaller than.05. This demonstrates that there was a marginally favorable but statistically significant association between management and small- and microbusiness performance. Correlation study, on the other hand, reveals that there is a weakly significant and positive association between the financial and marketing aspects and the performance of small and micro organizations, with varying probability values.The result study showed a substantial and robust link (r = 0.802*, p =.0.000) between the infrastructure components and the performance of small and micro enterprises. Due to the fact that the p-value was smaller than.05. This demonstrates that there was a substantial and highly positive correlation between small and micro business performance and infrastructure. The aforementioned shows displays a favorable and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.794* p = 000) between the performance of small and micro enterprises and the political and legal regulation. This leads one to the conclusion that there was a highly significant and favorable relationship between the performance of small and micro enterprises and the political and legal regulation.According to the result, there is a substantial and robust link (r = 0.789*, p =.000) between technical characteristics and the performance of small and micro enterprises. As a result of the p-value being.000, which was below.05. This demonstrates that there was a substantial and favorable correlation between technology-related parameters and small- and micro business performance. According to the study, working place characteristics and the success of small and micro enterprises had a moderately and significantly positive link (r = 0.592*, p =.000). As a result of the p-value being.000, which was below.05. This demonstrates that there was a favorable moderate and significant association between small and micro enterprises' performance and their working environment. The results of multiple regressions, result revealed that marketing have a positive and insignificant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.103) and p value .421 at 95% confidence level. Marketing has statistically insignificant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises and marketing coefficient is meaningless to the small and micro enterprises performance.The results of multiple regressions, led that Finance has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.125) and p value .043 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, finance has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises. The results of multiple regressions , revealed that Management has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.171) and p value .051 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, management has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Infrastructure has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.313) and p value 049 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, infrastructure has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Political and legal regulation has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (0.434) and p value .042 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, Political and legal regulation has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises.The variable Technology has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises in Ethiopia with beta coefficient value (1.287) and p value .000 at 95% confidence level. Therefore, the researcher accept the null hypothesis. Since, Technology has statistically significant impact on the firms performance of small and micro enterprises. The independent variables (political and legal regulation, marketing, finance, working environment, management, technological and infrastructure elements) account for 80.30% of the variance in performance. Other factors not covered in this study account for the remaining 19.7% of the variation. The infrastructure, political and legal, and technological aspects were found to be the main determinants of SMEs' success. These elements were shown to have a high positive link with SMEs' performance in Ethiopia. Infrastructure elements have the most impact on MSE performance (0.802), followed by political and legal variables (0.794). Conversely, technology considerations impacting MSE performance have a beta value of 0.789.The study found that the performance of small and micro companies and management parameters had a weak but significant association (0.270).Similarly, the study demonstrates that, with varying probability values, there is a weakly positive and significant association between marketing and financial aspects and the success of small and micro organizations. However, the study found that, with a probability value of (r=0.592), there was a moderate and substantial association between working environment variables and the performance of small and micro organizations. The study came to the conclusion that the following factors had a statistically significant influence on the performance of Ethiopia's small and micro enterprises: finance, management, infrastructure, political and legal regulation, technology, and working environment. These findings were based on the results of multiple regression analysis. The findings highlight the critical role of infrastructure, a stable political and legal environment, and technology adoption in driving MSE success. These areas warrant prioritized attention from policymakers and stakeholders. However, the study also reveals the importance of management skills, access to finance, and a positive working environment, even though their impact might be statistically weaker. Neglecting these factors can still hinder MSE growth and overall performance. The limitations of this study, particularly the pre-determined set of independent variables, open doors for further exploration. Examining social and cultural influences, entrepreneurial characteristics, and access to business networks can provide a more nuanced understanding of the Ethiopian MSE landscape. Additionally, incorporating alternative performance measures beyond just profitability can capture the broader impact of MSEs on job creation, social progress, and long-term sustainability. By acknowledging these limitations and pursuing further research along the suggested avenues, stakeholders can refine their understanding and design more effective interventions. The proposed policy and intervention recommendations, targeting infrastructure development, political and legal frameworks, technology adoption, management skills development, access to finance, and a positive working environment, offer a starting point for creating a more supportive ecosystem for MSEs in Ethiopia. Investing in these areas can empower MSE owners to overcome challenges, unlock their full potential, and contribute meaningfully to the country's economic and social development. As MSEs flourish, they can generate jobs, create innovative solutions, and drive inclusive growth, propelling Ethiopia towards a brighter future. This study does not contain all of the elements impacting the development of SMEs since it included independent variables that were only presumed to be universal to all operators operating in the Ethiopian business environment. These include the areas of politics, law, marketing, infrastructure, finance, technology, and management. The majority of SMEs are profit-focused, so the study looked at profitability as a gauge of their development. This is because the majority of operators don't keep records, and their businesses are survival-based, so they gauge their performance by meeting their household expenses and ensuring the continuing existence of their businesses. Create a micro and small business revolving fund in each Addis Ababa woreda by assigning a fixed amount of money, allowing operators to use the funds for startup and monthly repayment. The process will be closely watched, with extension workers providing technical help as well. An alternate approach would be to offer a guarantee of work for a predetermined duration, all the while encouraging savings by establishing connections with credit and savings organizations.In Addis Ababa City, there need to be a methodical and well-run entrepreneurial training facility that offers MSE officials, extension agents, and company owners ongoing training. It evaluates current market data via extension agents, studies emerging and established business sectors, pinpoints opportunities and risks, and most importantly, talks to MSE operators about how to have a broad vision that can lead to smaller and medium-sized businesses.The FMSEs office should set up well-organized marketing sites where all producers can provide their goods for sale, with their prices and markings tagged on them and promoted jointly. This gives MSEs' products access to the market and makes it simple to promote goods through a well-organized marketing structure. Equal access to the market is possible for all operators, and it also eliminates unjust housing rent and gives them the option to focus solely on production while their goods are offered at a common market. According to the researcher, more studies might look at other industries like retail, urban agriculture, and construction and provide particular results that could have a significant impact on the growth of the nation as a whole. In addition to the previously mentioned strategies, creating a more supportive business environment is crucial for MSE development in Ethiopia. Here are some additional recommendations. Simplifying business registration processes can reduce administrative burdens and encourage formalization among MSEs. This could involve utilizing online registration platforms or one-stop shops for obtaining necessary licenses and permits. Implementing targeted tax breaks or tax holidays for newly established MSEs can incentivize business creation and reinvestment of profits into growth. Encouraging research and development (R&D) activities and facilitating access to technology can help MSEs improve efficiency, develop new products and services, and compete more effectively in the market. This could involve establishing innovation hubs, providing tax breaks for R&D investments, and offering training programs on digital marketing and e-commerce. Providing centralized access to relevant information on business regulations, market trends, funding opportunities, and best practices can empower MSE operators to make informed decisions. This could involve establishing online portals or collaborating with chambers of commerce to disseminate crucial business information. Public-private partnerships can facilitate collaboration between government institutions, training providers, and established businesses. This can lead to the development of more targeted training programs and mentorship opportunities for MSE owners.Joint Investment in Infrastructure Development Public-private partnerships can also play a key role in accelerating infrastructure development projects critical for MSE growth, such as improving transportation networks, electricity grids, and access to communication technology in rural areas. Introducing entrepreneurship education into the school curriculum can foster a culture of innovation and self-employment among younger generations. This can equip students with the skills and mindset necessary to become future business leaders. Highlighting and celebrating the success stories of Ethiopian entrepreneurs can inspire and motivate aspiring business owners. This can be done through awards programs, media coverage, and mentorship initiatives. By implementing a combination of these strategies, stakeholders can create a more supportive and enabling environment for MSEs to thrive in Ethiopia. This will contribute to a flourishing entrepreneurial ecosystem, driving economic growth, job creation, and overall national development. Building a thriving MSE ecosystem in Ethiopia requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. The research findings provide valuable insights into the key influencing factors, but true progress necessitates addressing both the foundational elements and the practical considerations of financial empowerment, market access, skills development, supportive business environment, and a culture of entrepreneurship. Through a commitment to implementing the proposed policy and intervention strategies, stakeholders can empower Ethiopian MSEs to unlock their full potential and propel the nation towards a brighter future.

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Small and micro enterprises, development mechanism, influencing factors, performance

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Tuberculosis (TB), derived from bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has become one of the worst infectious and contagious illnesses in the world after HIV/AIDS.

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tuberculosis, nanomedicine, theranostic, diagnostic, therapeutic

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The study sought to evaluate the effect of strategic management practices on the academic performance of private schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study examined the effects of strategic planning, strategic leadership, strategic organization structure, and strategic resource allocation on academic performance of private secondary schools in Kiambu county. The study was guided by competence-based management theory, system theory of management, and resource-based theories. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The target population consisted of 78 private secondary schools in Kiambu County. A sample of 39 private secondary schools was derived using Cochran's sample size formula. The schools were selected using stratified and simple random sampling methods. 195 respondents were selected from the sampled schools. This included 39 respondents in the management level, 78 teachers, and 78 support staff. The data was collected using the questionnaire with both open and closed-ended questions. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability through a pilot study, strategic management experts, and Cronbach Alpha coefficient. The quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26, descriptive statistical methods, inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis method. Quantitative data was presented using tables, while qualitative data using narrations. The researcher observed integrity and transparency when collecting the data, interpreting and reporting the findings by upholding privacy, safety, moral and ethical practices. The study found that strategic management practices played a vital role in boosting the academic performance of private secondary schools in Kiambu County. There are significant correlations among strategic planning, leadership, organizational structure, and resource allocation. In conclusion, the study advocates for a comprehensive strategy that integrates these elements to optimize educational outcomes. It is recommended that private secondary schools in Kiambu County adopt this holistic approach to improve academic performance and ensure long-term educational success. Further studies are recommended to be conducted to identify the long-term impact of strategic management on educational institutions

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Strategic Planning, Strategic Leadership, Strategic Organization Structure, Strategic Resources Allocation, Academic Performance

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ABSTRACT Background :- Neck pain is most common these days after pandemic, Neck pain is most common symptom for seeking therapeutic alternative to congenital medicine. Neck pain upper Trapezitis is most Common Condition in desk job. Desk job for prolong hours leads to neck pain which aggravated with further activity, work & Stress. Myofascial Pain symptoms usually involves muscle. Pain with Specific trigger & tender points. In addition to the local or regional Pain, untreated & Chronic cases might lead to Symptoms like depression, Fatigue behavioral disturbances. The Cause for myofascial Pain are Structural inadequacies tight constrictive Clothing, lack of exercises, poor posture, an unsupportive ergonomics. These are various treatment modalities include electrotherapy, manual therapy, Stress reduction, dry needling, ergonomic training for management of Neck pain Trapezitis. 1 Objective :- To Compare the effect of Dry cupping (Myofascial Cupping) (integrated Neuromuscular technique) Trigger point manual therapy on the upper trapezius latent on pain intensity. Myofascial Dry Cupping Technique :- Dry Cupping therapy is a noninvasive treatment commonly used to reduce pain & promote the healing process in various populations, including those with nonspecific neck pain. Manual Pressure Release :- Sustained manual pressure has been advocated as an effective treatment for myofascial trigger points. This study aimed to investigate the effect of manual pressure sensitivity of latent in the upper trapezius muscle, using a novel pressure algometer. (Sustained manual pressure, referred to this paper as Manual pressure release) previously referred to as "ischemic Compression", "inhibition" and "trigger point pressure release''. 2 Objectives :- To find out effective of Myofascial cupping therapy verses Manual myofascial Pressure release on Postural Neck Pain in Desk job Persons. Methods :- A comparative study was conducted in Gokul Global University, Sidhpur. Depending on the selection criteria participants were selected & informed consent was signed. The respondents were then requested to offer their demographic information. Assessment of risk factors in young adults was Completed. The data was analyzed using was performed which includes frequency, mean & standard deviation. 3 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Trapezitis (Neck pain) With desk job. Neck pain upper Trapezitis is most common condition after pandemic where most of the education and all office work are online. Desk job for prolong hours leads to neck pain which aggravated with further activity, work & stress. Myofascial pain symptoms usually involves muscle pan with specific trigger points. In addition to the local or regional pain untreated & chronic cases fatigue & behavioral disturbances. The cause for Myofascial pain are structural inadequacies, tight constrictive clothing, lack of exercises, poor posture, an unsupportive ergonomics, There are various treatment modalities include electrotherapy manual therapy, stress reduction, dry needling, ergonomic training for management of neck pain Trapezitis. Non specific neck pain is typically caused by mechanical or Myofascial disorders. Trigger point is one of the most widespread long-lasting muscle disorders affecting all ages & social groups, regardless of occupation, physical build or physical activity levels. A TRP is associated with a tender spot situated in a taunt band of muscle. 4 when this spot is manipulated, impulsive or exertion pain may be experienced. TRP is classified as latent or active. However, both types have the potential to Create pain, limit Rom & restrict functional activities, therefore Clinically it is important to identify it & should be addressed as part of a comprehensive physiotherapy programs. Currently instrument based & non instrument based manual therapy interventions exist for deactivation or TRPs. Dry needling, Dry Cupping, ischemic Compression, muscle energy techniques, strain counter strain are the most Common conventional treatment approaches for treating Trp. Cupping therapy is an ancient form of alternative medicine in which a therapist applies cups on your skin for few minutes to create suction in order to mobilize accumulated blood. Cupping therapy helps in removing harmful substances & toxin from the body to promote healing and it is one of the best detoxification treatment. According to history, Cupping therapy, a traditional Chinese medicine threads, has been used for > 2000 years. 5 According Muslim history cupping therapy was practiced and its awareness spread by PROPHET ( P.B.U.H) It is Sunnah to do cupping on sunnah points also called (horary) points. Nowadays it is accepted worldwide by Olympic athletes like Michael phelps, Alex naddour & many who use & suggested cupping as remedial for sports injury. Cupping therapy is an effective way to manipulate sort tissues. It works on various theories like reflex zone theory, Pain gate theory & Genetic theory. It is described detoxification process by which waste matte & toxins are removed and as harmonization process for the imbalanced vital energy. Today, Cupping is widely used as a holistic treatment in foreign for inpatient care & prevention and treatment of various disorders, as well as for promotion of general health. Cupping therapy generates relaxation, rejuvenation, improve blood circulation improve skin conditions, revitalization, deep tissue massage & sports injure. Muslim society follow this therapy as a sunnah or Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) and like to get it performed on lunar dates. With day to day activities & lifestyle, with wrong posture, unsupported ergonomic people are prone for TRP which are frequently seen in trapezius muscle, as it is an antigravity muscle holding the head to inefficient posture & emotional stress adding on to activate Trp. The Psychological side effects of living with chronic pain can be debilitating as pain itself. Thus by reducing the pain, a person can focus on his work more clearly. 6 1.2 Need Of The Study Researcher & healthcare professionals are becoming more interested in performing comparison studies to evaluate the efficacy of various approaches as their understanding of upper trapezius and its treatment choice advances. Such research can help to improve patient care & outcomes by shedding light on the best, most reliable method for treating upper trapezius. Researchers are comparing Myofascial cupping & Manual Muscle pressure release techniques effectiveness for pain relieve along with neck & shoulder girdle exercise, ergonomical changes make evidence-based recommendations for efficient treatment protocols that are specifically suited to the needs of individuals with upper Trapezitis. This study aims to contribute to the expanding body of information upper Trapezitis care & may enhance their quality of life. 7 1.3 Significance Of The Study Myalgia and inflammation in the upper trapezius muscle region are two examples of the conditions that fall under the category of musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort, which creates serious problems for people's productivity and well-being. This comparison of Myofascial Release (MR) and Myofascial Dry Cupping Therapy (MDCT), combined with neck and shoulder girdle exercises, is very important for a number of reasons. Selection of Treatments Based on Evidence:- Healthcare professionals frequently struggle with the choice of the most successful therapy strategy for musculoskeletal upper body pain due to the wealth of therapeutic choices accessible. The objective of this study is to offer empirical proof of the relative effectiveness of targeted exercises, Myofascial Release, and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy. These research-based conclusions can help doctors build individualized treatment regimens for their patients, improving outcomes and decreasing trial-and-error in therapy selection. Improved Patient Outcomes:- Improving patient outcomes requires an understanding of the effectiveness of interventions. Exercises for the shoulder girdle, neck and shoulders can be compared to find the best pain alleviations, functional improvement, and range of motion. This information results in more effective treatment plans that enhance the comfort, mobility, and general quality of life of patients. Advancement of Therapeutic Approaches:- This study advances musculoskeletal pain management by investigating Myofascial Release and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy, along with targeted exercises, to uncover mechanisms of action and synergistic effects. This could lead to more effective therapeutic approaches for upper extremity pain. Holistic Patient Care:- The study emphasizes holistic patient care by incorporating shoulder girdle and neck exercises, addressing muscular imbalances and promoting strength and flexibility. This approach emphasizes multimodal treatment strategies for comprehensive pain management. 8 1.4 Aim & Objective The aim of this comparative study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic interventions, Myofascial Release and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy, along with targeted shoulder girdle and neck exercises, in managing musculoskeletal upper extremity pain in patients. The study seeks to provide evidence-based insights into the potential benefits of each treatment approach, aiding healthcare practitioners in making informed decisions while designing personalized treatment plans for individuals suffering from musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. Objectives:- To evaluate the efficacy of myofascial Release in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. To evaluate how well Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy worked in providing pain relief and reducing inflammation in individuals experiencing musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. To compare the impact of "Myofascial Releases" and Myofascial Dry Cupping therapy on the ROM and flexibility of the affected shoulder girdle and neck muscles. 9 1.5 Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (HO) (HO)1: There is no statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (HO)2: There is no statistical tremendous impact of Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (HO)3: There is no statistical tremendous impact of "Myofascial Release" and Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. Alternate Hypothesis (H1) (H1)1: There is statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (H1)2: There is statistical significant effect of Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. (H1)3: There is statistical significant effect of "Myofascial Release" and Myofascial Dry Cupping along with shoulder girdle exercise and neck exercise in patient's with Upper Trapezitis. 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW (Westgaard et al., 2001) There was no discernible variation in the activity of the trapezius muscles between employees who had and did not have shoulder and neck pain, according to a study of female service employees with modest biomechanical exposure. This implies that in this cohort, muscular activity is not a good predictor for vulnerability for neck and shoulder pain. According to the study, stress may play a bigger role in the onset of neck & shoulder discomfort in this population than other factors. They cite the elevated levels of stress that the study's participants reported, as well as earlier research that has connected stress to pain in the neck and shoulders. (Castro-Sanchez et al., 2011) Demonstrates that decreasing upper Trapezitis can be accomplished via myofascial cupping therapy significantly improved patients' quality of life and pain levels. These results are in line with prior studies that have indicated the value of myofascial cupping therapy for treating a range of pain disorders. Both therapies were helpful at reducing pain, according to the findings, although myofascial cupping therapy was superior at enhancing quality of life. In light of the fact that myofascial cupping therapy not only lessens pain but also enhances general quality of life, it is suggested that it may be a more thorough treatment for upper Trapezitis. (V N et al., 2014) The efficacy of positional release therapy and myofascial release therapy in the treatment of Trapezitis were compared in a study. According to the study, both therapies had a positive impact on range of motion and pain levels. Positional release therapy was shown to be less successful than myofascial release therapy. 11 According to the study's conclusions, myofascial release therapy may be better option for treating Trapezitis than positional release therapy. However, additional study is required to validate these results. (Mishra et al., 2018) Conducted a research where individuals with upper trapezius muscular spasm were compared to the benefits of Myofascial Release (MFR) & Active Release Technique (ART) on pain and neck flexibility in movement. Both methods were successful in lessening pain and enhancing range of motion, according to the study. However, ART might be a better option for treating upper trapezius muscular spasm than MFR. However, additional study is required to validate these results. (Choksi et al., 2021) Conducted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of three different treatments for upper Trapezitis: ischemic compression, deep transverse friction massage and sham conventional therapy. The study found that all three treatments were effective in terms of pain relief and restricted ROM. However there was no statistically subsequent difference between three treatments. According to the study's findings, each of the three therapies has a comparable impact on lowering upper Trapezitis. Healthcare professionals need to know this information in order to suggest the best course of action for their patients. The long-term effectiveness of the therapies in lowering discomfort and limited range of motion was also discovered by the investigation. This is significant for patients because it suggests that they can anticipate experiencing long-lasting symptom relief. The study was well planned and carried out and the outcomes are trustworthy. The study followed the best practices for clinical research- randomized controlled trials. The study also used a sizable sample size, which boosts the accuracy of the findings. 12 (Joshi et al., 2022) Looked out to find the efficacy of "Myofascial Release (MFR)" and high frequency "transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)." The findings demonstrated that in subjects with trapezius myalgia, both MFR & TENS were successful in lowering pain and enhancing function. However, it was discovered that MFR was more efficient than TENS at minimizing discomfort and enhancing range of motion. 13 Review Of Literature Literature suggests the need to explore myofascial Cupping on autonomous nervous system affecting the pain sensitivity. However, these methods have not been critically evaluated or compared. Therefore, we hypothesized that MFC therapy will show better effect than manual pressure release on pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT) & neck movement in individuals with latent TPR in trapezius. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of MFC therapy and MPR on these parameters. 14 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD Methodology :- A 3.1 Study design :- Comparative Study 3.2 Study Settings :- Gokul Global University, Sidhpur 3.3 Sampling Method :- Comparison between two therapy 3.4 Sample size Calculation:- 42 people 3.5 Sampling Criteria I. Inclusion Criteria o Age between 15-40 years o Both Genders o Neck pain more than 3 months (Chronic Trapezitis cases) II. Exclusion Criteria :- o Any injury to Neck o Cervical Region Congenital deformity o Neurological disorders o Acute inflammatory Condition 3.6 Outcome Measures :- A. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) B. Active Cervical lateral flexion using goniometer. 3.7 Operation Definitions :- Trapezitis:- Trapezitis is a common condition that causes inflammation of the trapezius muscles in the Upper Back and Neck. 15 3.8 Data Collection Tools :- ? Assessment form ? Consent form ? Data Sheet ? Marker Pen ? Pencil ? Eraser ? Paper ? Alcohol Swab ? Recording material ? Inch Tape ? Dry Cupping cups, Piston gun ? Neck disability scale form ? Numerical Analog Scale for pain ? Goniometer ? Algometer for measuring pain & pressure threshold. Fig 3.8.1 Data Collection Tools 16 3.9 Methods:- An experimental study was carried in Cresent High School and Infigrity IT Company in Juhapura, Ahmedabad. There were 42 participants. The sample size was determined using primer statistical Software, 21 participants in each group was calculated based on a previous study with alpha =Power alteration, mean difference and expected s > at Therefore total sample size taken was 42. Participants aged 15 years - 40 years, male & females with neck pain more than 3 months, having latent TrPs in upper trapezius were included And participants excluded were one with :- (a) Any other musculoskeletal problem at or around cervical region like fracture, sprain. (b) Systemic disorder, infection, Progressive disorder. (c) Neurological Conditions. (d) Any Psychological disorder where person might not Cooperate for the treatment. (e) One who has taken m treatment for TrPs within 6 months. Participants were examined for TrP in upper trapezius muscle with following diagnostic Criteria. 1. Taut band within the muscle. 2. Exquisite tenderness at a point on the taut band. 3. Referred pain. 4. Local twitch response. 17 Baseline assessment was taken pain intensity using Numerical pain rating scale. (NPRS), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) by pressure Algometer & cervical lateral flexion to contralateral. side of Trp by universal goniometer. Outcome Measure :- 1. Pain intensity :- It was assessed by NPRS - (Numerical Pain Rating Scale) that best reflects the intensity of the pain. The 11 points numeric Scale ranges form " 0 " representing no pain to " 10 " representing worst pain. a. NPRS is valid & reliable scale to measure pain intensity. 2. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT):- It is the minimal amount of pressure that produces pain .PPT was measured by a wanger Algometer which is considered as a reliable method in the assessment of TrPs sensitivity. It consisted of a 1 cm2 rubber tip & dial that could display the pressure of up to 10 kg with graduation with 100 gm . Algometer was placed perpendicular on the marked Trp On the trapezius & then the pressure was applied until the pressure caused a pain. The maximum pressure displayed by the Algometer was recorded. Three measurements were obtained and the mean value was calculated. 3. Range of Motion(ROM):- Cervical lateral flexion motion was measured using goniometer. Participants were asked to sit upright & laterally flex their head towards opposite side of the Trp The motion was stopped once the available ROM was completed the care was taken to disallow shoulder elevation. The cervical CROM measured by goniometer. 18 Methodology B Collection of Data Group A Group A was treated with MFC and Group B treated with MPR. Group A Myofascial Dry Cupping Muscle selection :- Trapezius ( Upper) Sternocleidomastoid Levator Scapulae Sub occipitals. Trigger Points Sensitivity :- Trigger points sensitivity in the stated muscles were determined by perpendicular thumb pressure on TPS sensitivity ranking from 0 to 2. 0 - indicates thumb palpation increased sensitivity in TPs area without pain indicates intensity of pain increased and patient reports pain when asked. Indicate that pain intensity increased & patient spontaneously notes the pain when pressure pa applied. The Trigger points sensitivity on each muscle were summed & the total recorded as Trigger points sensitivity. Each active MTrps was diagnosed based on Simons diagnostic criteria after palpating Trigger Points sensitivities It was marked with Pen, Then wiped with alcohol pad. 19 Material required :- Three plastic cup with size 2.5 cm in diameter One piston gun Goniometer Inch tap Pen Alcohol parcel 3.10 Myofascial Cupping Techniques:- Trp in upper trapezius was identified and marked. Then participants were taken in prone or comfortable sitting position, lubrication was applied Ove the marked point & three cups were places. 1st Cup placed on C7 Spinous Process area followed by treatment cup on marked area and counter balance cup was secured on other side of treatment cup. Cups were placed & fixed with help of piston gun by creating a negative pressure (Vacuum) inside Cups. Participants was asked for any discomfort during the Session . After 10 minutes, the Cups were removed. Again lubricants or Alovera gel can be applied over the marks. Next Session was done after 3 days. 20 3.11 Myofascial Pressure Release:- Participants were assessed for TrPs & then in supine position, the participants arm was placed in shoulder abduction, external rotation and head side flexed.to the involved side with elbow flexion. Using the pincher grip. the therapist moves through the fibers of trapezius on marked point. Pressure Compression was followed by strain counter strain i.e. isometric contraction of muscles & then MPR was given. Each isometric sessions applied for 8-10 seconds & followed by contralateral side bending flexion & ipsilateral rotation to maintain the sort tissue Stretch for 30 seconds & was repeated 5 times. The duration of treatments was 10 min per session, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. Measurement taken in both groups with goniometer Lat side flexion. Pressure & Pain threshold measured with algometer. In both approach MFC & MPR , All Participants got stability Exercises of neck muscles for 15 minutes , Three Sessions per week with 10 Sec. hold, 10 repetitions with 2 minutes rest interval between the exercises. 21 3.12 Stability Exercise :- Fig 3.12.1 Neck Exercises 22 Static Neck Exercise:- Fig 3.12.2 Neck Exercises 23 Fig 3.12.3 Neck Exercises 24 Fig 3.12.4 Neck Exercises 25 Fig 3.12.5 Neck Exercises 26 Fig 3.12.6 Neck Exercises 27 Fig 3.12.7 Neck Exercises 28 Fig 3.12.8 Neck Exercises 29 Fig 3.12.9 Neck Exercises 30 Fig 3.12.10 Stability Neck Exercises 31 Fig 3.12.11 Stability Neck Exercises 32 Fig 3.12.12 Shoulder Girdle Exercises Methodology B (Data Collection Procedure) :- I have approached the population & encourage them to take part in the study. I checked for the inclusion & exclusion criteria among the population. I explained the study after the participants have seen selected. After signing the inform consent form, I took demographic details before starting the procedure. I have taken fall assessment Or Participants, I have checked owes try Disability Index questionnaire of day to day life physical activities. I have taken all neck ROM with goniometer at starting and end of my sessions. 33 I have checked Tenderness & Trigger points with digital algometer. Consisting of a capacitance sensor attached to the tip of the palpating thumb changes in pressure sensitivity were also measured during the application of Manual pressure Release via Numerical pain Scale. 34 CHAPTER 4 4.1 STATISTICAL RESULTS 35 Table 1 Graph 4.1 36 Table 2 Graph 4.2 37 Table 3 Graph 4.3 38 Table 4 Graph 4.4 39 Table 5 Gender wise distribution in Manual Pressure Therapy Group Gender Number Percentages Graph 4.5 40 Table 6 Graph 4.6 41 Table 7 Graph 4.7 42 Table 8 Graph 4.8 43 Table 9 Pain Score Wise Distribution Between Cupping Therapy Group And Manual Pressure Therapy Group Time Groups Mean SD Difference T Value P Value Before Cupping Therapy Group 8.67 0.73 1.00 0.151 0.767** Manual Pressure Therapy Group 7.67 1.01 After Cupping Therapy Group 0.38 0.49 -1.3 -5.9328 0.001* Manual Pressure Therapy Group 1.76 0.94 Level of Significance P < 0.05, Significant, **Non Significant Statistically, no significant difference was present in pain score between Cupping Therapy Group and Manual Pressure Therapy Group. Mean pain score was less in Cupping Therapy Group (0.38 + 0.49) as compared to Manual Pressure Therapy Group after group (1.76 + 0.94). Statistically, significant difference was present in pain score between Cupping Therapy Group and Manual Pressure Therapy Group. Graph 4.9 44 Table 10 Graph 4.10 45 CHAPTER 5 5.1 DISCUSSION The purpose of study was to determine how manual muscle pressure and myofascial dry cupping therapy decrease level of perceived pain associated with nonspecific neck pain and increased localized blood flow of the treated tissues compared with sham cupping and control conditions along with neck exercises and posture correction. In my comparative study I took 42 people 21 are students below age 20 years old other group 21 people age between 20 to 40 years which are working in IT Industry. In both group there are tender points and upper trapezius neck pain. In both group neck pain and lateral neck flexion is reduced. My moto of study is which is fastest pain reliver and improving lateral neck flexion. In my study I found myofascial cupping therapy along with neck exercise reduced neck pain faster then manual pressure release. On improving lateral neck flexion both are same effective. 46 5.2 Limitations of the Study While this study offers valuable insights into the efficacy of Manual Myofascial Release, Myofascial Cupping Therapy and targeted exercises for musculoskeletal upper extremity pain management, certain limitations must be acknowledged to contextualize the findings appropriately: Sample Size : The relatively small sample size may restrict the generalizability of the results and limit the ability to detect nuanced effects. Lack of Control Group : The absence of a specific control group hinders the isolation of intervention effects, potentially influencing the interpretation of outcomes. Subjective Reporting : The self-report nature of pain assessment and patient-reported outcomes introduces potential bias and variability in data collection. These limitations, while important to acknowledge, do not diminish the significance of the study's contributions to musculoskeletal pain management. They serve as guiding points for future research endeavors, encouraging a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding the efficacy of these interventions. It is critical to interpret the findings with caution. The study adds to the ongoing search for evidence-based techniques to improving patient outcomes and developing musculoskeletal pain care practices. Larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods and controlled designs in future research can give more substantial evidence and enhance the foundations for effective pain management strategies. Future research is needed not only to standardize treatment guidelines but also to continue analyzing the physiological effect of dry cupping therapy. The physiological mechanism and theory behind dry cupping must also continue to be evaluated. 47 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION In patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain, particularly upper Trapezitis, a comparative analysis of Manual Myofascial Release vs. Myofascial Cupping Therapy, accompanied by shoulder girdle and neck exercises, yielded valuable insights into effective pain management strategies. The study's outcomes demonstrated potential early benefits of Myofascial Cupping Therapy in reducing pain intensity and improving functional outcomes for individuals with musculoskeletal upper extremity pain. The application of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) revealed statistically significant reductions in pain intensity across all interventions- Manual Myofascial Release, Myofascial Cupping Therapy and the combined intervention. Particularly noteworthy was the combined intervention's pronounced pain reduction, suggesting potential synergistic effects between targeted exercise and myofascial cupping therapy for addressing musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort. This study highlights the significant role of these therapies in diminishing pain severity, with improving lateral neck flexion. 6.1 Future Scope Of The Study The current comparison of Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release together with neck and shoulder exercise in patients with musculoskeletal upper extremity discomfort, paved the way for further investigation and research in a number of areas. Long Term Follow-up Studies: Long term follow-up research will help determine whether the pain alleviation and functional gains were sustainable and durable. 48 Comparison with Other Modalities: In the future, research might compare the efficacy of Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release to other therapeutic modalities that are frequently employed to treat pain in the muscular upper extremities. Mechanisms of Action: Researching the basic principles that underlie Myofascial Cupping Therapy and Manual Myofascial Release can help us better understand how these treatments for musculoskeletal pain work. Studies Comparing Non-pharmacological Interventions To Drug Therapies: Studies comparing the efficacy of non-pharmacological to standard pain killer for Upper Trapezitis may focused on advantages of non invasive therapies. 49 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY Aiming to treat patients with muscles skeletal upper extremity discomfort, notably upper Trapezitis the study compared the effectiveness of Manual Pressure Release and Myofascial Cupping Therapy with neck & shoulder girdle exercises. The two groups 21 each is MFR + exercise other group MFC + exercises have been studied on. The trial lasted 45 days, each intervention consisted of 20 minutes sessions that were held every alternate days in week. Prior to and following the therapies, the Numerical pain rating scale was used to measure severity of pain. For data comparisons, normality tests were performed using SPPS version. The study's findings showed that Myofascial Cupping significantly decreased severity of pain compare to Myofascial Pressure Release Therapy. To support and build upon these important discoveries, additional research with bigger sample numbers & longer follow up time is advice. 50 CHAPTER 8 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 MANUAL PRESSURE RELEASE REFERENCES 61 62 63 64 65 66

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Cupping Therapy, Manual Muscle Release, Neck Pain, Trapezitis , etc.

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Ethosomes, Fluticasone propionate, Gel, skin conditions, Phospholipids, Triethanolamine and Carbopol 934.

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The development and assessment of nanoparticles in anti inflammatory ointments represent a significant advancement in topical therapy.This research aimed to create an anti inflammatory ointment with nanoparticles to enhance the delivery and effectiveness of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.Characterisation of the nanoparticles involved techniques like zeta potential,scanning electron microscopy which confirmed their uniform size and morphology. The ointment was formulated by integrating the nanoparticles into an appropriate ointment base,followed by through evaluation of physical properties,spreadability,viscosity and Ph. Invitro release studies indicated a sustained release profile and anti inflammatory activities. This novel formulation harnesses the benefits of nanotechnology,offering a controlled release system and enhanced skin penetration leading to better therapeutic outcome.The studies concludes that nanoparticle-infused ointments have great potential for managing inflammatory conditions effectively,necessitating further clinical investigation.

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Nanoparticles, Anti inflammatory,ointment,controlled release,skin permeation.

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The synthesis and characterization of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes have garnered significant interest due to their diverse applications in fields such as catalysis, medicine, and materials science. This study focuses on the preparation of these metal complexes using various ligands, particularly Schiff bases, which exhibit chelating properties that enhance metal coordination. The complexes are synthesized through direct reaction methods involving metal salts and ligands in suitable solvents, followed by purification techniques such as recrystallization. Characterization of the synthesized complexes is achieved through an array of analytical techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy provides insights into the electronic transitions and ligand field interactions, while Infrared (IR) spectroscopy elucidates the coordination modes by identifying shifts in functional group vibrations. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveals the electronic environments of the ligands in the complexes, enhancing our understanding of their structure. Furthermore, Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) is employed to ascertain the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, confirming the geometries and bonding environments of the complexes. The thermal stability of the complexes is evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), providing essential data on their thermal behavior. Additionally, Mass Spectrometry and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) are utilized to determine molecular weights and investigate electrochemical properties, respectively. The applications of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes are diverse. Zinc complexes demonstrate antimicrobial properties, making them suitable for medical applications, while Mercury complexes are explored for their catalytic abilities. Iron(III) complexes are significant in various biochemical processes and serve as potential therapeutic agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, structural characterization, and application potential of Zinc(II), Mercury(II), and Iron(III) complexes. By shedding light on their properties and versatile applications, this study underscores the potential of these complexes in the development of new functional materials and therapeutic agents, paving the way for future innovations in materials science and medicinal chemistry.

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Zinc(II) complexes, Mercury(II) complexes, Iron(III) complexes, Synthesis, Characterization, Schiff bases, Chelating properties, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy.

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Inheritance laws in India are deeply rooted in the country's diverse religious traditions, leading to a complex legal landscape. This Paper examines the principles of inheritance under Hindu and Muslim laws, highlighting their distinct characteristics, legal frameworks, and contemporary challenges. Inheritance laws in India, influenced by religious traditions, create a diverse and complex legal framework particularly for Hindus and Muslims. Hindu inheritance is primarily governed by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, which applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs. In contrast, Muslim inheritance laws are derived from the Quran, Hadith, and codified under the Muslim Personal Law. These laws emphasize fixed shares for primary heirs such as spouses, children, and parents, ensuring detailed and equitable distribution. Unlike Hindu law, Muslim law does not recognize representation, and the property is distributed strictly according to prescribed shares, preventing wealth concentration. Comparatively, Hindu law is largely statutory and has evolved with legislative amendments to promote gender equality, while Muslim law remains closely tied to religious prescriptions with a focus on fairness and wide distribution. In this paper we will discuss the key differences among these laws, highlighting the key differences, reforms and challenges. Emphasis is given how the judiciary played an active role. Understanding these religious inheritance laws is crucial for addressing legal disputes and promoting equitable distribution of property

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personal law, customary practices, equal distribution, inheritance

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The development of human civilization has been based on the knowledge and skills passed down from generation to generation, which have allowed people to traverse, adapt to, and manage their social and natural circumstances. As the cornerstone for wealth, well-being, and democratic participation, education plays a pivotal role in economic growth, societal change, and national advancement. Notably, education has a critical role in national progress by integrating economic, social, and demographic development and strengthening institutional and individual capability. The Twelve Five Year Plan (2012-2017) places a strong emphasis on the idea that education is essential for the development of human resources, especially in developing countries. Nelson Mandela emphasized that education is crucial for nation-building and healing, and its impact goes beyond skill development. Furthermore, as Twining (1987) claims, the content of vocational education serves as the foundation for many aspects of everyday life, illustrating the ubiquitous significance that education plays in both individual lives and society systems.

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Vocational Education, Individual Development, Social Change, Economic Growth, National Development

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This study presents the development of an engineered strain of Methylomicrobium buryatense, designated 5GB1C-RO1, optimized for methane bioconversion and contaminant removal. Through genetic engineering, key metabolic pathways were enhanced, including the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle and methane oxidation mechanisms, resulting in a 40% improvement in methane uptake rates and a methane-to-biomass conversion efficiency of up to 80%. The strain also demonstrates advanced bioremediation capabilities, with hydrogen sulfide (H?S) removal rates of up to 95% and the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene and xylene with an efficiency of over 85%. Novel bioreactor designs, including a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor (TPPB) using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), were introduced to enhance methane mass transfer by 60% compared to conventional systems. The integration of these biotechnological innovations enables the production of high-purity biomethane (>98%) while efficiently removing contaminants, making this strain suitable for industrial applications in biogas upgrading, natural gas processing, and environmental remediation. The scalability and robustness of this system offer promising potential for sustainable methane valorization and greenhouse gas mitigation.

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Methane bioconversion, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5GB1C-RO1, CRISPR/Cas9, methane oxidation, ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

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Scholars

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Typing

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The Yellow Stem Borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), is an important pest of rice throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia. The highest incidence of this pestis primarily observed in tropical lowland rice fields and deep-water rice cultivation. Theyield loss caused by the YSB is estimated to be 20% in early-planted rice crops and 80%in late-planted crops. In this paper, we developed a method to detect and classify the forms of YSB using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and then model the infestation migration patterns of YSB in several rice-growing regions by using a CNN learning model. A dedicated CNN architecture is designed, and optimized for its ability to extract features and discern spatial hierarchies indicative of pest presence. Transfer learning techniques, utilizing pre-trained models, enhance the model's capability to recognize subtle patterns associated with pest infestations. The dataset is carefully annotated and augmented to ensure robust model training, with an emphasis on realworld variability. These models can help detect, classify, and model the infestations of other Agricultural pests, improving food security for rice.

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1. Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) 2. Scirpophaga incertulas 3. Rice pest management 4. Tropical lowland rice fields 5. Deep-water rice cultivation 6. Yield loss estimation 7. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 8. Pest detection and classification 9. Infestation migration modeling 10. Transfer learning 11. Feature extraction 12. Pre-trained models 13. Dataset annotation 14. Data augmentation 15. Spatial hierarchies 16. Pest presence patterns 17. Agricultural pest monitoring 18. Food sec

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BACKGROUND: Spastic CP is the most prevalent diagnosis among children with CP. Lower limb muscles often afflicted in children with cerebral palsy include gastro-soleus. So, Children with spastic diplegic CP exhibited more stiffness at the ankles than the knees affecting ankle dorsiflexion and balance. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of SMIT Vs SS technique in spastic diplegic CP with calf tightness. AIM: To compare the effectiveness of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique versus static stretching technique on ankle ROM and balance in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy patients with calf tightness. METHODOLOGY: Subjects were divided by using convenient sampling. 48 subjects were selected by Inclusion criteria. Subjects were evaluated for ankle DF-ROM, MAS & PBS. In this study, 48 subjects were assigned, 24 subjects were in group A who received SMIT in six sessions for 2 weeks. Group B consisted of 24 subjects who received static stretching technique in six sessions for 2 weeks. RESULT: The results indicated that while both techniques had some impact, SMIT demonstrated significant improvements in the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) scores, suggesting its efficacy in enhancing motor function in this population. CONCLUSION : The findings of this study support the effectiveness of SMIT in improving spasticity and balance in spastic diplegic CP patients with calf tightness. While static stretching also offers benefits, SMIT appears to be the more effective intervention . CLINICAL IMPLICATION : Given the promising results of SMIT, it may be beneficial for clinicians to incorporate this technique into rehabilitation programs for spastic diplegic CP patients, particularly those with calf tightness.

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Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition, Cerebral Palsy, Static Stretching, Spasticity, Balance, Ankle Range Of Motion

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The young population plays a crucial role in the future of any nation, and with Telangana being one of the youngest states, prioritizing the well-being and reintegration of its young populace is of utmost importance. Recent data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has brought to light the alarming involvement of children in criminal activities, emphasizing the pressing need to focus on their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. Despite the challenges posed by the limited number of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) compared to the state's population and area size, understanding and enhancing existing rehabilitation programs are imperative for laying a solid foundation for the state's development. The study, utilizing a mixed research methodology encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methods, has a sample size of 20. While the sample size may be relatively small, it offers a foundation for future research to expand upon the findings. Quantitative methods will be employed for descriptive statistical analysis, while qualitative methods will involve interpretative analysis. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation and reintegration programs for children involved in criminal activities in Telangana, India. Recognizing the complexities of reintegrating such children into society, this study engages various stakeholders in the rehabilitation process and conducts direct interviews with the children to provide a comprehensive assessment. This study aims to identify the challenges, accomplishments, and gaps in current rehabilitation and reintegration practices. By capturing the perspectives of key stakeholders, including social workers, judges, members of the child welfare committee, officials from observation homes, lawyers, and psychologists, alongside conducting direct interviews with children participating in these programs, the study aims to gain valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of the rehabilitation process. Data analysis examines various aspects of the rehabilitation and reintegration process, including access to education, vocational training, mental health support, family reunification, and community acceptance. By delving into the lived experiences of stakeholders and children, this research endeavours to inspire positive change in policies and practices in Telangana and beyond. Ultimately, the study findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding the rehabilitation and reintegration of children involved in criminal activity, guiding future interventions to promote their overall well-being and social inclusion.

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juvenile, rehabilitation, reintegration, CCL

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Sharing photographs and videos on social media platforms has become a common feature of internet communication. The capacity to quickly post and distribute multimedia material has transformed how people interact and consume information. However, it brings certain hazards and concerns, notably in terms of privacy, security, and reputation management. When posting photographs and videos on social media, users should be aware that once anything is uploaded online, it can potentially be seen and shared by anybody. Users should also use caution while sharing content, ensuring that it is suitable and does not infringe on the rights of others. Social media posting behavior refers to how individuals utilize and engage with various social media platforms to share material with their network or the general public. Age, culture, personality, and motive for using social media can all have a significant impact on posting behavior. Some people use social media exclusively for personal expression, such as posting life updates or thoughts on various issues. Others may use social media to promote themselves, such as by publishing material relating to their profession or interests to grow their brand or acquire recognition.

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Multimedia; Social Media; Posting Behavior; Platforms

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Recent years have seen an increase in the number of people doing theoretical chemistry. This increase has been facilitated by the development of computer software which is increasingly easy to use. Computational chemistry is used when a mathematical method is sufficiently well developed that it can be automated for implementation on a computer. Very few aspect of chemistry can be computed exactly, but almost every aspect of chemistry has been described in qualitative or approximate quantitative computational scheme. Often a qualitative or approximate computation can give useful insight into chemistry if we understand what it tells us and what it doesn't. In this study, Geometric optimization of some Schiff bases were done using computational methods - Molecular mechanics (MM+) and semi empirical methods (PM3). The software used is HYPERCHEM. The geometric parameters were calculated and the results thus obtained were compared with x-ray crystallographic results. The parameters were comparable.

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Computational Chemistry, Molecular Mechanics, Semiempirical methods, Schiff Bases

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ABSTRACT Background: Piriformis muscle has a predominance type-I fibers which has a tendency to develop shortness or tightness when the muscle is abnormally stressed. Tightness leads to reduction in ROM, affects flexibility and causes discomfort and pain. A shortened piriformis can further produce compression of sciatic nerve. A treatment program addressing hip abductors and extensors strengthening is needed in treatment of piriformis tightness.In the previous studies it was found that there is correlation between gluteus medius weakness and piriformis tightness. Methodology: Sedentary individuals with piriformis tightness{n=26}were included in this study. Gluteus medius strengthening exercises were given for 3 weeks. Pre and post range of motion and values were noted. Result: There was improvement in range of motion i.e abduction and external rotation ranges and reduction in pain was also observed. Conclusion : It is concluded that gluteus medius strengthening exercises helps in improving range of motion and decreasing pain in subjects with piriformis tightness in healthy sedentary individuals.

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RANGE OF MOTION(ROM),PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE TIGHTNESS(PMT),NUMERIC PAIN RATING SCALE(NPRS)FLEXION ABDUCTION INTERNAL ROTATION (NPRS)

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In this study, the effect of waste glass powder on the properties of different grade concrete was examined by conducting a series of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests. According to this aim, waste glass powder (WGP) was first used as a partial replacement for cement and six different ratios of WGP were utilized in concrete production: 0%, 10%,15%, 20%, 25% & 30%.To examine the combined effect of different ratios of WGP on concrete performance, mixed samples were then prepared by replacing cement. For the hardened concrete, 150 mm ? 150 mm ? 150 mm cubic specimens and cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 300 mm were tested to identify the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the concrete produced with waste glass powder. Next, a three-point bending test was carried out on samples with dimensions of 150 ? 150 ? 700 mm to obtain the flexure behavior of different mixtures. According to the test results, it is observed that the compressive strength of M30 grade concrete increases up to 25% replacement of waste glass powder after that strength is reduces. Flexural strength and Split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete gradually increases up to 20% replacement of waste glass powder and for 25% and 30% replacements the strength values are reduces .The compressive strength of M40 grade concrete increases up to 30% replacement of waste glass powder. Flexural strength and Split tensile strength of M40 grade concrete gradually increase up to 25% replacement of waste glass powder and for 30% replacements the strength values are reduced.

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WGP, Beam specimen, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength, Compressive strength, M40 grade concrete, M30 grade concrete, Hardened Concrete.

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Om Shri Ganeshaya Namaha!!! Om Namaha Shivaya!!! The laws of Hinduism include dharma and karma. Dharma refers to righteous living and karma refers to a person's words, thoughts and deeds creating their destiny. Dharma comes in four different forms with the first being the universal law. This refers to the laws of physics regulating the forces of nature. Social dharma means that everyone has occupations, duties and responsibilities they must fill. This is an element of moral and religious law. Human law looks at the stages of life and the evolution and natural expression of the mind, feelings, body and soul throughout the stages. Self-dharma is the path a person takes and everything that represents this path. While the book may be placed in the hands of the boys for their own study, it is intended to be simplified by the oral explanations of Everyone, and each chapter serves as an outline on which one or more lessons may be based. They will thus acquire a useful store of sacred authorities on their religion. It has become somewhat of a sectarian name in some parts of Nepal and India, but it is here taken only as meaning the eternal religion. That this book may prove useful in laying a firm foundation of right thinking in the minds of Hindu youths, and may help in shaping them in to pious, moral, loyal and useful citizens of their mother-land and of the empire. Apart from that, Due to unavailability of knowledge about hindu Dharma our Hindu youth become misguided by other religious people like Christian Missionaries etc. When all the Gurukuls were destroyed by Britishers. Britishers ruled over India 200 years and In India Thomas Babington Macaulay is fully credited with the official introduction of. English education all over the India and Britishers banned over Hindi education and he shut down all Gurukuls. Hindu was in Majority therefore Britishers closed gurukuls in order to break down the unity of hindus and then divided all hindus in casteism for divide and rule policy. Eventhough Mugals empire ruled 800 years over India but they did not destroyed Gurukul only Mugals demolished the temples and conversion from Hindus to adopt Islam by hook and crook was their policy...When Macaulay studies came in to existence and all Gurukul was officially banned and destroyed in India, as a result Hindus did not know about the reality of Sanatan Hindu Dharma because Hindus cut off from their roots of Sanatan Hindu Dharma or we can say Macaulay studies kept Hindus far away from their roots of Sanatana Hindu Dharma.

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WISDOM, SCIENCE AND ETHICS IN SANATAN HINDU DHARMA

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The world is witnessing rapid technological growth, with the internet becoming a ubiquitous presence that transcends geographical boundaries, facilitating the flow of information. Data has become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting almost every aspect of modern life to some form of data. Whether it's social media, banking, or retail, our daily routines are intricately linked to data. This increased interconnectedness brings forth new and complex challenges in terms of privacy and data protection, making it crucial to ensure individuals have control over their personal data. India, as one of the fastest-growing economies, is at the forefront of this digital transformation, with various sectors being digitized and the launch of the Digital India program. In response to the growing concern over the protection of personal data and individual privacy rights, the Indian government has introduced several pieces of legislation. The bill's preamble aims to provide a legislative framework for protecting personal data and individual rights in India's rapidly evolving digital landscape. This research aims to analyze the efficiency of the law and the challenges associated with data protection in India. It will also compare the Indian data protection legislative framework with those of the European Union and the USA to identify areas for improvement. The comparison will focus on data protection principles, enforcement mechanisms, individual rights, accountability measures for data processors, cross-border data transfer provisions, and remedies available to individuals in the event of a data protection breach. The research will provide insights into the grey areas where the Indian legislative framework may face complex issues and propose improvements. In the digital age, it is imperative for countries to take significant steps to address the challenges arising from data protection and privacy concerns.

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Digital, Privacy, Data, Protection

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Accounting and audit have a pivotal role to play in the financial activities and record keeping process of any business. However, their roles and focus are different. While accounting translates to a much wider field, encompassing everything, including the flow of money from the organisation to the management of the company, auditing is more of a specialised service. Auditing is a part of the accounting world. It is an examination of accounting and financial records that is undertaken independently. This is done to determine if the company or the business undertaking has conformed its operations to the laws and the generally accepted accounting principles.

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Accounting, Financial activities, Generally accepted accounting principles.

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Background & Purpose: Spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) significantly affects lower limb function in children, leading to challenges in muscle control and coordination. This comparative study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two therapeutic interventions--muscle stimulation combined with exercise versus proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) with stretching--in improving lower limb function among children diagnosed with spastic diplegic CP.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSCLE STIMULATION AND CONSERVATIVE THERAPY VERSUS PROPIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF) AMONG WITH STRETCHING IN LOWER LIMB IN SPASTIC DIAPLEGIC CEREBRAL PASLY- A COMPARATIVE STUDY

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The healthcare environment in India has evolved into a World-Class, Cost Effective Healthcare destination for Medical Tourism influenced by ancient traditions and modern advancements; India is rich in alternative therapies that are the traditions of India and time tested in Centuries still have their force to reckon in Healthcare in which the West has no answer in certain diseases/ailments. In this regard, the ancient healthcare traditions namely in Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Siddha that have treatments and procedures of their own for certain ailments where the West has no answer in allopathy is gaining importance with establishment of Ayush. To give high standards that are equivalent to JCI India has introduced NABH to give and recognize in healthcare, the National Board of Accreditation of hospitals and healthcare services (NABH) established by the Government of India has designed guidelines for accreditation of wellness centres in collaboration with Ayush. This transformation is underscored by the commitment of the Indian Government to enhance healthcare accessibility and quality, particularly in Post Covid-19 Pandemic.

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HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT MADE INDIA AS WORLD CLASS COST EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE GLOBAL DESTINATION

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ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. This study aimed to investigate the potential antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and Spondias mombin (yellow mombin) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The experiment involved six groups of rats: a normal control group, a diabetic control group, a group treated with Metformin as standard drug,a group treated with Momordica charantia, and a group treated with Spondias mombin and a group treated with combination of both herbal drug Spondias mombin and Momordica charantia . Diabetes was induced in the rats using a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The treatment groups received oral doses of the respective plant extracts for a duration of four weeks. The results demonstrated that both Momordica charantia and Spondias mombin exhibited significant antidiabetic effects in the diabetic rats. Treatment with these plant extracts resulted in a reduction in fasting blood glucose levels, compared to the diabetic control group. Furthermore, the plant extract-treated groups showed improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity compared to the diabetic control group. Biochemical analysis revealed that the plant extracts effectively restored altered lipid profile parameters, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, towards normal levels. Moreover, treatment with Momordica charantia and Spondias mombin significantly attenuated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues showed that both plant extracts preserved pancreatic architecture and reduced STZ-induced damage, such as beta-cell degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that Momordica charantia and Spondias mombin have potential antidiabetic properties and may provide beneficial effects in managing diabetes. These plant extracts exhibited hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and pancreatic protective effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and identify active compounds responsible for these effects, which could lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes management.

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Keywords: Momordica charantia, Spondias mombin, Streptozotocin, Diabetic Mellitus, T1DM, T2DM.

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Bosentan HCL, a widely used pharmaceutical compound, necessitates precise and reliable analytical methods for its estimation in bulk. This study focuses on the development and validation of an analytical method for the quantitative determination of Bosentan HCL in bulk samples. Various analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and titrimetric methods, were explored for their suitability in Bosentan HCL analysis. The developed method involves the utilization of HPLC due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Parameters such as mobile phase composition, column type, wavelength, flow rate, and injection volume were optimized to achieve robust separation and quantification of Bosentan HCL. Method validation was performed according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, encompassing specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness studies. The developed HPLC method exhibited excellent linearity over a wide concentration range, with good precision and accuracy. Specificity studies confirmed the absence of interference from potential impurities or excipients present in bulk samples. Validation results demonstrated the reliability and suitability of the developed method for Bosentan HCL estimation in bulk materials. This validated analytical method provides a valuable tool for quality control laboratories, pharmaceutical industries, and regulatory authorities involved in the assessment of Bosentan HCL raw materials and formulations. Moreover, it contributes to ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products containing Bosentan HCL. This abstract outlines the importance of developing an accurate and reliable method for the estimation of Bosentan HCL in bulk, the approach taken in the study, and the validation of the developed method according to regulatory standards.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

HPLC,UV,ICH

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This thesis analyses a selection of Shaw's female characters to reflect on women's roles and expectations within Shaw's contemporaneous Britain, and within modern Kurdish society. Employing interdisciplinary methodologies (close literary readings, sociological analysis, cultural studies theory, comparative literature approaches, historiographical research), the thesis demonstrates that an interpretation of Shaw's work from a feminist perspective needs updating for the 21st century. Moreover, perhaps, for the first time, the thesis reveals how Shaw's representations of femininity and feminism are extremely pertinent to Kurdish social/gender constructs. Consequently, this thesis provides original insights, which engage with the contemporary moment. The main-body of the thesis is arranged into three sections, which focus on three of Shaw's plays: Pygmalion (1912), Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893) and Saint Joan (1923). It identifies three different female "types" within the three plays, respectively: the aspirational young woman; the matriarch; the female 'warrior' figure, and argues that these feminine "types" are also prominent in Kurdish socio-cultural contexts. Correlatively, the thesis argues that when experiencing the plays from a Kurdish viewpoint, there is a dual-level of interpretation: not only do Shaw's characters evoke the stories and experiences of inspirational Kurdish women; a knowledge of these Kurdish women and their narratives, imbue Shaw's plays with layers of significance and connotations which would be absent from a British person's interpretations of the play. From this basis, the thesis elicits the similarities and differences between Western and Kurdish concepts of femininity and feminism.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Feminism, Femininity, Equality, Class, Kurdish, Women, Patriarchy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research investigates the interplay between corporate legal reforms, competition, and theevolving marketing landscape in India. Since the enactment of the Companies Act of 2013, the Indian corporate sector has undergone a significant transformation aimed at enhancingtransparency, accountability, and governance. The study examines the impact of these reforms on competitive dynamics within the market. Additionally, it delves into the imperative for legal reform in the contemporary marketing scenario characterized by digital disruption and ethical challenges. By analyzing the relationship between law and marketing, the research seeks to identify opportunities and constraints for fostering a fair, transparent, and sustainable marketplace. The study emphasizes the need for a proactive approach to legal reform that balances innovation with consumer protection and societal interests. Ultimately, it aims to contribute to the development of a regulatory framework that supports a competitive and ethical marketing ecosystem in India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Corporate legal reforms, Competition, Marketing landscape, India, Transparency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The stability of sheet pile structures is a critical consideration in geotechnical engineering, particularly when employed in cohesive soils. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of sheet pile stability in cohesive soil under varying retaining wall lengths. The objective is to assess the influence of retaining wall length on the overall stability of sheet piles. The research methodology involves numerical simulations and analytical modelling using advanced geotechnical software and established engineering principles. A range of retaining wall lengths is considered to systematically evaluate their impact on the stability of sheet piles within cohesive soil profiles. Factors such as lateral earth pressure distribution, shear strength parameters, and deformation characteristics are incorporated into the analysis to provide a holistic understanding of the system behavior. This research is of practical significance for geotechnical engineers, designers, and practitioners involved in the planning and execution of projects requiring sheet pile structures in cohesive soil environments. The outcomes of this study can inform engineering practices, providing a basis for improved design guidelines and facilitating the development of more reliable and efficient solutions for retaining structures in similar geotechnical contexts.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sheet Pile in clay, Retaining Height, PLAXIS 2D,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable chronic lung disease which affects men and women worldwide. Formoterol is a LABA,decreases resistance in the respiratory airway and increases airflow to the lungs. Budesonide is a corticosteroid, has a potent anti-inflammatory activity.Glycopyrronium is a LAMA, competitively blocks muscarinic receptors thus inhibiting cholinergic transmission.Spirometry is the essential test to assess how well your lungs work by measuring how much air you inhale, how much you exhale & how quickly you exhale.St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is a disease-specific instrument designed to measure impact on overall health, daily life & perceived well-being in patients with obstructive airways disease. METHODS: The study was carried out in 50 patients with COPD. The study was conducted by categorising them into two groups, 25 patients taking Formoterol/Budesonide and 25 patients taking Formoterol/Glycopyrronium.The efficacy of drugs are assessed using spirometry and health related QOL is assessed using SGRQ-C. RESULT: By using spirometry, it was found that Formoterol/Glycopyrronium showed improvement in patients. A significant increase in the QOL was found in patients taking Formoterol/Glycopyrronium using SGRQ-C. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, Formoterol/Glycopyrronium is slightly more efficient than Formoterol/Budesonide. There is a significant improvement in the QOL scoring in patients taking Formoterol/Glycopyrronium when compared to that of patients taking Formoterol/Budesonide.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Formoterol, Budesonide, Glycopyrronium, Spirometry, SGRQ, FEV1/FVC ratio.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Uncontrolled cell proliferation can cause cancer, which is characterized by the growth of an unusually large tumour that starts off as a localized illness but has the potential to spread and affect other organs or vital functions. Cancer is one of the worst diseases of our day, taking countless lives annually. The differences in the disease around the world, the influence of the medical facilities that are available, and other socioeconomic factors have all had an impact on the efficient care of this ailment. Therapeutic applications are being found for numerous groups of phytochemicals found in herbal medicine. Herbal medicine treatment has been found to be especially beneficial for cancer patients, with many reporting a large increase in survivorship. The anti-oxidative and superoxide scavenging properties of particular active ingredients in herbal medicine have been demonstrated in recent studies, along with their inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and anti-cancer qualities. Certain herbal remedies have analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Apart from its numerous medicinal properties, herbal medicine finds application as a nutrient supplement with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Herbal medicine has been the subject of several in vivo and in vitro investigations using various cell lines. The mechanisms of actions are still unknown, though. Herbal anticancer medications have drawn a lot of attention lately because of their potential as complementary or alternative therapy to traditional cancer treatments. These medications, which are made from a variety of plants and other natural sources, show encouraging anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and having anti-proliferative effects. This abstract examines the state of the field, emphasizing the effectiveness, safety, and difficulties related to the creation and application of herbal anticancer medications in cancer treatment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Angiogenesis, apoptosis, malignancy, MTT assay, DPPH scavenging assay, reducing power activity, zebra fish tumour induced model, Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay, metastasis, microemulsion, transdermal patches.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition