Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Three-phase induction motors form the backbone of industrial drives, yet they remain vulnerable to thermal overload, overcurrent and abnormal supply voltage, each of which shortens winding life and causes unplanned downtime. Conventional thermal overload relays and fuses act only after a fault has fully developed, and they retain no record of the operating conditions that preceded the trip, so continuous monitoring of the machine is required if abnormal conditions are to be detected early and the motor isolated before damage occurs. This paper reports the design, construction and operation of a prototype Internet of Things based monitoring and protection system built around an ESP32 microcontroller. Analogue temperature, current and voltage sensing channels are connected to the microcontroller, which digitises each quantity, converts the raw conversion result into engineering units using the scaling factors embedded in the firmware, and compares the result against threshold values held in the program. When a monitored quantity leaves its permitted band the microcontroller de-energises a relay through a Darlington driver stage and thereby disconnects the motor supply. The measured values are simultaneously written to a 16x2 liquid crystal display for local indication and uploaded over the on-board Wi-Fi interface to a ThingSpeak channel, where they are recorded as three separate fields and can be observed remotely from any browser. The complete circuit was fabricated on a single-sided printed circuit board using the screen-printing and etching route. The significance of the implementation lies in combining local threshold-based tripping with cloud-side visibility of the machine on a single low-cost embedded platform.

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Induction motor protection, ESP32, Internet of Things, ThingSpeak, overcurrent protection, thermal protection, relay, voltage monitoring, embedded system.

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Breastfeeding; Primi mothers; Planned teaching programme; Nursing education.

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Smart Local Farmers Marketplace System Using Digital Commerce Technologies

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Smart Local Farmers Marketplace System Using Digital Commerce Technologies

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Barbara Kingsolver's Prodigal Summer is a landmark ecofeminist novel that intertwines the lives of women and the wild landscapes they inhabit. This article examines how Kingsolver uses interconnected narratives to depict the symbiotic relationship between women and nature, portraying ecological awareness and female empowerment as revolutionary acts. By analyzing the novel's central characters--Deanna Wolfe, Lusa Landowski, and Nannie Rawley--through an ecofeminist lens, the study explores how Kingsolver challenges patriarchal and anthropocentric worldviews. It argues that Prodigal Summer not only celebrates ecological resilience but also frames it as inherently political, linking personal liberation to environmental stewardship.

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Environment, Feminist Ecology, Wilderness, Revolution, Intersectionality, Ecocriticism.

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Arundhati Roy's The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017) provides an interesting literary analysis of political and social paradoxes in contemporary India. Exploring the experiences of individuals and communities positioned beyond the hegemonic centers of power, the novel is based on events that take place in Delhi, Kashmir, Gujarat, and other regions of violence and forced migration. In this article, the interrelation of grief and resistance in the novel will be discussed, revealing how grief is presented as a means not only for the response to the suffering but also for remembering and transforming it into resistance. Frantz Fanon's criticism of postcolonial nationalism as described in The Wretched of the Earth, namely, The Pitfalls of National Consciousness, will serve as a primary source of the present analysis; however, some insights from the historical account of Indian nationalism by Robert I. Crane will also be considered. Insights regarding racism, caste, gender, and political representation will be provided in accordance with the works of Robert Miles and Malcolm Brown, Uttamkumar S. Bagde, Prashant Maurya and Nagendra Kumar, and Danish Suleman, Abdul Halim Mohamed, and Md. Firoj Ahmmed. This article addresses the issues of neoliberal development, dispossession, violence, communalism, caste oppression, and the Kashmir dispute, as portrayed in the novel. This article also claims that Roy turns individual and collective mourning into counter-memory/counter-archive through narrative. Places like Khwabgah show how alternative communities of care and recognition might confront hegemonic notions of belonging. The article concludes that The Ministry of Utmost Happiness reframes nationalism as an ethical question of belonging.

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Keywords: Politics of Grief, Resistance, Postcolonial Nationalism, State Violence, Neoliberalism, Caste, Communalism, Kashmir, Marginality, Counter-Archive

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This paper critically examines A Handful of Rice by Kamala Markandaya through feminist and postcolonial frameworks, with a focus on the gendered dimensions of survival in conditions of urban poverty. The study argues that the deeper structural force of the novel lies in the silent endurance of women, particularly Nalini, even though the narrative primarily follows Ravi's struggle for survival. Women's domestic, emotional, and reproductive labour remains invisible, even though it sustains both the household and society, as the paper demonstrates through the feminist theories of Simone de Beauvoir, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Chandra Talpade Mohanty. The analysis demonstrates that Nalini's silence and resilience do not represent passive submission. Instead, they function as a form of negotiated agency shaped by social constraints and material conditions. The novel reveals the intersection of patriarchy and poverty, showing how these forces intensify female marginalization while simultaneously relying on women's labour for survival. Through this portrayal, Markandaya exposes the structural inequalities that sustain gendered exploitation. Ultimately, the study argues that the novel redefines survival as a deeply gendered experience and offers a critique of the socio-economic systems that perpetuate inequality.

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Feminism; Survival; Patriarchy; Emotional Labour; Poverty; Subaltern; Indian English Fiction; Gender; Resistance

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This paper offers a feminist and psychological analysis of Shashi Deshpande's The Dark Holds No Terrors, focusing on the ways in which silence, trauma, and patriarchal conditioning shape the protagonist Sarita's fragmented identity. Using qualitative textual analysis and feminist theoretical perspectives, the study examines the tension between Sarita's professional success and her experience of domestic oppression. The analysis reveals that patriarchal norms function both externally and internally, leading to emotional repression, silence, and identity conflict. The paper argues that Deshpande exposes the limitations of apparent female empowerment within a male-dominated social structure. It further demonstrates that self-awareness and the confrontation of personal trauma are essential for achieving autonomy. The study highlights the novel's significance within Indian feminist literature and its continued relevance to contemporary discussions of gender, identity, and power.

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Feminism, Trauma, Silence, Identity, Patriarchy, Female Subjectivity

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a technology, but also a primary tool for constructing cinematic

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Locating nearby commercial establishments and reaching them by the shortest practical path remains a recurring difficulty for users of general-purpose web mapping tools, which are designed for broad search rather than business-specific discovery. This paper presents a web-based store locator and routing system built on the Django web framework, the GeoDjango spatial extension, and a PostGIS-enabled relational database, integrating location-aware store search and route generation into a single interface. Users can search stores by name, category, or proximity, view matching results on an interactive map, and obtain a distance-optimized route computed using the Haversine great-circle distance formula. An administrative module supports centralized management of store records, including category, address, geographic coordinates, and operating hours. The system was evaluated on datasets of 100 to 5000 store records and compared against a conventional, non-spatially-indexed search implementation. The proposed system achieved higher search accuracy (92-95% versus 82-88% for the baseline) and lower response times across all tested dataset sizes, indicating that spatial indexing scales more favourably than flat relational search as the number of records grows. The architecture offers a practical, low-cost reference design for retail, healthcare, banking, and tourism applications that require integrated place discovery and navigation.

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Store Locator; Route Optimization; Geographic Information System (GIS); GeoDjango; Location-Based Services; Spatial Database; Haversine Formula; Web-GIS

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Nerium oleander is a rich source of secondary metabolites with potential biological activities. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Nerium oleander flowers was evaluated for its phytochemical constituents, chromatographic profile, and antimicrobial activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative chemical tests to detect major classes of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and cardiac glycosides, which are known to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica gel 60 F254 plates using suitable solvent systems to separate the chemical constituents of the extract. Distinct spots with characteristic Rf values were observed under visible and ultraviolet light, confirming the presence of multiple phytochemical components and demonstrating the complexity of the flower extract. The TLC fingerprint obtained can serve as a reference for the identification and quality control of Nerium oleander flower extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, as well as fungal species, using the agar well diffusion method. The methanolic flower extract exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. The observed activity may be attributed to the synergistic effects of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides present in the extract. Overall, the findings suggest that Nerium oleander flower extract contains diverse bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial potential. The combination of phytochemical screening, TLC profiling, and antimicrobial evaluation supports the possible use of this plant as a natural source of antimicrobial agents and provides a scientific basis for further isolation and characterization of its active constituents.

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Nerium oleander, phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography, antimicrobial activity, methanolic extract, medicinal plants

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The rapid adoption of hybrid work models has significantly transformed the working environment in the Information Technology (IT) sector. Hybrid work combines office-based and remote working arrangements, providing employees with greater flexibility while creating new challenges related to communication, collaboration, technology support, and work-life balance. This study examines employees' perceptions of hybrid work models among IT professionals in Chennai. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 112 employees through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. The study evaluates employee perceptions regarding work flexibility, communication, collaboration, technology support, work-life balance, and organizational support. Statistical tools including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that employees generally have positive perceptions of hybrid work, with work flexibility and work-life balance emerging as the strongest influencing factors. Technology support also contributes significantly to favourable employee perceptions, whereas communication and collaboration require further organizational attention. Significant differences were observed across age, work experience, and job designation, while gender showed no significant influence. The study concludes that effective organizational support, robust digital infrastructure, and employee-centric policies are essential for enhancing hybrid work experiences and sustaining employee productivity in the IT sector.

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Hybrid Work Model, Employee Perception, IT Sector, Work Flexibility, Work-Life Balance, Organizational Support, Employee Productivity.

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Education is widely recognized as one of the most effective instruments for promoting social justice, equality, and human development. In India, the constitutional framework envisages an egalitarian society where every individual has equal access to opportunities irrespective of caste, religion, gender, language, or socio-economic background. Education serves as a transformative tool that empowers marginalized communities, enhances social mobility, and strengthens democratic participation. The Constitution of India incorporates several provisions aimed at ensuring educational access and reducing social inequalities. This paper adopts a doctrinal research approach to examine the constitutional and legal framework governing education as an instrument of social justice in India. The study analyses constitutional provisions, legislative enactments, judicial pronouncements, and policy initiatives that seek to promote educational equity and inclusion. Particular emphasis is placed on Articles 14, 15, 21A, 29, 30, 38, 41, 45, and 46 of the Constitution, along with the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 and the National Education Policy, 2020. The paper argues that although India possesses a comprehensive constitutional framework for educational justice, challenges relating to accessibility, quality, socio-economic disparities, and digital exclusion continue to hinder its realization. The study concludes that effective implementation of educational laws and policies is essential for transforming constitutional promises into social realities.

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Social Justice, Education, Constitution of India, Right to Education, Equality, Educational Inclusion, Constitutional Law

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Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with SAP S/4HANA is examined here as a driver of smart manufacturing and intelligent enterprise management, culminating in a conceptual framework that links specific AI capabilities to SAP S/4HANA manufacturing modules. Adopting a secondary research design, the study synthesises evidence from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and industry reports on Artificial Intelligence, Industry 4.0, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, and SAP S/4HANA, reviewed systematically to surface recurring themes and reported outcomes. Four themes emerge consistently across the literature: AI-driven production planning and scheduling, predictive maintenance, AI-enabled decision support, and AI-based supply chain and demand forecasting. Reported outcomes associated with AI-integrated SAP S/4HANA adoption include production efficiency gains of 25%-35%, downtime reductions of up to 30% through predictive maintenance, decision-making speed improvements of approximately 40%, and inventory optimisation gains of 20%-25%. These findings inform a proposed conceptual framework mapping AI application onto four core SAP S/4HANA modules: Production Planning, Quality Management, Plant Maintenance, and Supply Chain Management. Where prior literature treats AI and SAP S/4HANA largely as separate streams, the present study stands among the first to consolidate the available evidence into a single, structured framework linking specific AI capabilities to specific SAP S/4HANA manufacturing functions, giving organisations a practical reference point for planning AI-led ERP transformation. Being literature-based, the study synthesises findings already published rather than primary data, and the proposed framework awaits empirical validation; future work through case studies or practitioner surveys would help establish its practical value.

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Smart Manufacturing; Artificial Intelligence; SAP S/4HANA; Industry 4.0; Intelligent ERP; Predictive Maintenance

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Diabetes mellitus is a world wide problem in the present modified lifestyle.India is one of the top most country with the highest prevalence rate of DM.The incidence rate of DM increasing day by day due to sedentary lifestyle,unhealthy food habits.As it is a lifestyle disorder,pathya-ahara plays a vital role in controlling blood sugar level.

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Prameha

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In India's economy, gold has a special and significant significance as a hedge against uncertainty, a store of value, and a cultural asset.At the same time, India's GDP is a good indicator of the country's overall economic health.Gaining knowledge of the relationship between gold prices and India's GDP can help one better understand trade dynamics, investor behaviour, and the consequences for economic policy. An analytical prediction of India's GDP growth and domestic gold prices from 2025 to 2030 is provided in this article. The projection is based on historical data (2015-2024), macroeconomic trends, inflation expectations, the direction of monetary policy, and the dynamics of the world gold market.

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Economic growth, GDP, Gold price, monetary policy, macroeconomics.

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Tourism has become an important factor influencing regional development especially when it comes to geographically and environmentally unique destinations like Leh, Ladakh. The fast development of tourism has created socio-economic benefits including job creation, improvements in infrastructure, support to local entrepreneurship and protection of cultural heritage. Nevertheless, the development of the tourism industry has led to the aggravation of different problems such as environmental pollution, resource depletion, waste management problems, seasonal overpopulation and problems with local infrastructure. The current paper presents a systematic review of literature concerning socio-economic impacts and challenges associated with sustainable tourism in Leh. Literature has been chosen based on keyword searches in the main academic database, with about 120 publications identified in total. Based on their relevance, 90 peer-reviewed publications have been selected to provide a literature review of socio-economic impacts of tourism in Leh. The literature review focuses on such topics as motivation of tourists, choice of destination, tourist services quality, tourist satisfaction, border tourism, and sustainable tourism. Thus, the findings reveal that tourism has had a considerable influence on regional development, providing more job opportunities to local people. However, the sustainability of this industry is connected with certain measures to be undertaken.

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Sustainable Tourism, Socio-Economic Impacts, Border Tourism, Tourist Satisfaction, Tourist Motivation, Leh-Ladakh

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The core aim of this paper is to implement the existential elements in the select works of Franz Kafka, such as The Metamorphosis and A Hunger Artist. Kafka's writing describes their profound engagement with the complexities of human existence, especially for the individual's struggle to construct meaning and identity in a different and irrational world. Here, in the paper, the scholar wants to apply existential tools such as alienation, identity crises, absurdity, meaninglessness, and isolation in selected works. The primary focus of this research is to study existential philosophy and its key elements, as well as to explore existential and modern crises in human life through the selected works of Kafka. Through the works of Franz Kafka, the researcher wants to study human life and its structure with selected existential tools. After applying these core elements to both works, the researcher will critically evaluate them based on the arguments of both protagonists. The writings of Franz Kafka highlight how his narrative reflects the universal condition of existential anxiety and the continuous search for identity and purpose in human life.

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Alienation, Existential Crisis, identity, Absurdity, Meaninglessness, Isolation, Kafka

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Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), particularly arbitration, was introduced in India as a faster, cheaper, and less adversarial substitute for litigation. However, when the State or its instrumentalities are parties, standard-form government contracts frequently reserve unilateral power to appoint the arbitrator or ADR chair. Such clauses convert ADR from a neutral dispute resolution mechanism into a tool of outcome control. The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 sought to correct this structural bias by inserting Section 12(5) and the Seventh Schedule, which make serving government employees and interested appointing authorities ineligible to act as arbitrators. Yet because the amendment has been held to be non-retrospective, a two-tier system of justice has emerged. Post-2015 contracts benefit from stricter neutrality norms, while pre-2015 contracts remain vulnerable to State-appointed employee arbitrators. Drawing on Indian case law and legislative history, this paper argues that the State's repeat-player advantage and old contractual clauses continue to undermine the legitimacy of ADR. The paper concludes that justice appears biased depending on who the parties are, and recommends institutional and legislative reforms to restore neutrality.

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ADR, arbitration, neutrality, State contracts, Section 12(5), Seventh Schedule, unilateral appointment, repeat players, non-retrospectivity.

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Marma vijnana forms one of the foundational and clinically significant domains of Rachana Shareera, integrating structural anatomy with the principle of vital, injury-sensitive points described in classical Ayurvedic texts. Among the Sandhi Marmas, Kurpara (elbow) and Janu (knee) occupy the joints connecting the proximal and distal segments of the upper and lower limbs respectively. This article compiles the classical descriptions of Kurpara and Janu Marma with respect to nirukti, panchabautikatva - based classification (Sankhya, Rachana, Shadanga, Pramana and Parinama bheda), the underlying anatomical structures, the consequences of injury (Viddha Lakshana), and correlates these with clinically recognised conditions of the elbow and knee, with the aim of presenting an integrated Ayurvedic and modern anatomical understanding of these two vital joints.

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Kurpara Marma, Janu Marma, Sandhi Marma, Vaikalyakara Marma, elbow joint, knee joint, clinical anatomy.

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The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry drives global economic growth through tourism while facilitating cultural exchange and employment opportunities. The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry leads the development of physical and experiential destination landscapes as tourism continues to advance. The chapter examines how AEC innovations develop sustainable tourism infrastructure that ensures accessibility and resistance to challenges. The research examines smart technology applications, including Building Information Modeling (BIM) Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve operational efficiency and sustainability, and visitor satisfaction in tourism spaces. The chapter demonstrates how adaptive reuse and heritage conservation along with green building certifications LEED BREEAM and GRIHA work to maintain cultural heritage while promoting environmental sustainability.

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Tourism infrastructure, AEC industry, sustainable design, smart technologies, heritage conservation, digital transformation

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