Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Background: Dysmenorrhoea is a common menstrual disorder among adolescent girls and may adversely affect daily activities and health-related quality of life. The present study evaluated clinical outcomes following individualized homoeopathic treatment with Calcarea carbonica. Objective: To evaluate changes in dysmenorrhoea severity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and haemoglobin levels before and after individualized treatment with Calcarea carbonica. Methods: A clinical study was conducted among 30 female adolescents aged 14-19 years with dysmenorrhoea at MNR Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, during 2023-2025. Participants were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Calcarea carbonica was prescribed individually according to the totality of symptoms in 200C or 1M potency, with repetition according to clinical requirement. Participants were followed monthly for approximately six months. Dysmenorrhoea-related outcomes were assessed using the WaLIDD score and health-related quality of life using the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36). Haemoglobin levels were also recorded. Results: The mean WaLIDD score decreased from 6.87 before treatment to 1.63 after treatment, representing a mean reduction of 5.23 points. The difference was statistically significant (paired t-test, t = 15.49, df = 29, p < 0.001). The mean HRQoL score increased from 67.93 before treatment to 88.50 after treatment, representing a mean improvement of 20.57 points (paired t-test, t = 19.11, df = 29, p < 0.001). Haemoglobin levels increased in 23 participants (76.67%), while no change was recorded in 7 participants (23.33%). Conclusion: Individualized treatment with Calcarea carbonica was associated with improvement in dysmenorrhoea-related outcomes and HRQoL in the study population. However, the small sample size, single-centre design and absence of a control group limit causal interpretation. Larger controlled studies are required to further evaluate this treatment approach

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Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea; Adolescents; Calcarea carbonica

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Social media has transformed the way consumers discover, evaluate, and purchase products and services. The rapid growth of platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and other social networking channels has created new opportunities for influencer marketing. Generation Z, generally regarded as a digitally connected consumer group, frequently interacts with social media content and may be influenced by recommendations, reviews, demonstrations, and opinions communicated by social media influencers. This study examines the impact of social media influencer marketing on the purchase behaviour of Generation Z consumers. The study focuses on influencer credibility, authenticity, expertise, attractiveness, engagement, perceived trust, and purchase intention. A descriptive and analytical research design is proposed. Primary data may be collected from Gen Z consumers through a structured questionnaire, while secondary data may be obtained from peer-reviewed journals, books, industry reports, and academic databases. Statistical tools such as descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression can be employed. The study is expected to demonstrate that credible and authentic influencer communication can positively influence consumers' purchase intentions and buying behavior. The findings may provide useful implications for marketers, brands, and social media influencers seeking to develop effective digital marketing strategies targeting Generation Z.

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Social Media Influencer, Influencer Marketing, Generation Z, Consumer Behaviour, Purchase Intention, Social Media, Digital Marketing, Brand Credibility

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Abstract Kannauj is India's best-known traditional attar cluster. However, there is little information about its further development in the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative of Uttar Pradesh, and most of what is available is scattered in policy and institutional documents. Using a descriptive-analytical design of secondary data, this study analyzed MSMEs of the cluster, as well as examined export promotion and value addition, and the production and assessment of technology and process upgrading. This evidence was supported by data from Invest UP, Kannauj Export Action Plan, Intellectual Property India, FFDC, and other contemporary studies. A series of data from FFDC for the years 2018-19 to 2023-24 were subjected to a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics. The official data indicates 375 units of perfumery/allied units in active status and indicates there are 25,000 to 30,000 direct and indirect employment opportunities. In 2020-21, there was a 37.7 percent decline in the FFDC trainees; this, however, increased by 20.5 percent in 2023-24. Women's participation in the training also improved, moving from 26.1 percent to 44.1 percent of the trainees. The number of training programs increased by an average annual growth rate of 1.7 percent, and the number of training program participants by 9.4 percent. Evidence of exports indicates a growing market. However, the evidence for Kannauj does show inconsistency for the post-ODOP phase. This study shows that the ODOP phase has indicated a focus on skills and market improvement. For more effective impact assessment, enterprise and export data at the district level are required.

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Perfume industry; One District One Product; ODOP; MSMEs; export promotion

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The study examined the socio-economic contributions of Ikogosi Resort to local communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The impacts of urban development and environmental threats on the preservation of sacred cultural sites, the role of indigenous knowledge and community participation in sustaining these sites, and the extent of policy and institutional support available for their safeguarding. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 150 respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlational techniques, while Cochran's equation of finite population was used to determine the sample size. The findings revealed that urban expansion, infrastructure development, and environmental pollution have significantly compromised the physical integrity and sacred values of cultural sites. Although elders and traditional leaders continue to play a vital role in heritage preservation, the transmission of indigenous knowledge to younger generations is weakening due to modernization, religious change, and socio-economic pressures. The study further found that community participation remains central to effective sacred site management but is constrained by limited government engagement and weak institutional collaboration. It concludes that integrated heritage management approaches combining indigenous knowledge, active community involvement, and stronger institutional support are essential for the sustainable preservation of sacred cultural sites in rapidly urbanizing environments.

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Community participation, Cultural heritage preservation, Indigenous knowledge, Sacred cultural sites, Urbanization

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a fast emerging technology that can boost worker productivity and efficiency and encourage innovation in a variety of industries. The impact on employability could indicate either a benefit or a drawback, though. In India, artificial intelligence is predicted to start a new industrial revolution that will cause a large number of job losses. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the power to revolutionize the global labor market drastically, even as it also has the potential to automate existing jobs and worsen inequality and prejudice. This study examines the opportunities and challenges that artificial intelligence (AI) robots may pose to employment across a range of industries. The study looks at how AI will impact jobs by reading reputable blogs, trade journals, and academic research. The research report offers a comprehensive analysis that makes clear how AI affects jobs in India while taking into consideration how the country's economy is rapidly changing as a result of international concerns. India's IT industry has expanded at a remarkable rate, contributing to technologies that have improved people's lives in several ways. Due to its consistent commitment to skill development, economic change, and job creation, this industry is currently leading the way in the country. quest of advancement and change. This research examines how AI has an impact on employability in India and addresses several significant subjects. In the first place, it highlights the programs for upskilling and the demand for new job categories Other sectors that have developed as a consequence of the application of AI. It also examines how AI is transforming existing jobs. areas and emphasizes the need for retraining in light of AI-driven enterprises.

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Artificial Intelligence, Discretion, Reasonable, Data Privacy, Discrimination National Association of Software and Service Companies, Employment, CRM (customer relationship management), and Transformation.

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This study examines the integration of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in Library and Information Science (LIS) curricula through a mixed-methods approach combining global bibliometric analysis and qualitative evidence from India. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using publications indexed in the Scopus database to map global research trends, thematic patterns, and scholarly contributions related to Indigenous Knowledge in LIS curricula. To complement this global overview, a qualitative study was undertaken in India, focusing on state universities to explore perceptions, practices, and challenges associated with integrating Indigenous Knowledge into LIS curricula. The qualitative results indicate strong support for the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in LIS education. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on curriculum reform and underscores the importance of contextualising Indigenous Knowledge within LIS education. The findings offer valuable implications for educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers seeking to foster inclusive and culturally responsive LIS programs.

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Indigenous Knowledge; Curricula; Higher Education; Library and Information Science; Integration.

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Field operations on small landholdings remain dominated by manual labour and small internal-combustion machinery, both of which carry rising operating costs and measurable environmental penalties. Agricultural robotics has consequently attracted sustained research attention, and a distinct strand of that work couples mobile robotic platforms to on-board photovoltaic generation so that field tasks can be executed without a fuel supply chain. This paper reviews the published literature on agricultural field robots with particular emphasis on solar-powered, remote-controlled and microcontroller-based platforms intended for small holdings, together with the mechanical implements -- weeding, cutting and digging -- that such platforms carry. The review is organised thematically rather than statistically: representative studies are grouped by power source, autonomy level, locomotion arrangement, communication technology and field task, and are then compared against a common set of criteria. The literature establishes that lightweight electric platforms reduce soil loading and exhaust emissions relative to tractor-scale machinery, that vision-guided weeding is technically mature at research level, and that modular tool carriers are a productive design direction. It also reveals persistent limitations: photovoltaic sizing and energy budgets are seldom reported in reproducible form, maximum-power-point tracking and adaptive power management are rarely implemented in low-cost designs, the behaviour of short-range radio links within standing crop is largely uncharacterised, and cost, durability and maintenance evidence from smallholder plots is scarce. Against this background the paper positions a proposed low-cost, solar-powered, radio-controlled multi-implement robot concept, identifying which reviewed gaps it addresses in principle and which remain open. No experimental validation of the proposed concept is claimed.

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agricultural robotics, solar-powered robot, photovoltaic energy system, precision agriculture, remote-controlled robot, embedded microcontroller, weeding and tillage implements, smallholder mechanisation

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Oratory, Ethical Communication, Democratic Morality, Charismatic Leadership, Communicative Rationality, Cultural Continuity

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This article develops a comprehensive theoretical framework for analysing the representation of artificial intelligence in contemporary cinema through the lens of posthumanism. Drawing on the foundational work of Donna Haraway, N. Katherine Hayles, Rosi Braidotti, and Cary Wolfe, the article argues that AI cinema functions as a mode of posthuman philosophy, using audiovisual form to interrogate anthropocentric assumptions about consciousness, identity, and ethical responsibility. The framework synthesises post humanist thought with film theory, demonstrating how concepts such as cyborg ontology, distributed agency, relational identity, and post-anthropocentric ethics can illuminate cinematic constructions of non-human subjectivity. The article identifies a significant gap in existing scholarship, which has largely treated AI cinema either through genre studies or technological realism without adequately engaging with post humanist philosophy. By integrating these theoretical traditions, the framework provides new analytical tools for understanding how films such as Ex Machina, Blade Runner 2049, Her, and After Yang construct experiences of artificial consciousness through narrative structure, aesthetic strategies, and spectatorial positioning. The article concludes that contemporary AI cinema invites audiences not merely to observe posthuman ideas but to inhabit them, thereby expanding the boundaries of moral imagination and challenging audiences to rethink what it means to be human in technologically saturated worlds.

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Posthumanism, Artificial Intelligence, Film Theory, Cinematic Subjectivity, Digital Cinema, Posthuman Ethics

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The challenge of managing uncertainty, imprecision, and indeterminacy in multi-attribute decision-making processes continues to pose difficulties in mathematical modeling. Neutrosophic Vague Sets and Hypersoft Sets each provide strong frameworks for addressing indeterminate data across multi-dimensional disjoint attribute sub-domains; however, their matrix representations currently lack a formal algebraic structure to facilitate complex logical evaluations. This study aims to fill this void by formally introducing logical operations for Neutrosophic Vague Hypersoft Matrices (NVHSMs) and systematically establishing their essential properties. The main goal of this research is to construct and investigate fundamental logical operators--namely the AND, OR, NOT, Union, and Intersection matrices--within the NVHSM framework. The approach is based on precise mathematical definitions of these operators, followed by a detailed theoretical investigation of their algebraic properties. The theoretical validity and structural coherence are actively illustrated and confirmed through sequential numerical examples. The key findings demonstrate that these proposed logical operations effectively maintain the integrity of neutrosophic vague data while precisely aggregating complex information from hypersoft attribute sets. The primary contribution of this research is the development of an accurate matrix-based computational tool that improves the processing of indeterminate information. As a result, this study has important practical implications for advanced multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) systems. The proposed NVHSM logical operations create a foundational computational framework anticipated to enhance outcomes in intricate scenarios such as personnel selection, resource distribution, and broader management approaches, addressing the computational challenges of prior models when managing overlapping uncertainties.

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Neutrosophic Vague Soft Set, Vague Hypersoft Set, Neutrosophic Vague Hypersoft Set, NVHSM, AND, OR, NOT, Union, Intersection

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This study examines gender disparities in rural employment across three key economic sectors in India: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Using a sectoral regression framework, we compare employment distributions per 1,000 workers between rural males and rural females, with rural males serving as the benchmark category. These findings indicate significant gender-based differences in employment patterns. In the primary sector, rural female employment per 1,000 workers exceeds that of rural males by 152.66 units, highlighting a pronounced concentration of female labor in agriculture and allied activities. Conversely, in the secondary and tertiary sectors, rural female employment is significantly lower than that of their male counterparts by 52 units and 100.59 units, respectively. These differences are statistically significant, as indicated by t-tests and P-values well below the conventional 5% significance threshold. These results underscore the persistent gender divide in rural employment, suggesting structural barriers that limit female participation in higher-value secondary and tertiary sector jobs. Policy interventions should aim at reducing these disparities by enhancing skill development, access to employment opportunities, and gender-inclusive labor policies. This study contributes to the broader discourse on gendered labor market dynamics in rural India, emphasizing the need for targeted economic reforms.

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Mean Employment Situation In India - Per 1000 individuals of Rural Male in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector,Mean Employment Situation In India - Per 1000 individuals of Rural Female in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector,(ANOVA) Models.

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Despite the continuous efforts of national and international agencies, the problem of human trafficking persists, and hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children of all ages suffer terribly at the hands of human trafficking organizations. Human trafficking is happening between countries and within countries themselves. The methods of trafficking may be coercive or deceptive. To identify victims and their needs, we must understand the root causes of the problem. This paper tries to explain the various types of illegal practices and the efforts to combat the core issue.

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Child Labour, Prostitution, Force, Bonded Labour, Sex.

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Migration has emerged as a major area of interdisciplinary research encompassing international mobility, return migration, remittances, repatriation, labour migration, population dynamics and migrant-related social and economic processes. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed literature on migration published between 1975 and 2025. A total of 326 documents from 192 sources, involving 528 authors, were analysed using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny in R. The analysis examines annual scientific production, relevant sources, author productivity, institutional contributions, highly cited documents, keyword patterns and thematic development. The dataset records an annual growth rate of 3.65% and an average of 18.7 citations per document. Return migration, international migration, migration, population dynamics, migrants' remittance and repatriation are among the prominent terms. The thematic analysis indicates that international migration is an important developed theme, while return migration, migrants, remittances and repatriation constitute a significant thematic area. The findings demonstrate the expanding and multidisciplinary nature of migration research and provide directions for future studies.

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Migration; International Migration; Return Migration; Remittances; Repatriation; Bibliometric Analysis; Scopus; Biblioshiny.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart infrastructure. However, the limited energy resources, dynamic network conditions, and vulnerability of sensor nodes create significant challenges for reliable and secure communication. Conventional routing protocols generally rely on static routing decisions and may not effectively respond to changing network conditions or malicious behaviour. This paper proposes an adaptive trust-aware routing framework that integrates trust evaluation with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to improve routing decisions in wireless sensor networks. The proposed approach continuously evaluates node behaviour based on communication reliability and network characteristics and incorporates the resulting trust information into the routing decision process. A DRL-based agent is designed to learn suitable routing actions according to the current network state, thereby enabling adaptive selection of reliable communication paths. The methodology focuses on improving secure and efficient data transmission while reducing unnecessary routing overhead and energy consumption. The proposed framework is designed to be evaluated using performance measures such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, routing overhead, and network lifetime. The study provides a methodology-oriented approach for combining intelligent decision-making and trust management in WSN routing and establishes a foundation for future simulation-based validation under different network and security conditions.

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Wireless Sensor Networks, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Trust-Aware Routing, Secure Routing, Energy Efficiency, Adaptive Routing

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Effective listening is a fundamental communication skill that supports academic comprehension, information processing, and meaningful participation in classroom learning. However, research examining the relationship between listening skills and classroom engagement among Indian secondary school students remains limited. This study aimed to assess listening skills and classroom engagement among students in Grades 9-12 and examine the relationship between these variables. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed with 160 students recruited through convenience sampling from selected schools in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Listening skills were measured using the HURIER Listening Profile, and classroom engagement was assessed using the Classroom Engagement Inventory. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26. The findings indicated that most students demonstrated adequate listening skills across all HURIER dimensions, while classroom engagement was moderately high (M = 72.94, SD = 7.46). Significant gender differences were observed across all listening dimensions, with male students scoring higher than female students. Emotional engagement also differed significantly by gender. However, no significant correlations were found between listening skills and overall classroom engagement or its subscales (p > .05). These findings suggest that although students possess satisfactory listening competencies, listening skills alone may not predict classroom engagement. Other factors, including motivational, interpersonal, and instructional influences, may play a more substantial role in shaping student engagement.

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listening skills, classroom engagement, secondary school students, HURIER model, student engagement, educational psychology.

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For more than sixty years it was unclear whether the Constitution of India protected privacy at all. That uncertainty ended on 24 August 2017, when a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India unanimously held that privacy is a fundamental right flowing from Articles 14, 19 and 21, and that any interference by the State must satisfy the tests of legality, legitimate aim, proportionality and adequate procedural safeguards. Parliament responded only in 2023, and the Rules giving effect to that statute were notified on 13 November 2025, under which the main duties of data fiduciaries become binding only by 13 May 2027. The research problem is the distance between what the Constitution now promises and what the statutory framework delivers. The study traces the evolution of privacy in Indian constitutional jurisprudence, examines the statutory framework now governing personal data and State surveillance, measures digital expansion and privacy-related harm from official data, and sets the Indian framework against the General Data Protection Regulation. The central question is whether the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 satisfies the proportionality standard laid down in Puttaswamy. The hypothesis is that constitutional recognition of privacy in India has outpaced its statutory realisation, and that the present framework disciplines private data fiduciaries far more effectively than it disciplines the State. The design is doctrinal and descriptive-analytical, and uses secondary data only, drawn from peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books, reported judgments, and official reports of TRAI, the National Crime Records Bureau, UIDAI, the Reserve Bank of India, CERT-In, MeitY, the World Bank, UNCTAD and the ITU. Thematic analysis, doctrinal analysis and descriptive statistics have been applied, and every figure has been traced to a named official publication. Six findings emerge. Broadband subscribers rose from 131.49 million in November 2015 to 1,065.88 million by March 2026. Cybercrime cases registered by the National Crime Records Bureau rose from 52,974 in 2021 to 86,420 in 2023, an increase of about 63 per cent in two years. A wide urban-rural gap persists, with tele-density of 151.47 per cent in urban India against 60.46 per cent in rural India in March 2026, which limits the usefulness of a consent-based law. The Indian statute is narrower than the General Data Protection Regulation, providing no right to data portability, no separate category of sensitive personal data and no safeguard against automated decision-making. Broad State exemptions under Section 17, an executive-appointed Data Protection Board and the amendment of the Right to Information Act, 2005 by Section 44(3) weaken accountability. Most significantly, no surveillance reform has followed Puttaswamy: interception under Section 69 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 still requires no prior judicial authorisation. The paper concludes that the constitutional promise of 2017 remains only partly realised. It recommends an independent regulator, prior judicial authorisation for interception, restoration of the public-interest override in the Right to Information Act, a safeguard against automated decisions, and digital literacy in regional languages so that consent becomes meaningful.

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right to privacy; Puttaswamy; Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023; surveillance; data protection; proportionality; digital India

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Female labour force participation is an important indicator of women's economic empowerment, gender equality, and inclusive economic development. Despite improvements in women's education and socioeconomic conditions, female participation in the labour market in India continues to remain substantially below male participation, with considerable variations across rural and urban areas, age groups, and states. The present study examines the trends and patterns of female labour force participation in India using secondary data obtained from the Census of India and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) published by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The study analyses historical rural female work participation and recent labour force participation rates under usual status and current weekly status, with particular attention to women aged 15 years and above and young women aged 15-29 years. The findings indicate an overall improvement in female labour force participation in recent years, particularly in rural areas. However, substantial gender and rural-urban disparities continue to persist. Female participation among young women remains considerably lower than male participation, while significant interstate variations are also observed. Andhra Pradesh records a female labour force participation rate among young women that is above the national average, although a considerable gender gap remains. The findings suggest that the recent rise in female labour force participation should be assessed not only in terms of increased participation but also in relation to the nature, security, and quality of employment. The study emphasizes the need for policies promoting education and skill development, decent employment, entrepreneurship, childcare support, workplace safety, social security, and equal employment opportunities to achieve sustained and meaningful improvement in women's participation in India's labour market.

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Female Labour Force Participation, Rural-Urban Disparities, Periodic Labour Force Survey

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The rapid transformation of the digital environment has changed not only how children communicate and participate online, but also how child sexual exploitation and abuse material (CSEAM) can be created, stored, shared and repeatedly circulated. Social-media platforms, messaging services, cloud infrastructure and, more recently, generative artificial intelligence have created digital spaces in which harmful material can travel across borders within seconds and remain accessible long after the original abuse has occurred. The continuing circulation of such material can therefore prolong the violation of a child's dignity, privacy and personal security. These developments raise an increasingly difficult legal question as to what extent should online platforms be held responsible for unlawful material that they did not themselves create but that is transmitted or hosted through their services? This question has gained particular significance in India following the Supreme Court's decision in Just Rights for Children Alliance & Anr. v. S. Harish & Ors., 2024 INSC 716, which adopted a broader understanding of digital possession in the context of child sexual-abuse material under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO). The Court's reasoning demonstrated the need to interpret child-protection law in light of contemporary digital realities. The issue has now moved towards a more complex institutional question. In 2026, the Supreme Court agreed to examine a plea concerning the possible prosecution of online platforms under POCSO in cases involving the hosting of, or failure to report, child sexual-abuse material. Although the proceedings remain pending and do not establish criminal liability against intermediaries, they bring into sharper focus the relationship between POCSO's reporting obligations and the conditional safe-harbour protection available under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Generative artificial intelligence further complicates this legal landscape. AI-generated images, manipulated photographs, synthetic videos and other forms of digitally fabricated sexual material involving children challenge conventional understandings of creation, possession and dissemination. This article examines these developments through the broader framework of intermediary liability, platform governance and digital constitutionalism. It argues that Indian law should move beyond the rigid choice between intermediary immunity and automatic platform liability and instead adopt a proportionate, capability-based model of responsibility. Under this approach, platform responsibility would be assessed in light of knowledge, technological capability, and degree of control, foreseeable risk and compliance with statutory duties. Such a framework can strengthen child protection while preserving the constitutional values of privacy, freedom of expression, due process and responsible technological innovation.

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Keywords: POCSO, intermediary liability, child sexual abuse material, CSEAM, artificial intelligence, generative AI, platform governance, safe harbor, digital constitutionalism, India.

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This study examines, the structural aspects of Neutrosophic Pythagorean Cubic Soft Sets in the context of BCK/BCI-algebra and subalgebras along with their related properties. Moreover, we present several significant results associated with them.

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NPCSS, NPCSS BCK/BCI algebra

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This paper examines the psychoanalysis of displacement in Munshi Premchand's Godan, focusing on the illusion of self-reliance, identity crisis, and changing paradigms of exploitation. Displacement is interpreted not merely as geographical migration but as a psychological and socio-economic condition that reshapes individual consciousness. Through a psychoanalytic approach, the study explores how Hori's aspiration for dignity and self-reliance gradually transforms into alienation under the pressures of caste, class, debt, and social hierarchy. The paper argues that the promise of self-reliance often conceals deeper mechanisms of exploitation, resulting in fractured identity and persistent psychological conflict. By integrating literary analysis with psychoanalytic theory, the study highlights the enduring relevance of Godan in understanding the psychological dimensions of displacement and exploitation in both colonial and contemporary contexts. The research contributes to interdisciplinary discussions on Hindi literature, psychology, and migration studies.

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Godan, Munshi Premchand, Displacement, Psychoanalysis, Identity Crisis, Exploitation, Hindi Literature, Migration, Social Psychology

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