Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

The proliferation of short-form video platforms, including TikTok, Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts, and Facebook Reels, has significantly reshaped the digital marketing environment by transforming the ways in which consumers discover, evaluate, and develop relationships with brands. Characterized by highly engaging, visually appealing, and interactive content formats, these platforms enable brands to capture consumer attention and facilitate meaningful interactions within a limited timeframe. Consequently, organizations are increasingly integrating short-form video content into their marketing strategies to enhance customer engagement, strengthen brand awareness, and influence consumers' purchase intentions. However, despite the rapid adoption and growing strategic importance of these platforms, the theoretical foundations and empirical evidence explaining how specific short-form video characteristics contribute to customer engagement and shape subsequent consumer behaviors remain insufficiently explored. This conceptual paper proposes an integrated framework grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationships between short-form video characteristics, customer engagement, and purchase intention. The framework suggests that key short-form video attributes, including content quality, entertainment value, informativeness, creativity, interactivity, and perceived authenticity, function as external marketing stimuli that shape consumers' internal states by enhancing customer engagement. In turn, heightened customer engagement is expected to influence consumers' purchase intentions. Furthermore, brand authenticity is incorporated as a moderating variable that may strengthen or weaken the relationship between short-form video stimuli and consumer responses, while customer engagement is positioned as the central mediating mechanism within the proposed framework.This paper contributes to the existing marketing literature by synthesizing contemporary developments in digital marketing, consumer engagement, and social media communication within an integrated conceptual framework. By addressing limitations in prior research, the study identifies key theoretical gaps and provides a foundation for future empirical investigations aimed at examining the underlying mechanisms through which digital content characteristics influence consumer responses and behaviors.

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Short-form video, Customer engagement, Social media marketing, Consumer behavior, Purchase intention, Brand authenticity, Digital marketing, S-O-R Theory.

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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the educational system worldwide, affecting students' academic achievement and psychological well-being. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between academic performance and happiness levels among higher secondary students during the COVID-19 period. It also investigated whether significant gender differences existed in students' happiness levels and academic performance. A descriptive survey method was adopted for the study. The sample comprised 200 higher secondary students selected through simple random sampling from Manu H.S. School, Harina H.S. School, and Sabroom English Medium School in South Tripura district. Data on happiness were collected using the Happiness Scale developed by Dr. Himanshi Rastogi and Dr. Janki Moorjani, while students' academic performance was obtained from their academic records. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation and the independent samples t-test. The findings revealed a very low positive correlation (r = 0.09) between academic performance and happiness levels, which was not statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis regarding the relationship between the two variables was accepted. The study further found no significant gender difference in happiness levels (t = 0.62, p > 0.05) or academic performance (t = 0.63, p > 0.05) among higher secondary students. Although male students showed slightly higher mean scores than female students in both variables, these differences were not statistically significant. The study concludes that, during the COVID-19 period, happiness levels did not significantly influence academic performance among higher secondary students, and gender was not a determining factor in either happiness or academic achievement. The findings suggest that schools and policymakers should continue to promote students' mental well-being alongside academic support, especially during periods of educational disruption, to ensure holistic student development

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Academic Performance, Happiness Level, Higher Secondary Students, COVID-19, Gender Difference, Descriptive Survey

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Photovoltaic Microgrid, Hybrid Energy Storage System, Quadratic Boost Converter, Perturb and Observe MPPT, DC-Link Voltage Regulation.

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????? 2022 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? '??????? ??????????' ?? '???-??????' ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??, ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??, ???? ?? ????? ?? '??????? ?????? ?? ????' ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ?????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????-?????? ?? ???-?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??-???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???

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?????? ????? ????, ???-??????? ?????, ??????? ??????????, ???-??????, ??????? ??????

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Nowadays, concepts of sex, gender, and gender identity have become fundamental to contemporary discussions of identity, culture, and social justice. While biological sex is generally understood as a physiological characteristic, gender is often conceptualized as a social and cultural construct. This distinction has led to evolving understandings of gender identity and transgender experiences. Simultaneously, media institutions such as advertising and cinema play a significant role in shaping public perceptions of gender diversity. This article critically examines theoretical debates surrounding gender as a social construct and analyzes the representation of transgender identities in Indian advertising and cinema. Through case studies including advertising campaigns by major brands and films such as Paava Kadhaigal and Njan Marykutty, the study explores how media representations can both challenge and reinforce existing stereotypes. The article argues that authentic transgender representation requires greater participation of transgender individuals in media production and a shift away from narratives that cater primarily to cisgender audiences.

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gender, gender identity, social construction, transgender representation, Indian cinema

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ABSTRACT This project deals with the planning and designing the superstructure of a Girder and Slab (T-beam) Bridge. A complete design is worked out for a typical T-beam bridge of 19.2m effective span, as this is the most frequently used type. The procedure used therein could be adapted for other types. The procedure involves the usage of IRC : 6 - 2000 for loads and stresses, IS 456 : 2000 for concrete and IS 800 : 2007 for steel. We also used AutoCAD 2013 and MS Excel for designing purpose. At first we visited an on-going NHAI project over "BADA GANGUA NALLAH" AT 8.128km of NH-316 (NH 203, Old),Odisha. From there we got to know the dimensions of the bridge. In present study a two lane simply supported RCC T- Beam Girderwas analysed for dead load and IRC moving load. The dead load as well as live load calculation has been done manually and cross checked with the help of Excel. The study gives the solution based on the prevailing rates of construction cost to be adopted by design Engineer.

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Planning and designing T-Beam Bridge. A complete design is worked for T-beam bridge having 19.2m effective span

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ABSTRACT Adolescence represents a developmental phase during which a child transitions into adulthood, characterized by various changes including puberty, as well as physiological and psychological transformations. Adolescents living in orphanages face numerous psychosocial challenges; to navigate these difficulties, they require a specific set of skills. Quality of Life (QOL) pertains to an individual's assessment of their physical health, psychological well-being, social connections, educational experiences, and environmental circumstances. For orphaned adolescents, the Quality of Care is frequently affected by the absence of parental support, socioeconomic difficulties, and the availability of supportive services. Numerous studies have employed a quantitative methodology, particularly a correlational design. Data regarding the adolescents were gathered using the WHOQOL-BREF-26 instrument to evaluate their quality of life. Most findings indicate that adolescents in orphanages exhibit low life skills and quality of life, suggesting that an increase in life skills correlates with an improved quality of life. Therefore, there is a pressing need to enhance life skills among adolescents in orphanages. A significant body of research has shown that orphans are at a heightened risk for psychological disorders compared to their non-orphan counterparts. Additional studies have indicated that maternal loss adversely impacts the psychosocial well-being of participants; their profound emotional ties to their mothers hinder their ability to develop effective coping mechanisms, resulting in feelings of isolation, sadness, hopelessness, lack of peace, and anxiety about an uncertain future. Research indicates that the quality of institutional care, the presence of supportive caregivers, peer relationships, educational opportunities, and access to counseling services are crucial in enhancing quality of life. Adolescents residing in family-based care or well-managed orphanages that provide sufficient emotional and social support tend to experience better quality of life outcomes than those in inadequately resourced institutions.

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Quality of Life, Orphan Adolescents, Psychosocial Issues, Life Skills, Institutional Care.

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Mathematics is commonly communicated through symbols, formulas, definitions, graphs, and formal procedures. Although symbolic representation is essential for mathematical communication, an exclusive dependence on symbolic forms may create difficulties when learners attempt to understand abstract mathematical relationships. Visual learning provides a complementary pathway through diagrams, graphs, patterns, geometric representations, images, dynamic models, and interactive digital environments. This narrative review examines the role of visual learning in supporting the understanding of abstract mathematical concepts by synthesizing selected literature on visual mathematics, mathematical cognition, visual representations, analytical thinking, geometry learning, and visual learning approaches. The reviewed literature indicates that visualization can support conceptual understanding by making mathematical relationships more accessible and by helping learners move between concrete, pictorial, and symbolic representations. Visual approaches are also associated with spatial reasoning, mathematical communication, problem solving, engagement, and retention. Digital technologies further extend the role of visualization by enabling learners to manipulate mathematical objects, observe changes, explore patterns, and investigate relationships dynamically. However, visual learning should not be regarded as a replacement for symbolic mathematics or as a method applicable only to students classified as visual learners. Rather, visualization should be integrated with symbolic, verbal, and analytical forms of mathematical reasoning. The review identifies an important gap in the existing literature: although the benefits of visual representations have been examined in several mathematical learning contexts, relatively limited attention has been given to how visualization mediates the transition from symbolic mathematical information to abstract conceptual understanding, particularly in advanced mathematics and mathematically dense academic texts. Based on the synthesis, this paper proposes a conceptual pathway in which visual representation supports perception, relationship recognition, mathematical reasoning, symbolic connection, and ultimately abstract mathematical understanding.

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Visual learning, mathematical visualization, abstract mathematics, visual representations, mathematical reasoning, conceptual understanding, digital mathematics learning.

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The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming digital marketing by enabling organizations to provide personalized, interactive, and real-time customer communication. In the pharmaceutical sector, AI-powered chatbots are emerging as an important digital interface for disseminating product information, responding to customer queries, facilitating information search, and strengthening customer engagement. However, the application of AI chatbots in pharmaceutical marketing presents distinctive challenges because pharmaceutical communication involves health-related information, consumer trust, privacy, information accuracy, ethical responsibility, and regulatory considerations. This conceptual research paper examines the role of AI chatbots in online pharmaceutical marketing, with particular emphasis on their potential influence on customer engagement and consumer decision-making. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework, the paper develops a conceptual model in which AI chatbot effectiveness is represented through responsiveness, information quality, personalization, ease of use, availability, interactivity, and perceived usefulness. These characteristics are proposed to influence customer engagement and, subsequently, consumer decision-making. A single overarching hypothesis is developed for future empirical testing. The paper synthesizes recent literature on AI chatbots, healthcare conversational agents, customer engagement, trust, and pharmaceutical applications of AI. Recent evidence indicates that AI conversational agents are increasingly used across healthcare, although their effectiveness and safety remain unevenly established. Research in India also indicates that trust significantly influences intention to use healthcare chatbots. The paper contributes to the emerging literature by positioning AI chatbots as conversational marketing interfaces rather than merely automated customer-service tools. It also highlights the importance of accuracy, transparency, privacy, responsible persuasion, and human oversight in pharmaceutical chatbot implementation. The proposed framework provides a foundation for future empirical research and offers practical implications for pharmaceutical marketers seeking to adopt AI-enabled digital engagement strategies responsibly.

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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, AI Chatbots, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Digital Marketing, Customer Engagement, Consumer Decision-Making, Conversational Marketing, Healthcare AI

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Econazole nitrate, UV spectrophotometric method, accuracy, precision, repeatability.

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This paper examines Naheed Phiroze Patel's debut novel A Mirror Made of Rain through the lens of attachment theory. The novel traces the life of Noomi Wadia, a young woman growing up under the shadow of her alcoholic mother, Asha, whose inconsistent caregiving leaves lasting psychological wounds. Drawing on the foundational work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, this analysis argues that the mother-daughter relationship functions as a broken mirror that distorts Noomi's sense of self and shaping her patterns of unstable adult relationships, emotional dysregulation and self-destructive behaviour. This paper first examines how Asha's parenting contributes to insecure attachment through inconsistent responses, emotional unavailability and role reversal. It then traces how these childhood attachment patterns manifest in Noomi's adulthood, including her alcohol dependency, fractured identity and fear of repeating her mother's mistakes. The paper also identifies protective factors, particularly her father, Jeh's steady presence and Noomi's eventual capacity for reflective self-awareness and movement toward earned security that open pathways toward healing. The paper concludes that while the novel offers no easy redemption, it presents a realistic portrait of how insecure bonds can be understood and through conscious effort, partially repaired. Patel's work thus serves as a compelling literary case study for understanding the intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns and the slow, unfinished work of breaking the cycle.

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Insecure attachment, Earned security, Intergenerational transmission, Attachment theory, Mother-daughter relationship.

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Abstract-- With the speed of change and the impact of digital technologies on retail, retailers are increasingly adopting omnichannel retailing, which involves blending physical and digital channels, to create a unified and personalized customer journey. The current research is based on the analysis of the effect of omnichannel retail on consumer experience of retail customers of Nashik city. The study seeks to gain insights into the significance of omnichannel retailing practices, breakdown their impact on the customer experience, and propose strategies to improve customer engagement and satisfaction. The research design used was a quantitative research design, and the research methods used were questionnaires, which were structured on a 5-point Likert scale, and a sample of 400 retail consumers were used. The respondents were selected using convenience sampling method, where consumers who have experienced both online and offline integrated shopping experiences were considered. The correlation coefficient, regression analysis and ANOVA techniques were used to analyze the primary data obtained from the survey. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between the use of omnichannel retailing practices and the changes in the consumer's experience. Channel integration, personalization, convenience, information consistency, and customer service were identified as significant drivers towards improved consumer satisfaction. The study also shows that certain demographic factors can impact consumer perceptions and experiences relating to the 'omnichannel retailing' concept. The research underscores the need for retailers to shift to customer-centric and technology-driven approaches in making the interactions across touchpoints seamless. This study adds to the existing body of research on omnichannel retailing and draws empirical conclusions from an emerging Indian urban retail market. The results provide actionable insights for retailers looking to enhance customer relationships and engagement and gain a competitive edge by leveraging an effective omnichannel approach.

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Omnichannel Retailing, Consumer Experience, Channel Integration, Customer Satisfaction, Retail Technology.

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Inclusive education seeks to provide equitable learning opportunities for all students, including those with disabilities and from socio-economically disadvantaged groups, within mainstream classrooms. In Bihar, one of India's most educationally challenged states, secondary school teachers encounter multiple barriers that hinder the effective implementation of inclusive education policies such as the Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act 2016, Samagra Shiksha, and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This paper examines the barriers perceived by secondary school teachers in Bihar through a synthesis of empirical studies, official data (UDISE+, SSA reports), and research on teacher perceptions. Major barriers identified include inadequate infrastructure and accessibility, insufficient teacher training and pedagogical preparedness, large class sizes and high pupil-teacher ratios, attitudinal and socio-cultural challenges (including caste bias and stigma), rigid curriculum and assessment systems, shortage of special educators and support staff, limited assistive technology and resources, and weak policy implementation and monitoring. The paper discusses the implications of these barriers for classroom practices and student outcomes and offers recommendations for systemic improvement. Strengthening teacher capacity, infrastructure, collaborative support structures, and accountability mechanisms is essential for translating inclusive policy into meaningful secondary-level practice in Bihar.

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Inclusive education; Barriers to inclusion; Secondary school teachers; Bihar; Infrastructure and accessibility; Teacher training; Right to Education Act; Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act; National Education Policy 2020; Samagra Shiksha; Children with Special Needs (CWSN)

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Horoscopes are traditionally interpreted using astrological principles that require extensive domain knowledge and expert judgment. This paper presents a novel graph-theoretic framework for horoscope analysis by transforming a horoscope chart into a connected graph, where planets, zodiac signs, or houses are represented as vertices and their astrological relationships are modeled as edges. The resulting graph preserves the structural dependencies among the horoscope elements while enabling mathematical analysis independent of conventional astrological interpretation.The proposed methodology focuses on two fundamental graph-theoretic concepts: eccentricity and the center of a connected graph. The eccentricity of each vertex is computed to determine its structural influence within the horoscope graph, while the graph center identifies the most central and influential vertices that govern the overall configuration. By analyzing these parameters, the framework identifies dominant planetary or house influences and derives horoscope characteristics without requiring prior knowledge of astrology. This approach transforms qualitative astrological reasoning into a quantitative and algorithmic process, providing an objective basis for horoscope interpretation.The study demonstrates that graph-theoretic measures can effectively capture the intrinsic structure of horoscope charts and reveal significant patterns corresponding to traditional astrological outcomes.

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Connected graphs, Digraphs, Vertices, Edges, Degree of a vertex, Isolated vertex, Eccentricity, Center, Horoscope, Planets, Zodiac Signs, Houses, Aspects,

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Skin diseases are being considered as a major health problem in children, as it leadsto discomfort and significant morbidity among them. Skin diseases have been comprehended underthe heading of Kushta in Ayurveda. Dadru Kushta is common skin infestation. Dadru Kushta is being aKshudra Kushta has Kapha Pitta dominance. Skin diseases are the major reason behind social stigma and it can affect the physical, psychological and social wellbeing of the patient. Dadru is one of the Kshudra Kustha as per the Charak Samhita and it's been considered under the heading of Mahakusthaas per the reference of Sushruta Samhita. Dadru shows the features of Raga, Pidaka,and Mandala. It is having predominance of Kapha-Pitta Dosha. Though it is highly contagious skin disease as per the reference of Sushruta Samhita it can be compared with fungal infections under the heading of Tinea corporis which is extremely common dermatophyte infection In modern science the clinical manifestation of Dadru isclosely similar to local fungal infection/tinea infection which is affecting up to 15% of population.Excessive severe itching and red patches are the common clinical manifestation which can be diagnosed by Darshana and Prashana Pariksha.This is a case study of 9 year female child brought by her parents to Balroga OPD having complaints of Raga (Erythema), Kandu (Itching), Pidka (Granular surface), Utsanna Mandal (Circular elevation of skin). Patient was diagnosed with Dadru (Tinea infection) and managed by Shaman Chikitsa i.e., external application of Malhara & Arogyavardhini vati. Treatment for 21 days along with Pathya-Apathya mentioned in Ayurvedic text was followed.The patient got speedy recovery from all the symptoms of Dadru within 15 days. Classical Dadru Chikitsa mentioned in Ayurveda text is effective in the management of Tinea infection.

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Dadru Kushta, Pitta Dosha, Kapha Dosha, Balroga,Tinea infection, Ayurveda.

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Women constitute an important but frequently under-recognized workforce in fisheries and fish marketing. Their participation extends across fish collection, sorting, grading, processing, preservation, transportation, retailing, value addition and local trade. Although women's contribution is particularly significant in the post-harvest segment of the fisheries value chain, their economic and social position remains constrained by limited access to fish, credit, transportation, storage, market infrastructure, technology, information, institutional support and decision-making opportunities. Globally, women represented approximately 62% of workers in the post-harvest fisheries sector, demonstrating their central importance to aquatic food value chains. In India, official fisheries-sector reports similarly recognize women's substantial involvement in post-harvest activities, marketing and value addition. The present paper examines women's participation in the fish marketing value chain, focusing on their socio-economic opportunities, gender-specific constraints and pathways towards sustainable livelihood development. The study is based on a review and synthesis of secondary information obtained from FAO reports, Government of India publications, ICAR sources and peer-reviewed studies on fisherwomen and fish vendors. The analysis indicates that fish marketing can provide women with employment, household income, entrepreneurship opportunities, financial independence, social networking and greater participation in household decision-making. However, informal employment, price uncertainty, inadequate infrastructure, occupational hazards, limited access to institutional credit, competition from larger traders and organized retail, gender discrimination and weak bargaining power continue to restrict their empowerment. Evidence from Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat and other Indian regions shows that women's economic outcomes are strongly influenced by their access to productive resources, social networks, market information and investment capacity. The paper argues that women's empowerment should not be confined to increasing their numerical participation in fish marketing; rather, it should involve improving their ownership of productive assets, control over income, bargaining power, access to institutions, leadership and participation in value-chain governance. Strengthening women's self-help groups and cooperatives, improving market infrastructure, expanding digital and financial inclusion, promoting value-added fish products, improving social protection and occupational safety, and integrating gender-responsive policies can substantially contribute to sustainable livelihood development and a more inclusive fisheries economy.

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Women empowerment, fisherwomen, fish marketing, fisheries value chain, gender inequality, livelihood development, value addition, fish vendors, financial inclusion, sustainable fisheries.

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In the present digital era, possessing digital literacy skills is crucial in order to attain success in education, employment and in all daily routine activities. This enables people to locate, evaluate, create and responsibly share information through online platforms simultaneously adhering to the ethical standards. Acquiring digital literacy skills aids an individual to keep pace with the technological advancements, digital materials can be critically evaluated, online privacy and security can be safeguarded and expressively engage in the digital sphere. The students of Library and Information Science (LIS) are anticipated to have a wide range of digital competencies to excel in their career path. This study focuses to investigate the digital literacy skills of the Library and Information Science (LIS) students in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India. A quantitative methodology was applied with a descriptive survey pattern followed to collect data from 51 students through a structured google survey questionnaire. The questionnaire has a 4 point Likert scale along with demographic information; it also assessed the levels of digital literacy, evaluated the proficiency of the respondents in using the internet and technology tools for information retrieval and identified the various challenges and the areas that required training and enhancement.

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Digital Literacy, Digital Literacy Skills, Information Literacy, LIS, ICT

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India's transition from rule-based to role-based civil service administration requires systematic capacity building aligned with employee competencies. The iGOT Karmayogi digital learning platform, launched under Mission Karmayogi (2020), has achieved unprecedented scale--over 1.7 crore users and 5,600 courses across 23 languages by mid-2026. However, platform reach does not automatically translate into competency development or workplace performance improvement. This study examines the effectiveness of iGOT Karmayogi for central government employees through documentary analysis and literature synthesis, addressing a critical research gap: whether course completion represents genuine learning and competency transfer. Findings reveal significant opportunities in role-based learning pathways, multilingual accessibility, and competency-linked career progression, alongside challenges including completion-oriented compliance culture, limited workplace transfer mechanisms, and evaluation gaps. The study proposes an Access-Learning-Competency-Transfer-Impact framework that moves beyond quantitative completion metrics toward qualitative competency and performance outcomes. Recommendations focus on strengthening post-course workplace assessment, supervisor involvement, and impact evaluation. This research contributes to understanding how digital learning infrastructure can genuinely transform civil service capacity rather than merely expanding training participation.

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iGOT Karmayogi, competency-based training, digital learning, civil service capacity building, training transfer, workplace performance, central government employees, Mission Karmayogi

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This paper presents a performance evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV)-powered brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor drive for electric-vehicle propulsion. The developed system integrates a 1200 W PV array, particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a Zeta DC-DC converter, a bidirectional buck-boost battery interface, a three-phase voltage-source inverter, and a BLDC motor. The PV source is modeled using a single-diode representation, while the PSO controller searches for the converter duty cycle that maximizes extracted PV power. The Zeta converter conditions the PV voltage and provides a regulated DC link, and the battery supports energy balance during changing requirements. MATLAB/Simulink simulation is used to examine PV characteristics, converter output, battery behavior, inverter operation, motor speed, torque, and speed transitions. At the operating condition, the PV array produces approximately 78 V, 15.2 A, and 1185 W, while the converter provides about 198 V, 5.1 A, and 1010 W. Battery voltage is maintained near 200 V, charging current is approximately 1.15 A, and SOC remains close to 62%. The BLDC drive demonstrates rapid speed tracking, with acceleration and deceleration settling times of 0.075 s and 0.082 s, respectively. These results demonstrate coordinated operation of the source, conversion stages, storage, and traction drive.

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Photovoltaic system; BLDC motor; electric vehicle; PSO-MPPT; Zeta converter

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Meitei women in Manipur hold a paradoxically central yet complex position in society. While highly visible and economically independent through institutions like the historic Ima Keithel (Mothers' Market), they remain subject to patriarchal norms, political underrepresentation, and high rates of domestic conflict within the community the Meitei society in Manipur, a Brahamanical Hindu society, royally patronized is unique with instances of female independence and power. To a certain extent the women of Manipur enjoyed a degree of freedom as in case of choosing their life partner, the absence of dowry and honour killings but the women are still not free from being the victims of exploitation of a patriarchal setup. ?The women do have a highly productive role in the socio-economic realm of the society as well as in the household but they still do not occupy an equal status with the men. They still do not have much say in making decisions. The purpose of this essay is to discuss how the role played by the Meitei women is very different to the status they occupy in the society

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Brahamanical , Community, Paradoxically

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