Volume 14 | Issue 8

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Abstract This article applies Homi K. Bhabha's postcolonial theory, as elaborated in The Location of Culture (1994), to Orhan Pamuk's novel Snow (2002; trans. Maureen Freely, 2004). It argues that the novel dramatises three of Bhabha's central concepts -- mimicry, the Third Space, and the unhomely -- with unusual fidelity and complexity. Ka, the Turkish poet who returns from twelve years of exile in Germany to the snowbound border city of Kars, is read as a version of Bhabha's mimic man: an intellectual whose identity is constituted in the ambivalent, interstitial space between European modernity and Turkish cultural formation. The National Theatre -- where Sunay Zaim's theatrical coup becomes actual political violence -- is read as a Third Space in Bhabha's sense: a site where the boundary between the performed and the real, the secular and the sacred, is perpetually contested and never resolved. The novel's treatment of Turkish nationhood is further read through Bhabha's concept of DissemiNation: the nation split within itself, articulating the heterogeneity of its population in a double-time of pedagogical authority and performative disruption. The article argues that Pamuk's novel, set in a forgotten Anatolian city during an engineered political crisis, maps with striking precision the structural conditions that Bhabha identifies as constitutive of postcolonial cultural ambivalence.

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Keywords: Homi Bhabha, mimicry, Third Space, the unhomely, DissemiNation, Orhan Pamuk, Snow, postcolonial theory, Turkish literature, colonial ambivalence, cultural difference

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The colonial period marked a significant phase in the history of Udupi District, bringing profound changes in its socio-economic, political, and cultural structures. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Mysore in 1799, the region became part of the British-administered South Canara District under the Madras Presidency. British policies introduced new systems of land revenue, administration, education, transportation, and trade, which transformed the traditional society and economy of the region. During the colonial period, the establishment of modern educational institutions, the development of road and communication networks, and the encouragement extended to agriculture and maritime trade contributed to the progress of the district. At the same time, colonial rule created economic inequalities and altered indigenous institutions. This article examines the impact of colonial rule on the development of Udupi, focusing on economic growth, social change, educational advancement, cultural transformation, and political awakening. The study highlights how colonial interventions contributed to modernization while also generating challenges that shaped the district's historical trajectory.

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Colonial Rule, Udupi District, British Administration, Socio-Economic Development, Cultural Change, South Canara.

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Background: Curcumin, the primary bioactive component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, its limited solubility in water and low bioavailability pose significant challenges in the development of formulations. Objective: This study aimed to create curcumin tablets and assess their pharmaceutical characteristics in comparison to a commercially available curcumin tablet. Methods: Curcumin tablets were produced utilizing suitable tablet manufacturing methods such as direct compression or wet granulation. Both the formulated and marketed tablets underwent evaluation for various quality control parameters, including weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution studies. The results obtained were analyzed and compared.

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Curcumin, Tablet Formulation, Comparative Analysis, Dissolution Study, Drug Content, Marketed Tablet, Quality Assessment

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Amlapitta is one of the most frequently encountered disorders of Annavaha Strotas, primarily resulting from the vitiation of Pitta dosha in association with Ama. The pathological combination of these two factors leads to the formation of Amla and Vidagdha. Pitta, which disrupts the normal digestive process and produces a spectrum of symptoms. Classical Ayurvedic literature describes Amlapitta as a condition characterized by Amlodgara, Utklesha, Hriddaha, Tikta-Amlavarcha, Avipaka, and a general sensation of discomfort and heaviness in the abdomen. In modern science, Amlapitta closely resembles acid dyspepsia, hyperacidity, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), highlighting the timeless relevance of its classical description. Modern lifestyle factors--irregular dietary habits, excessive consumption of spicy or fermented foods, stress, and sedentary routines--further contribute to its rising prevalence. This article critically reviews Amlapitta through Ayurvedic lens, emphasizing its etiopathogenesis, clinical features, classification, and underlying samprapti mechanisms as described in classical texts. It also explores the classical management principles including Langhana, Pachana, Shamana, and Shodhana therapies, highlighting the approach of Ayurveda in restoring digestive balance and preventing recurrence. This review aims to bridge classical Ayurvedic references with modern understanding, offering a comprehensive perspective on the diagnosis and management of Amlapitta.

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Amlapitta, Pittaj vikara, Langhan, Pachan, Hyperacidity

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Institutional delivery, Knowledge, Attitude, Pregnant women, ANC

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Micro-nutrient deficiencies or "Hidden hunger", affects over 2 billion people worldwide and causes anemia, stunted growth, weak immunity, and cognitive delays. Food fortification has emerged as a key public health strategy to address these deficiencies. This review complies information on fortification strategies, techniques, implementation methods and challenges based on historical development, global initiatives, and India's national programs. Addition of micro-nutrients to everyday foods has proven effective in reducing nutritional deficiencies. India's +F program, launched by FSSAI in 2016, is among the largest, standardizing fortification for rice, wheat flour, oils, double-fortified salt, and milk. Methods range from dry mixing to pelleting, though challenges like tech limits, regulations, acceptance, and equity persist. Food fortification offers proven health, economic, and social gains. Its Success depends on strong political will, strong regulations, partnerships, innovation, and ties to wider nutrition plans.

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Food fortification, micro-nutrient deficiencies, hidden hunger, public health, nutrition policy, FSSAI, +F program

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Karl Marx (1818-1883) is widely recognized as one of the most influential social thinker of the 19th century. His theory of social change is known as 'Historical Materialism', which influenced contemporary sociology, political science, economics, and philosophy as well. The objective of the present paper is focus upon Marx's view of social change and finally look into its social implications In this regard the paper wants to find out how far Marx was influenced by Hegel in formulating his theory of social change. In the fulfillment of this objective, first the paper would focus upon Hegel's general philosophical background and then Marx's theory of social change. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) was one of the greatest and most influential German philosophers of the 19th century. That which is interesting to note is that apart from being a metaphysical thinker, Hegel was also a great social and political philosopher. In the history of philosophy, Hegel has been described as an idealist and monist, for, he regarded the Spirit or Idea (Geist), or God to be the only reality. It is significant to note that Hegel proposed a method or process by which the Spirit becomes self-conscious; it is known as the dialectical method. It is the method of progression through negation or conflict. Marx was influenced by Hegel's Dialectical Method. But he rejected Hegel's Idealism and proposed his theory of Historical Materialism. He believed that the primary cause behind social change is class struggle which is caused by economic inequality between the classes. It is through class struggle that the history of human society has changed over the years. The ultimate aim of such class struggle is the establishment of socialism and finally communism. The present paper would try to focus upon Marx's concept of class and class struggle and show how they influenced the later sociological, social and political thinkers.

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Historical Materialsm, Dialectical Method, Class, Class Struggle, Socialism, Communism.

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The complexes of para-Bromobenzoylthioacetophenone have good therapeutic applications. The Overall stability constants of bivalent complexes of Copper, Nickel, Zinc and Cadmium with the said ligand have been determined potentiometrically at three different temperatures using Calvin-Bjerrum potentiometric technique as modified by Irving and Rossotti. From a knowledge of overall stability constant data, standard change in Free energy and Enthalpy were determined with the help of appropriate methods. Finally, the Standard Change in Entropy (?S0) accompanying the above complexations were evaluated using the thermodynamic relation, ?G0 = ?H0 - T?S0. From the data obtained, Standard change in Entropy have been properly discussed.

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Stability Constant, Potentiometric technique, Standard change in Entropy.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare, extending its influence beyond clinical diagnosis and patient care into the domain of healthcare finance. Healthcare organisations worldwide face increasing financial pressures arising from escalating treatment costs, complex insurance systems, billing inefficiencies, fraudulent claims, and growing demands for cost-effective service delivery. AI-powered technologies - including machine learning, natural language processing, robotic process automation, and predictive analytics - are increasingly being integrated into financial operations to improve efficiency, enhance decision-making, reduce administrative costs, and strengthen financial sustainability. This study presents a systematic review of the existing literature on the application of artificial intelligence in healthcare finance and its implications for medical economics. The review examines major areas of AI implementation, including revenue cycle management, automated medical billing, insurance claims processing, fraud detection, financial forecasting, hospital resource allocation, and cost optimisation. The study further explores how AI contributes to improving operational efficiency, minimising financial risks, enhancing transparency, and supporting evidence-based financial planning within healthcare institutions.

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Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare Finance, Medical Economics, Intelligent Financial Systems, Revenue Cycle Management, Predictive Analytics, Hospital Financial Management.

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This paper explores the relationship between language, identity, and cultural continuity in N. Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn and Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony.

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Cultural Continuity, Indigenous Identity, language and Culture, Native American Literature, Oral Literature.

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Understanding the distinction between Nanatmaja and Samanyaja Kaphaja Vikara is fundamental in Ayurvedic diagnostics and clinical decision-making. Nanatmaja Kaphaja Vikara are diseases produced solely by Kapha Dosha, reflecting direct disturbances in properties of Kapha such as Sheeta, Guru, Manda, and Picchila. These disorders exhibit straightforward etiological factors, simple Samprapti, limited Strotodushti, and characteristic Kapha-dominant clinical features like heaviness, lethargy, and excess secretions. In contrast, Samanyaja Kaphaja Vikara arise from general Kapha vitiation combined with other Dosha or systemic factors, resulting in more complex and multi-layered disease processes such as Shwasa, Kasa, and Prameha. This review analyzes classical sources to derive clear diagnostic criteria based on nidana, rupa, samprapti, and chikitsa. Differentiation between these two categories enhances diagnostic precision and guides appropriate therapeutic planning, supporting individualized management according to Kapha involvement and pathological dominance.

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Kaphaja Vikara, Nanatmaja Vyadhi, Samanyaja Vyadhi, Ayurveda, Kapha dosha

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Climate change and natural disasters are posing unprecedented challenges for the eastern coastal population of India. Odisha, being a coastal state, is a perfect case study for examining the integration of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) methods in the context of Bhadrak District. It is prone to cyclones, storm surges, and floods. This paper is primarily dominated by secondary sources of data, using a mixed-method approach by collecting data from government reports, institutional frameworks and peer-reviewed literature. Findings exposed that despite Odisha being a flagbearer of disaster management through its "zero casualty model" during cyclones, there are certain problems in ecosystem-based adaptation, community-based participation and climate adaptation mainstreaming. Vulnerability assessment data indicates exposure indices in Bhadrak district to be in the range of 0.65-0.78 and adaptation capability being limited by socio-economic factors. The study found that 35% of adaptation initiatives directly addressed catastrophe risk reduction, 45% reduced vulnerability and 20% enhanced ecological resilience. While concluding, prominent suggestions involve integrated coastal zone management, mangrove restoration of more than 1,000 hectares, enhanced early warning systems to the last mile and strengthening of multilevel governance. The findings inform evidence-based policy development for closing CCA-DRR implementation gaps in climate-vulnerable regions in line with the Sendai Framework and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords: Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, Mangrove Restoration, Bhadrak District, Sendai Framework, Sustainable Development Goals.

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Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, Mangrove Restoration, Bhadrak District, Sendai Framework, Sustainable Development Goals.

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Family relationships and peer networks are among the most consistent influences on the psychological adjustment of young adults during the undergraduate years. This study examined how parental involvement style, peer group quality, and family background relate to the self-reported mental well-being of undergraduate students across universities in Kerala. A structured 20-item questionnaire was administered to a sample of 850 undergraduate students across disciplines, years of study, and institutions. Findings indicate that students who described their parents as understanding and emotionally supportive reported markedly better mental well-being than those who described their parents as highly controlling or pressuring. Positive peer relationships were associated with more adaptive coping in the face of academic stress and romantic relationship setbacks. Students from broken or separated families were considerably more likely to report diminished trust in relationships and reduced optimism about the future. These findings underline the interconnected roles of family and peer environments in shaping student mental health and carry implications for counselling services and family-oriented interventions in Kerala's higher education institutions.

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parental pressure; peer influence; mental well-being; undergraduate students; Kerala; family structure

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Generation Z has emerged as the first truly digital-native generation, transforming the nature, organization, and impact of student protest movements across the world. Unlike earlier generations, Generation Z combines social media mobilization with conventional forms of collective action, enabling rapid dissemination of information, transnational solidarity, and decentralized leadership. While digital platforms have expanded democratic participation and civic engagement, they have also intensified political polarization, misinformation, and the potential for protest escalation. Against this backdrop, the present study comparatively examines contemporary Generation Z student protest movements across selected countries--including India, the United States, Bangladesh, France, Serbia, and Indonesia--to understand variations in protest characteristics, ethical conduct, digital mobilization, and state responses. The study adopts a comparative cross-national qualitative research design supported by secondary data drawn from peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, government reports, media archives, and international human rights organizations. Using thematic content analysis, the study investigates four key dimensions: (i) the socio-political triggers of student protests, (ii) the role of digital platforms in mobilization and organization, (iii) adherence to or departure from principles of protest ethics, and (iv) governmental responses ranging from dialogue and negotiation to coercive policing and legal restrictions. The findings suggest that Generation Z student movements generally originate through peaceful digital mobilization centered on demands for educational justice, democratic accountability, and social equity. However, the trajectory of protests differs significantly across countries depending on political context, institutional responsiveness, and the nature of state intervention. Countries that prioritized dialogue, transparency, and participatory engagement were more likely to experience peaceful protest outcomes, whereas delayed responses, excessive use of force, or restrictive measures frequently contributed to protest escalation and social conflict. The study also demonstrates that digital technologies function as a double-edged sword, simultaneously facilitating democratic participation and accelerating polarization, misinformation, and emotional mobilization. The paper argues that sustainable governance of contemporary student movements requires balancing constitutional rights to peaceful protest with the responsibility to maintain public order through ethical, transparent, and proportionate state responses. By integrating perspectives from digital activism, social movement theory, protest ethics, and democratic governance, the study contributes to the growing scholarship on Generation Z political participation and offers policy recommendations for educational institutions and governments seeking constructive engagement with contemporary student activism.

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Generation Z, Student Protest Movements, Digital Activism, Protest Ethics, Cross-National Comparative Study, State Responses, Social Movements, Higher Education.

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Sahaj Samadhi: Raman Maharshi

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Sahaj Samadhi: Raman Maharshi

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Ayurveda has given importance to skin diseases since the era of Veda. Dadru is a disease affecting the Twak with symptoms of Kandu, Mandala and Pidaka. It is a Kaphapitta Pradhana, where the symptom closely resembles with symptoms of Tinea infection. Dadru Kushta is due to consumption of Ati Amlalavana Sevana, Ati Snigdha and Drava Ahara Sevana and subjects who are taking Dadhi and Matsya with Kshira which leads to aggravation of Pitta and Kapha Doshas which causes derangement on the skin. In Ayurvedic classics, Virechana (purgation), Raktamokshna (bloodletting) and Shamana chikitsa (action remedy) will help to cure Dadru (fungal infection). Here we will discuss about Nidana (causative factors), Samprapti (etiopathogenesis), Lakshan (clinical features), Chikitsa (treatment), Pathya-Apathya and preventive methods of Dadru kushta (fungal infection).

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Dadru kushtha,tinea , Kshudra kushtha, kapha pitta dominance.

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Abstract This paper reconstructs the role of the Second Congress Ministry (1946-1947) in laying the foundations of industrialisation in Orissa and analyses the evolution of state policy and resource management up to 1977. Drawing on Five-Year Plan documents, the Industrial Policy Resolutions, and state financial records, it traces how national planning priorities were translated into provincial investment and how Orissa's mineral endowment was progressively harnessed through public and joint-sector enterprises. The study argues that Orissa's industrial trajectory during this period was substantially shaped by decisions made at the Centre--through the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 and the sequencing of Five-Year Plan allocations--rather than by autonomous provincial initiatives. The resulting pattern of investment produced a strategically lopsided model of industrialisation, with public investment concentrated in capital-intensive, mineral-based heavy industries such as steel, coal, hydroelectric power, and fertiliser production. While these investments transformed Orissa into a major industrial and mineral-producing state, they also resulted in weak industrial diversification, persistent regional disparities, limited employment generation, and inadequate value addition within the state.

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Orissa, Five-Year Plans, Industrial Policy Resolution, Rourkela Steel Plant, Hirakud, public sector enterprise

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This paper explores "The Fruit of My Woman" by Han Kang through the lens of Posthumanism, examining the destabilization of the human-nonhuman boundary in the narrative. The story depicts the gradual transformation of a woman into a plant-like entity, narrated through the perspective of her husband. Rather than presenting the metamorphosis as a pathological condition, the narrative invites readers to reconsider rigid definitions of the human body, agency and identity. Drawing on posthumanist frameworks that challenge anthropocentric thinking, this paper argues that the protagonist's transformation critiques human exceptionalism and patriarchal control over the female body. The woman's becoming-plant can be interpreted as a form of resistance against social expectations and normative human identity. Through this vegetal metamorphosis, the story foregrounds alternative modes of existence that blur the boundaries between human, nature and object. Furthermore, the narrative perspective--filtered through the husband's confusion and discomfort--reveals the limitations of human-centered perception when confronted with nonhuman forms of life and agency. The paper ultimately argues that the story presents a compelling exploration of posthuman subjectivity, where the dissolution of the human form opens possibilities for reimagining embodiment and coexistence with the nonhuman world.

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Posthumanism, Human-Nonhuman Boundary, Metamorphosis, Feminine Embodiment.

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This paper looks at how Kazuo Ishiguro uses memory in his novels to explore questions of moral responsibility. Focusing on The Remains of the Day (1989), Never Let Me Go (2005), and An Artist of the Floating World (1986), the study shows that Ishiguro's characters remember the past in ways that are selective and emotionally charged. In The Remains of the Day, Stevens's memories act as a kind of repression, allowing him to avoid facing his role in political wrongdoing. In Never Let Me Go, Kathy H.'s memories give dignity to the clones and resist the way society tries to erase their humanity. In An Artist of the Floating World, Ono's unreliable memories reveal the struggle between pride and guilt in postwar Japan, showing how memory can both hide and expose the truth. By connecting these novels to ideas from trauma studies and narrative ethics, the paper argues that Ishiguro turns memory into an ethical tool. His fiction suggests that remembering and forgetting are not just personal acts but moral choices that affect both individuals and societies.

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- Kazuo Ishiguro, memory, moral responsibility, trauma studies, narrative ethics, selective recollection, repression, resistance, dignity, guilt, postwar Japan

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Mental health nurses constitute a vital component of the healthcare workforce, delivering comprehensive care to individuals experiencing psychiatric disorders, emotional distress, substance use disorders, and psychosocial crises. Their responsibilities extend beyond direct patient care to include therapeutic communication, crisis intervention, patient advocacy, multidisciplinary collaboration, and family support. These complex roles expose mental health nurses to prolonged occupational stress, emotional exhaustion, compassion fatigue, workplace violence, ethical dilemmas, staffing shortages, and increasing administrative responsibilities. Persistent exposure to these stressors contributes significantly to burnout, negatively affecting nurses' physical and psychological well-being, job satisfaction, patient safety, quality of care, and organizational performance. Burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment, has become a major concern in psychiatric healthcare settings worldwide. Despite these challenges, resilience has emerged as a protective factor that enables nurses to adapt positively to adversity, maintain professional competence, and continue delivering compassionate, patient-centered care. Individual resilience, combined with supportive workplace environments, effective leadership, and organizational interventions, plays a crucial role in reducing stress and preventing burnout. This article reviews the current evidence regarding occupational stress, burnout, and resilience among mental health nurses. It discusses the major workplace stressors, prevalence of burnout, consequences for nurses and patients, factors influencing resilience, and evidence-based coping strategies at both individual and organizational levels. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of leadership, continuing professional development, psychological support, and healthy work environments in promoting resilience and improving workforce sustainability. Strengthening resilience through comprehensive interventions is essential for enhancing nurses' well-being, improving patient outcomes, and ensuring high-quality mental health services

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Mental health nursing, occupational stress, burnout, resilience, compassion fatigue, psychological well-being, coping strategies, psychiatric nursing

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