Volume 10 | Issue 2

 Abstract

This review paper focused on detailed overview of the properties, synthesis and application of the nanoparticles (NP) subsist in different forms. Nanoparticles are in very small size which ranges 1 to 100nm scale. They are classifieds into various classes based on their characteristic, size and shapes. The dissimilar group included metal NP, ceramic NP, and polymeric NP and fullerenes. NP own unique chemical characteristics and physical characteristics due to their nano-scale size and high surface area. Their optical characteristics are informed to be reliant on the size, which imparts dissimilar colors due to absorption in the noticeable region. Their toughness, reactivity and other characteristics are also reliant on on their unique shape, structure and sizes. Due to these features, they are appropriate candidates for numerous commercial and domestic applications, which comprise medical applications, imaging, environmental applications, energy-based research, and catalysis. Heavy metal NP of mercury, tin and lead are reported to be so rigid and steady that their degradation is not simply attainable, which can lead to numerous environmental toxicities.

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A Review on Nanoparticles - Classifications, Synthesis and Applications

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Pure CdS and In-doped CdS thin films were deposited using simplified 2-electrode electrochemical deposition technique and investigated using cyclic voltammetry, XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy and Hall Effect by vander pauw method. 1%, 2%, and 3% 0.1 M InCl3 was used for In-doping. The effect of In-doping on dislocation density and microstrain has been estimated from XRD data. Absorption, transmittance, and refractive index were investigated in spectral range 200-1100 nm by variation upon In-doping. The band gap was found to decrease from 2.40 to 2.20 eV with increase in In-content from 1% to 2%, and increases about 2.26 eV at increase in In-content from 2% to 3%. 2% In-content in CdS thin film show highest transparency due to low refractive index at wavelength 565 nm in visible region. The electrical resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility, and hall coefficient were directly estimated by vander pauw method. In-doped CdS thin film show n-type electrical conductivity and it may be further used as window layer in thin film solar cell.

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Optical Properties of In-doped CdS Thin film prepared by Electrochemical Deposition Used as Window Layer in Thin film Solar Cell

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Increasing air temperatures are probable to continue in the future. The relation between soil moisture and near surface air temperature, relative humidity is important for climate change and climate extremes. In this paper we are going to study the effect of atmospheric conditions like Air Temperature, Relative Humidity on soil properties. For this Microcontroller Arduino Nano V3.0, DHT22 & corrosion less Capacitive Soil Moisture sensor V2.0 are used and the results are transmitted to cloud with the help of ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.

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Arduino, ESP8266, air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, luminosity.

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The influence of Lithium doping on PL spectra and optical properties were studied in this report. Morphology of sol-gel derived zinc oxide thin films was also studied. 5 at% doping concentration were used in the solution. The XRD measurement exhibits single phase wurtzite structure along the (002) plane. The average particle size of pure ZnO and ZnLiO was found to be 36nm and 49.5 nm respectively. Incorporation of Lithium influenced the particle size. Films exhibits average transmittance more than 85%. Band gap increases with Li doping. FESEM reveals the uniform chromosome type structure. The PL spectra showed near band edge emission of ~399nm and deep level emission peaks of around ~468nm. The PL peak intensities were found to increase with doping of Lithium and shifting of peak was also observed.

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nanostructures; ZnLiO; sol-gel; XRD measurement.

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During the previous few decades, global warming and climate change have been major issues among scientists. Almost all atmospheric scientists agree that global warming is a serious environmental hazard caused by increased quantities of certain trace gases in the atmosphere. The pollution level has risen through time due to a variety of growing populations, increased vehicle use, industrialisation, and urbanisation, all of which have negative consequences on human wellbeing by directly impacting the health of those who are exposed to it. Monitoring of poisonous gases such as CO2, Methane, NH3, CFC, Dichlorofluoromethane, NOx, and others is a necessity in today's world. IoT provides a versatile platform for monitoring these types of gases. The Internet of Things (IoT) might be a global network of "smart gadgets" that perceive and communicate with their environment, as well as interact with humans and other systems. It will display the air elements in PPM on the Display and on the website so that we can easily monitor them. The current research paper discusses the various IoT-based air pollution monitoring techniques.

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Global Warming, NOx, CFC, Internet of Things, Air Pollution.

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This review provides information of fabrication of thin film solar cell devices based on Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) by electrochemical deposition technique. For industrial scale applications this technique is useful for reducing the fabrication cost. It has potential to prepare large thin films due to cheap raw material source and equipment capital. This article focuses on various approaches in electrochemical deposition, parameters which affects the electrodeposition and the reaction mechanism. This article is helpful for researchers entering the field to understand the basics of CdSe and its application to photovoltaics.

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Electrochemical deposition, thin films, optical properties.

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Pandemic since Covid-19 and currently due to Omicron has proven the importance of the health parameters like Heart Rate, Percentage Oxygen in the Blood and the Body Temperature; and is therefore universally known. Varieties of Pulse oximeters are available in the market at cheaper rates and mainly focus on the Heart rate and the percentage of oxygen in the blood while the body temperature is an equally important parameter and needs to be measured in emergencies. The pulse oximeters available in the market are not recommended by the medical doctors in emergencies so far the accuracy is a concern while the highly sophisticated and accurate pulse oximeters are too costly and are available only in ICUs and ICCUs in big hospitals. Here in this paper, an attempt is made to design the transmittance method-based pulse oximeter using a microcontroller which will measure not only the heart rate and the percentage of oxygen in the blood but will also measure the body temperature in ?C. Care is taken to meet the accuracy requirement with a reasonable cost to be recommended by the medical doctors in emergencies and can be made available even at small places due to low cost.

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Pandemic, Covid-19, Omicron, Heart Rate, Percentage Oxygen in the Blood, Body Temperature, transmittance method

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Acoustic and thermodynamic parameters have been used to indagate the properties of liquids and liquid mixtures. Such studies have been found to provide information regarding the intermolecular interactions and the structure of liquid state. In the present research work, attempts are made to investigate the behaviour of amino acids at various concentrations and at different temperatures. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity (U), density (?) and viscosity (?) have been carried out for D-proline in sodium bromide at different temperature. To get more information about the nature and strength of molecular interactions in the liquid mixtures, related acoustical parameter such as adiabatic compressibility (?), acoustic impedance (z), free length (Lf), classical absorption (?/f2), and internal pressure (Pi) are calculated from measured experimental data. The variations of these derived acoustical parameters with different concentration of the solute at different temperatures are used to explain structural changes and molecular interactions occurring in a solutions.

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D-Proline, ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, classical absorption, internal pressure.

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We are investigated the combination of inorganic semiconducting nanocrystalline material with most stable organic polymer layer can leads to diverse effect towards gas sensor activity. Hence, room temperature liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor has been developed based on the heterojunction between chemically synthesized n-Bi2S3 and spin coated p-PEDOT: PSS thin layers deposited at room temperature. Both this methods are facile, low cost and suitable for large area deposition. Furthermore, this heterostructure (bi-layer) assembly has characterized using XRD, EDX, and SEM, cross sectional studies. Finally, we achieved the 64.7 % gas response at 800 ppm concentration of LPG at room temperature (27oC). The response and recovery time was calculated as 170 s and 80 s, respectively. Since, the results are designated that this heterostructure are capable for LPG sensing at room temperature (27oC).

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Room temperature, LPG Sensor, Heterojunction, n-Bi2S3/p-PEDOT: PSS.

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PVA , FTIR,UV-VIS Thin film, Polymer complex

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Photoluminescence (PL), rare earth ions, NSAB:Sm3+, quenching mechanism.

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In the present work we describes mainly the optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of Sm3+ ions doped sodium alumino-borate phosphors Na2Al2B2O7 (NABO). The fine polycrystalline powder samples of NABO:Sm3+ has been prepared by a solution combustion technique. Powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies were used to characterize the prepared combustion powder. Photoluminescence spectra revealed that samarium ions are present in trivalent oxidation states. The PL excitation spectra of NABO:Sm3+ consists of several bands peaking at 305 nm, 330 nm, 344 nm, 361 nm, 374 nm, 403 nm, 462 nm and 473 nm. The excitation spectrum monitored at 403 nm emission consists of green emission band peaking at 565 nm, orange emission band peaking at 603 nm and red emission band peaking at 651 nm. Since the prominent excitation peaks are above 350 nm, the phosphor may useful for solid state lighting application.

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Alumino-Borates, Combustion Synthesis, XRD, Photoluminescence, LED.

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There are several uses of nonlinear optical materials such as optical switching, lens less optical focusing and defocusing etc. These non-linear materials can show its strong applications. The focal length of a material (if the material is used for self- focusing) depends on the applied power. Here in this chapter, a method of controlling the focal length of a nonlinear material based on the joint use of electro-optic material and a nonlinear crystal is proposed. The focal length of the nonlinear material depends upon the voltage applied to the electro-optic material. By changing this voltage in the electro-optic material, the focal length can be varied and this technique can be used as a focal length controller. A suitable electro-optic material and a nonlinear material can be used this purpose.

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Nonlinear materials, Self Focusing, Eletro-optic material, Focal length, Applied voltage.

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ZnO Nanoparticles can be prepared by different methods. Zinc oxide nanoparticles find extensive uses in variety of specialized applications. There are multiple synthesis techniques available for producing ZnO nanoparticles, which determine the dimensions and morphologies of the particles. Among various synthesis techniques, chemical route, especially direct precipitation method for preparing ZnO nanoparticles by employing zinc sulphate and potassium hydroxide as precursor finds extensive applicability in synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by uv-visible spectra and XRD.

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CHEMICAL ROUTE SYNTHESIS AND SONICATION OF ZNO NANOPARTICLES

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In response to external conditions smart materials changes their properties, compositions, structure, appearance, functions etc. Smart materials are also called responsive materials as they are highly responsive and respond to environmental stimuli with particular changes in some variables. Smart materials are those that change one or more of their properties such as shape, colour, size etc when subjected to an external stimulus like pressure, temperature, humidity, light, electric field, magnetic field etc. Smart materials have vast potential applications in every field. Research and development in Smart Materials gives outstanding boost to technical sphere. Specific types of smart materials are Piezoelectric materials, Electrostrictive materials, Magnetostrictive materials, Shape memory alloys, Thermo and Photo chromic materials, Thermoelectric materials, Electro and Magneto rheological fluids etc. Smart materials shows their potential applications in the fields like Engineering, Medicine, fabrics, aeronautics, civil engineering, constructions, automobiles, health monitoring, computers and electronic devices, field of defense and space, reducing waste etc. This paper highlights the brief introduction to Smart materials, types of smart materials and their applications in different areas.

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Smart materials, piezoelectric, Electro strictive, Magneto strictive, Shape memory alloys, chromic materials

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The undoped gas sensors are not able to sense for a particular gas in this condition to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of sensor is most important task. The sensitivity and selectivity of sensor can be improved by dopants or additives which can change the gas sensing characteristics. A suitable catalyst or dopant is often added in small percentage in the pure material to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity. Nanocomposite term contain mixture of two or more nano oxide materials like binary oxide, ternary oxide, etc. Nanocomposite films consists of nanocrystalline or amorphous phase of a least two different materials In2O3:MoO3 binary oxide thin films were prepared by using spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrate at 4000C temperature. In2O3 as dopant and MoO3 as a functional material in film. The precursor InCl3 and MoCl5 of concentrations 0.3N:0.3N. The changes in parameters like sensitivity, selectivity, response time, grain size, surface area, and stability of the gas sensors which were improved by addition of different dopants, and the results of the analysis are presented in the paper.

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Gas sensor, spray pyrolysis technique, binary oxide thin films, In2O3, MoO3, Thin film, XRD, SEM and EDS.

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CuO and ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using cost effective precipitation and green synthesis methods respectively. Synthesized nanoparticles were used to establish CuO-ZnO binary oxides thick films. Thick films have been developed by standard screen printing technique on a glass substrate. The structural characterizations of films were studied using FESEM, EDAX and XRD. The electrical characterization of thick films were studied using resistivity, activation energy and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The XRD plots matched perfectly with JCPDS card number 80-1916 and 80-0074 for CuO and ZnO respectively and found that ZnO has hexagonal structure and CuO has monoclinic structure. Hydrogen sulphide gas sensing mechanisms of these films were investigated at various operating temperatures and PPM concentrations of gas. The 5% ZnO doped CuO binary oxide thick films shows maximum sensitivity of 78.8% sensitivity to 100 ppm of H2S gas at operating different temperature 500 C. The films also showed a rapid response time of 8 seconds and recovery time of 20 seconds.

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Synthesis, Nanoparticles, Binary oxide, Sensitivity, H2S gas.

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Due to human and industrial events the ground water is polluted. This is the thoughtful problem now a day.Thus, the analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The valuation of the ground water quality was carried out in the different villages in Risod Tehsil. The present work is aimed at measuring the water quality index (WQI) for the ground water of different villages in Risod Tehsil.The ground water samples of all the selected stations from the villages were collected for a physiochemical analysis. For calculating present water quality status by statistical evaluation and water quality index, following 6 parameters have been considered Viz. pH, colour, total dissolved solids. electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness. The obtained results are compared with Indian Standard Drinking Water specification IS: 10500-2012. The study of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of this ground water sample suggests that the assessment of water quality parameters as well as water quality management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.

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Ground water, Water quality standards, Physico-chemical, Water Quality Index.

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A novel two step total synthesis of natural product Pegamine was successfully carried out from readily available, cheap starting material in 72% overall yield.

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Concise and Efficient Total Synthesis ofBioactive Natural Product Pegamine

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