Volume 11 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Bituminous binders used in pavement construction works include both bitumen and tar. Bitumen is hydrocarbon material of pyrogenous origin, made available as by product of fractional distillation of crude petroleum. Bituminous materials are very commonly used in highway construction because of their binding and their water proofing properties. Plastic has become common man's friend. It finds its use in every field. Nearly 50% of the plastic consumed is used for packing. The most used plastic materials for packing are carry bags, cups, thermocoles and foams. These materials are manufactured using polymers like Polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. The tubes and wires are made of poly vinyl chloride. These materials, once used are either thrown out or littered and ultimately get mixed with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). As the plastic is non-biodegradable, its disposal is a problem and it causes social problems contributing to environmental pollution. Especially pollution caused by plastic is a very critical problem of the present society. In the present research work, the plastic blended bituminous mix using `Zycothermal` a chemical stabilizer is prepared by replacing optimum bitumen content with 8%, 10%, and 12% of plastic by weight of bitumen and Marshall Stability and flow values are compared with straight run bituminous mix.

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Bitumen, Plastic, Marshall Stability

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Rig Veda, Sustainability, Hydrology, Proto-Scientific, Vedic Astronomy, Environmental Ethics, Ecocritical Analysis, Sustainable Environmental Philosophy.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the foremost cause of death worldwide, covering conditions such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, congenital defects, and stroke. Their development is influenced by risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics. Traditional diagnostic tools like ECG, echocardiography, angiography, and stress testing remain common but are often costly, labor-intensive, and may not detect disease at early stages. Advances in artificial intelligence have introduced machine learning and deep learning methods as efficient alternatives for disease prediction. These models are capable of handling diverse datasets, ranging from clinical records to medical images, and can identify patterns that aid in accurate and timely diagnosis. This paper reviews CVD types, major risk factors, diagnostic methods, and previously applied ML and DL approaches, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and challenges such as data imbalance, lack of interpretability, and limited generalizability. Future research directions emphasize multi-modal data fusion, explainable AI frameworks, and improved neural network designs to build robust and clinically reliable diagnostic tools for cardiovascular diseases.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), Electrocardiograms (ECG), Echocardiography, angiography, Machine Learning, Deep Learning.

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Introduction: Self-esteem and self-concept are vital psychological components that influence well-being, adjustment and personal development predominantly in young women. Yoga, as a mind-body practice, is more and more recognized for its psychological benefits in addition to physical health. Purpose: This study was carried out to examine the outcome of a structured six-week yoga programme on self-esteem and self-concept in young women. Methodology: Sixty female participants, aged between 18 to 23 years, were divided into two groups: 1) the Experimental Group (Gr. Y; n = 30), who practiced yoga, and 2) the Control Group (Gr. C; n = 30), who continued their usual lifestyle without yoga intervention. The Experimental Group (Gr. Y) took part in yoga training 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The training was administered for 60 minutes per session and asanas, pranayama, relaxation and mindfulness was included as activities. Demographic details of participants were documented. The measurement of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) were administered through Psychological questionnaire before and after the 6 week intervention. Statistical analysis was carried out with paired t-tests within each group (p < 0.05). Results: The mean baseline RSES score of Gr. Y was 22.4 improving to 26.9 after yoga intervention (t(29) = 7.70, p < 0.001). The TSCS score enhanced from 58.7 to 64.3 (t(29) = 6.13, p < 0.001). In Gr. C, RSES improved a small amount from 22.1 to 22.9 (p = 0.09), and TSCS from 59.0 to 59.8 (p = 0.28) with no significant changes. Conclusions: From the obtained result it may be concluded that 6 weeks yoga training notably enhanced self-esteem and self-concept in young women. The control group demonstrated no significant changes in this period. Yoga shows to be a valuable therapeutic tool for improving positive self-perception and psychological well-being.

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Yoga, Self-Esteem, Self-Concept, Therapeutic.

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Financial literacy plays an increasingly crucial role in shaping investor behavior, particularly within emerging markets like India where rapid financialization coexists with significant knowledge gaps. The expansion of financial markets and the proliferation of investment products have created both opportunities and risks for individual investors. This paper examines the influence of financial literacy on investor behavior, analyzing how knowledge, attitude, and decision-making skills affect market participation, risk management, and portfolio outcomes. Drawing on survey data, secondary research, and case studies of major literacy initiatives, the paper identifies patterns that highlight the role of education, digital inclusion, and behavioral control in improving financial outcomes. Findings reveal that higher levels of financial literacy correlate strongly with rational investment choices, reduced susceptibility to biases, and enhanced long-term planning. The paper concludes with policy recommendations emphasizing nationwide financial education, technology-driven learning platforms, and targeted programs for rural and marginalized investors.

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Financial Literacy, Investor Behavior, Behavioral Finance, India, Risk Perception, Financial Inclusion, SEBI, RBI, Policy Implications

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Vegetarian diets frequently lack critical nutrients present in meat, fish, and dairy, which can lead to shortages and health problems. This research intends to fill that void by creating enjoyable and practical plant-based alternatives to junk food that are high in critical vitamins, proteins, and minerals. We will design "veggie food" that challenges the flavor and convenience of typical alternatives while encouraging appropriate nutrition through formulation optimization, sensory evaluation, and accessibility concerns. By effectively addressing this need, we intend to increase vegetarians' nutritional intake and health outcomes while also encouraging better snacking choices for everyone. Our findings open the path for a future in which plant-based alternatives provide both enjoyment and sustenance, transforming the food sector and encouraging health.

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Vegetarian Food, Nutrition, Junk Food Alternatives, Plant-Based, Health, Convenience, Sensory Evaluation, Snacking.

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This study investigates consumer behavior towards Korean restaurants, focusing on factors influencing restaurant selection and customer loyalty. Driven by the growing global popularity of Korean pop culture, particularly K-pop, this research explores how cultural influences impact dining preferences. A survey was conducted to gather data on consumer interest in Korean cuisine, key factors in restaurant selection, and elements that contribute to customer loyalty. The findings reveal a significant interest in Korean dishes, largely influenced by the respondents' exposure to Korean music and entertainment. Key factors driving restaurant selection include the authenticity of the culinary experience, cultural appeal, and the variety and innovation of the menu. Positive dining experiences, characterized by high-quality food, excellent service, and a pleasant atmosphere, are critical in fostering customer loyalty. Additionally, active brand engagement through social media enhances customer retention. The study highlights that younger demographics, particularly those aged 18 to 35, show the highest enthusiasm for Korean cuisine. Urban areas with diverse populations are more receptive to Korean restaurants. The research concludes that Korean restaurants emphasizing authenticity, cultural immersion, and innovative dining experiences are well-positioned to attract and retain loyal customers.

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Korean Cuisine, Cultural Influence, Customer Loyalty, Restaurant Selection, Dining Experience

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For India to become a developed country, and to urbanize, the need for energy is increasing. Sustainable energy resources being abundant and freely available in nature, can be trusted to be of more advantage than the traditional ones. Among these sun and wind energy are abundantly accessible and are treated as reliable sources for energy production. Rural areas electrification of as well as for upgrading remote area, hybrid solar and wind energy systems can be used. This work does a study of hardware modelling along with simulation of a grid connected hybrid solar and wind power plants. To analyze this, calculation of the dip, increase, voltage(Vs), current(Is), and THD %age is done using a simulated model. The Solar electricity generated is in dc, by using a seven stage converter the dc is transformed to ac. The benefit of seven inverters is that, it enhances the system's total power quality. For the system suggested here, simulation is done using a math lab (Matlab) Program, also the investigation of the design of a seven level inverter is done.

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Renewable energy, Multi level Inverter, Matlab simulation, THD.

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The present investigation was intended to discern the effectiveness of WebQuest (WQ) Integration with Inquiry Training Model (ITM) on achievement in physics at IX grade level. The current research is of experimental type and the study sample comprised of 459 students. Three modes of instruction were applied- Traditional Teaching Method (TTM), Inquiry Training Model (ITM) and WebQuest Integration with ITM (WQ & ITM). Achievement test for physics employed as pre-test before teaching and as post-test after teaching in all the three groups for accumulating data. Results signified that students taught through ITM and WebQuest Integration with ITM exhibit higher academic achievement as compared to the students of Traditional Teaching Method group. It is also found that the students taught with WebQuest Integration with ITM gain better academic achievement as compared to the students of ITM group. No significant difference has been observed in the gain scores of Academic Achievement between male and female learners. Also, no significant difference has been found in the interaction effect of modes of instruction and gender on the gain scores of Academic Achievement in Physics.

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WebQuest, Inquiry Training Model, Academic Achievement, and Physics.

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Axial compressors are commonly employed in airplanes because they offer a higher flow capacity per unit frontal area, are very efficient, and are easy to stage. But they are expensive, hefty, and have a low pressure ratio per stage. Radial discharge centrifugal compressors (radial compressors) have short axial lengths and can produce larger pressure ratios per stage. Both have relatively low efficiency and a bigger frontal area than axial compressors. A centrifugal compressor is made up of blades positioned so that flow enters and exits radially. Centrifugal compressors are mostly employed in airplanes, freezers, and marine applications. They can be utilized to achieve higher pressure ratios. Centrifugal compressors have impellers with main and splitter blades, which help to increase the pressure ratio. Due to the high pressure ratios achieved, a high thrust is produced, resulting in axial and radial thrusts.

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Compressor blade, Analysis

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Girish Karnad's play The Fire and the Rain (1994) is a complex exploration of power, sacrifice, and human desire, drawing inspiration from the Mahabharata. While the play primarily revolves around themes of ambition, revenge, and spiritual redemption, it also offers a subtle yet powerful tribute to the tribal community through the character of Nittilai. Nittilai, a tribal woman, stands in contrast to the rigid, hierarchical Brahmanical society depicted in the play. Unlike the elite characters, who are consumed by personal ambition and rivalry, Nittilai embodies values of love, compassion, and egalitarianism. Her tribe's customs, particularly the rejection of caste barriers and emphasis on mutual consent in marriage, highlight an alternative societal model--one that values community over rigid social structures. The play's central conflict arises from a grand yajna (fire sacrifice), where Brahmanical priests seek divine intervention for rain. In contrast, the tribal traditions, represented through Nittilai, emphasize a more harmonious relationship with nature and human emotions. Karnad thus critiques the hypocrisy of the elite while showing the tribal way of life as more grounded in humanity. Nittilai's tragic fate--being killed by her own people for breaking tribal norms--demonstrates the oppression that even tribal societies can inflict. However, her selfless love and sacrifice stand in stark contrast to the ruthless power struggles of the priestly elite. Karnad uses her character to highlight the dignity of the tribal community while also critiquing its flaws.

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GIRISH KARNAD'S THE FIRE AND THE RAIN A TRIBUTE TO TRIBAL COMMUNITY

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The 15th Census Report was published in March, 2011. The glimpses of thousands of information collected from this report have shade enough light on the socio-economic condition of the people of West Bengal as well as of India as a whole. The Census of 2021 had not been conducted due to Covid pandemic. In this situation I would like to look back into the pros and cons of previous Census Report (2011) once again. The Census of India had a rich tradition and it must be ranked among the most developed nations of the world. It was in 1872 when the first census in India was undertaken. After that, beginning from 1881 census had been undertaken after every ten years. And in this series the census of 2011 is the 15th and 7th in Independent India.

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Census 2011: A Study on the Socio-economic condition of India with special reference to West Bengal

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SOCIAL MEDIA KA YUWAO PAR PARBHAV KA AK SAMAJSHASHTRIY ADHDHAYAN

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SOCIAL MEDIA KA YUWAO PAR PARBHAV KA AK SAMAJSHASHTRIY ADHDHAYAN

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This research explores the ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in data analytics, emphasizing the transformative potential of these technologies alongside the significant challenges they pose. As AI systems are increasingly integrated into various sectors, ethical considerations such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, and the necessity for human oversight become critical. The study reviews existing ethical frameworks, identifies gaps in the literature, and analyzes the challenges organizations face in responsibly implementing AI. It proposes actionable strategies, including developing comprehensive ethical guidelines, promoting transparency, and providing targeted training for data scientists. Case studies illustrate how organizations have navigated ethical dilemmas, highlighting successful practices and pitfalls. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of prioritizing ethics in AI to foster societal trust and ensure that technological advancements benefit all stakeholders.

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Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics, Ethical Implications, Data Privacy, Algorithmic Bias

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This study investigates the relationship between financial literacy and personal wealth growth by analyzing secondary data from sources such as the World Bank Global Findex, OECD financial literacy surveys, and national statistical reports. The analysis highlights how financial literacy influences financial behaviors, including saving, investing, and debt management, ultimately contributing to wealth accumulation. Findings reveal a positive correlation between financial literacy and personal wealth, showing that individuals with higher financial literacy levels are better equipped to make sound financial decisions, effectively manage risks, and accumulate assets. However, disparities in financial literacy levels are evident across demographics, with younger adults, low-income households, and individuals with limited formal education displaying lower financial literacy. These results emphasize the need for targeted financial education programs to bridge literacy gaps, especially among vulnerable groups. Such initiatives could play a significant role in promoting financial well-being, reducing wealth inequality, and enhancing economic resilience. The study underscores the importance of financial literacy as a vital factor in personal economic security and provides insights for policymakers to foster financial education initiatives that support long-term wealth growth.

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Financial literacy, wealth accumulation, financial behavior, financial education, demographic disparities, economic resilience, personal finance.

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There are many sensors and actuators that make up the IoT, all of which are linked together over wired or wireless networks. Recent years have seen a meteoric rise in the variety of IoT use cases, from smart homes and VANETs to healthcare and smart cities to wearables. According to IHS Markit 1, the number of connected devices is expected to increase from 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030, an average yearly increment of 12 percent. Due to the diversity of IoT architecture, devices, and communication channels (most notably wireless) and the sheer volume of data being transferred over these channels, security has become an urgent concern in the IoT space. As the number of IoT-enabled gadgets grows, so does the significance of ensuring their safety. We propose a novel Deep Learning-based Intrusion Detection System (DLIDS) to identify security threats in IoT environments and thereby help address the aforementioned problems with protecting IoT devices. The accuracy of attack detection is negatively impacted by the fact that many IDSs in the literature do not have optimal feature learning and dataset management. Many signature-based and machine learning/deep learning AUTO ENCODER-based CNN algorithms have been proposed to try and detect such attacks, but their success rate has been less than stellar. We introduce Deep Learning IDS based on the Convolution2D Deep Learning algorithm, which employs many layers to filter IOT data and, as a consequence, obtains optimised features that enable the detection of IOT attacks with a prediction accuracy of 99%.

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Image search, image re-ranking, semantic space, semantic signature, keyword expansion.

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Hindi Prawasi Sahitya Mein Samkaleen Vimarsh

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Hindi Prawasi Sahitya Mein Samkaleen Vimarsh

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Speaking about prose to Linda Sandler, Margaret Atwood postulates, "A Novel is something you see and the primary focus of interest is people" (Conversations Series). She describes herself as a "bemused sometimes disheartened observer of society". In her address at the Amnesty International meeting in 1981, Atwood comments on the perception of the artists craft, "we are not good at analyzing it in terms of his politics and by and large we do not do so," (Fraser 170), inviting a political reading of her text. The Handmaid's Tale is a dark dystopic novel depicting the America of the 1990s, transformed into a totalitarian theocracy called the Republic of Gilead. In creating this feminist dystopia, Atwood employs distortion rather than direct attack to critique. Utopias are not imagined as conclaves which are enclosed regulated and rationalized systems, but rather as progressive processes of relationships between human beings. The Handmaid's Tale presents a distortion of all utopic impulses. We accost, in the nightmarish world of the Gilead, human beings whose marginality in gender, race, class and economic power renders them a 'non subject' in terms of the dominant social formation.

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Utopia, Dystopia, Patriarchy, Parody, Regulatory Impulse,

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In recent times, the world has been experiencing an increase in medical cases. These medical cases are due to the inappropriate disposal of hospital wastes. Medical wastes are not minded properly that contain hazardous wastes that lead to different viruses. Medical waste is some waste that is generated in healthcare centers, such as hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. Medical waste can contain chemicals, such as mercury, lead, and other hazardous materials that can leach into the soil and water, leading to environmental pollution. This pollution can also cause health problems for people living in the surrounding areas. The medical waste may contain infectious or hazardous materials that can pose a risk to human health and the environment. Hazardous waste in hospitals may include: Chemical waste that includes expired or unused chemicals, such as laboratory reagents and solvents, that can pose a risk to human health and the environment if not properly managed. Pharmaceutical waste which includes expired, unused, or contaminated medications, as well as chemotherapy drugs, which can be toxic and harmful if not properly disposed of. Radioactive waste which includes materials that contain radioactive isotopes, such as medical equipment used in radiation therapy or nuclear medicine. Infectious waste includes waste contaminated with infectious agents, such as blood-soaked bandages, used needles, and cultures from laboratory experiments. Sharps waste that includes used needles, syringes, and other sharp objects that can cause injury or transmit infection. Proper management and disposal of hazardous waste in hospitals is critical to protect the health and safety of patients, healthcare workers, and the environment. This may include segregating hazardous waste from non- hazardous waste, providing designated containers for different types of waste, labeling containers appropriately, and ensuring that waste is stored and transported safely to prevent contamination. Hospitals may also use specialized treatment methods, such as incineration or autoclaving, to treat hazardous waste before disposal.Medical waste is potentially dangerous. So, we have proposed a modified method of Sorting of medical wastes in the dustbin is very important. In this Continuation, we framed different rules to apply to treatment of different types of waste. We designed the Smart hospital waste management dustbin by using different sensors for different purposes. The bins are classified based on color. Four colors Red, Blue, Yellow, and Black indicate the different wastes in the Hospital. Sensors such as Ultrasonic measure the distance of the waste to be disposed of and it works along with the Servo Motor for the opening and Closing of the lid. Here, the Camera module for Arduino UNO is attached for the waste Image Recognition and classifies according to the color of the bin. The Gas sensor is set with the maximum range of the gas that st inks from the bin and it alerts the worker by ringing the buzzer. The Buzzer also works when the dumpster is filled. It must be properly managed to protect the general public. Specifically, healthcare and sanitation workers who are regularly exposed to biomedical waste as an occupational hazard. Additionally, a GSM module is connected for the SMS Alert to the frontline workers when the bins get filled and when it stinks. This helps the workers for the immediate action. Healthcare facilities should follow proper protocols for segregation, treatment, and disposal of medical waste to ensure the safety of their employees, patients, and the environment. Hence, disposal and accumulation of waste in the proper manner is of great value as it can lessen direct and indirect health risks to people and damage to flora, fauna and the environment.

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Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic Sensor, GSM Module, Image Recognition.

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Eczema is a typical pattern in skin characterized by erythema, excoriation, exudation, dryness, cracking and pruritus which can be either acute or chronic. In developed countries prevalence of Eczema is estimated to 2-10%. It is presented in both acute and chronic form, usually with severity of sign and symptoms. In Unani system of Medicine it is called Narfarsi means like fire because of severity of signs and symptom the term was given. It is caused by safravi maddaa (bilious matter) is admixed with damvi madda (Sanguineous matter) which occur due to multiple factors like extreme condition of environment, presence of lazeh madda (irritative matter) like chemicals, daily uses materials even clothes, ornaments. Hypersensitivity of skin is key factor for occurrence of the same. It is characterized by itching, soreness, and variable degrees of signs including dryness, erythema, excoriation, exudation, fissuring, hyperkeratosis, lichenification, papulation, scaling and vesiculation. Diagnosis is based on clear sign and symptoms apart from this a clinical diagnostic criteria is used named Hannifin and Rajka's criteria and also some specific investigations are available for specific type of Eczema.

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Eczema, Narfarsi, Unani, Herbal, madda

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