Volume 14 | Issue 8

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Benzoxazole, Thiazole, Molecular Hybridization, Anti-inflammatory Agents, Protein Denaturation Assay, Diclofenac Sodium.

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This study investigated peer pressure among higher secondary students in Aizawl North II Constituency across gender, locality, and class level. Using a descriptive survey design, data was gathered from 375 students selected via stratified proportionate random sampling using the standardized Peer Pressure Scale by Sandeep Singh and Sunil Saini. Results showed that most students (51.2%) experienced moderate peer pressure, while 24% and 24.8% reported high and low levels, respectively. The t-test analysis revealed significant gender differences (t = 3.058, p < 0.01), with male students scoring higher than females. Class XII students also reported significantly higher peer pressure (M = 65.78) than Class XI students (M = 61.78, t = 3.19, p < 0.01). Conversely, no significant difference was observed between urban and rural origin students (t = 0.876). These findings emphasize the need for targeted counseling and supportive school environments to help adolescents manage socio-academic pressures.

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Peer pressure, Higher Secondary Students, Adolescence, Gender Differences.

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This work examines natural-language computational tasks involving substantial uncertainty. It reviews debates on uncertainty modeling in probability and possibility theory, including Zadeh's claim that some Computing with Words tasks are unsuitable for probabilistic treatment. It proposes a constructive probabilistic approach using specialized Kolmogorov-measure probability spaces to clarify the relationship between the two theories. Introduced by L. A. Zadeh in the late 1970s, possibility theory models flexible restrictions from vague information. As a non-classical uncertainty theory, it differs from probability theory while remaining closely related to it. The discussion also highlights key similarities and differences between possibility theory and other uncertainty frameworks, especially probability theory.

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Natural language, Possibility theory, Probability theory, Relationship.

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ABSTRACT: The paper presents a method of projecting census data of a nation as Big Data for Analytics purpose. Census Data provides the demographics and details of the geographical, social and economic status of a country. This data are recorded once in a decade and is maintained by government. In India also we have a census data recording since 1872. We can imagine if we combine these data we will get a treasure of information which will be beneficial for the government, policy maker, planning commission to mend and implement beneficial policies and laws for citizens of the country. The paper explores the opportunities that will be created if we digitalized this historical data and use it for analytic purpose. It also discovers some suitable technologies that can be suited to develop such tool.

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KEYWORDS: Digital India, Census Data Analysis Tool, Big Data, Census data Analysis, Analytics.

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Online examinations have gained significant prominence due to their flexibility and cost efficiency, especially during extraordinary situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the absence of direct human supervision introduces serious challenges related to academic dishonesty. This paper focuses on detecting abnormal behaviors during online examinations to uphold academic integrity and analyzes the performance of various deep learning models, including DenseNet121, YOLOv5, and its advanced variant YOLOv8, for identifying typical cheating activities such as unusual head movements and the usage of electronic devices. A custom dataset comprising four categories of cheating behaviors was developed, along with an additional dataset obtained from Roboflow containing two classes: 'No Head Movement' and 'Head Movement. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP) were utilized to comprehensively assess the performance of the proposed models. DenseNet121 achieved an accuracy of 85%, whereas YOLOv5 recorded over 97% in precision, recall, and mAP, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time object detection. Furthermore, YOLOv8 exhibited superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.42%, precision of 97.95%, recall of 98.18%, F1-score of 98.06%, and mAP of 98.71%. These results indicate that YOLOv8 provides enhanced detection accuracy, improved localization capability, and robust real-time monitoring of candidate activities, making it highly suitable for intelligent online exam proctoring applications. The proposed framework provides a reliable, efficient, and scalable solution for automated online examination monitoring, significantly reducing the need for manual supervision while enhancing the fairness, security, and integrity of remote assessment environments

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Online Examinations Monitoring, Cheating Detection, Deep Learning, YOLOv8 Model

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Background: Biomedical waste management (BMWM) is an essential component of infection prevention and environmental safety in healthcare settings. Inadequate knowledge regarding biomedical waste handling among nursing students may increase the risk of healthcare-associated infections, occupational hazards, and environmental contamination. Structured educational interventions can improve students' understanding and promote safe waste management practices.

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Biomedical waste management, structured teaching programme, nursing students, knowledge, pre-experimental study.

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Agriculture continues to play an important role in the economic and social development of Karnataka despite the increasing dominance of industry and services in the state's economy. A large section of the rural population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. However, farm incomes remain vulnerable to fluctuations in crop prices, climatic conditions, rising input costs, fragmented landholdings, inadequate irrigation, market imperfections and post-harvest losses. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is one of the major agricultural price-policy instruments used by the Government of India to protect farmers against severe price declines and to encourage agricultural production. Its effectiveness, however, depends not only on the announced price but also on procurement, market access, storage, awareness and the ability of farmers to actually sell their produce at or above the MSP. Karnataka is an important producer of ragi, maize, tur, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, jowar and several horticultural crops. Several of these crops are covered under the MSP system. For the 2026-27 kharif marketing season, the Union Government fixed MSP at INR5,205 per quintal for ragi, INR2,410 for maize, INR8,450 for tur, INR7,517 for groundnut-in-shell, INR8,343 for sunflower seed and INR8,267 for medium-staple cotton. The Government states that MSPs for mandated crops are generally fixed to provide a return of at least 50 percent over the relevant cost of production measure. The article examines the relationship between MSP and farm income in Karnataka and argues that MSP can provide an important price floor but cannot, by itself, guarantee adequate farm income. Effective procurement, market infrastructure, crop diversification, irrigation, agricultural productivity, storage, processing, farmer organisations and access to institutional credit are necessary to convert announced MSP into realised farm income. The study also highlights the importance of combining price support with productivity-enhancing and income-diversification measures.

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MSP, Farm Income, Karnataka Agriculture, Agricultural Prices, Farmers, Procurement, Agricultural Markets, Rural Development, Crop Diversification

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Gender budgeting integrates gender considerations into the budgetary process to ensure that public expenditures benefit both men and women equitably. This paper explores the implementation of gender budgeting in Mizoram, focusing on its potential to promote gender equality through public finance policies. While Mizoram has made progress in women's literacy and political participation, gender disparities persist in areas such as healthcare, economic participation, and access to opportunities. This paper proposes a qualitative research study to evaluate the effectiveness of gender budgeting in reducing these disparities. The study will involve a review of existing literature, analysis of budget documents, and case studies from other Indian states with successful gender budgeting practices. The expected outcomes include an assessment of the current state of gender budgeting in Mizoram, identification of challenges, and recommendations for improving gender budgeting practices to foster gender equality. The findings will contribute to the state's ongoing efforts to ensure that public policies and financial resources support women's empowerment and promote sustainable development.

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Gender Budgeting, Mizoram, Public Finance, Gender Equality.

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A solar powered energy storage architecture for electric vehicle (EV) charging that integrates photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage system (BESS), and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging at a single point of common coupling (PCC) to the distribution grid is developed and evaluated. A detailed PV-BESS-PEV integration model for Indian urban networks is proposed that incorporate time-varying solar irradiances, PSPCL tariff models, BESS state-of-charge (SOC) models, and EV arrival patterns for an urban commercial site near Gill Pind, Ludhiana. The model is integrated in a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize life cycle cost, electrical losses and CO? emissions by optimally sizing PV capacity, the BESS energy rating, the BESS power rating, the grid interface limits, and a combination of AC and DC chargers. The scenario studies, with a representative case of 15,000 EVs/day charging demand, show that a properly designed PV-BESS-PEV system can provide a large portion of EV energy demand from local PV resources, minimise technical losses and coal consumption at the system level and reduce evening peak demand on the PSPCL network, while maintaining charging reliability, and are also realistic for the large scale deployment in the Ludhiana corridor.

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Electric vehicles, photovoltaic systems, battery energy storage system, EV charging station, optimization, distribution networks.

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Article is regarding important of 50 millesimal scale in various chronic and acute cases .

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Importance of 50 millesimal scale in clinical practice

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Arunachal Pradesh, situated in India's northeastern frontier, is home to a range of indigenous tribes whose cultural practices remain deeply rooted in oral tradition. Beyond transmitting communal history and values, these oral narratives have long functioned as mechanisms of resistance, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding within tribal societies, a role oral tradition has played in societies around the world wherever communities sought to express dissent against dominant powers. Where written records were inaccessible or actively suppressed, marginalised groups have often turned to oral narrative to preserve cultural heritage and carry collective memory forward as a resilient form of resistance. Among the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, myths, legends, folk tales, songs, and customary laws passed down across generations continue to serve several purposes at once: preserving cultural heritage, transmitting communal history, and, importantly, offering mechanisms for resistance, dispute resolution, and the maintenance of peace. This paper examines oral tradition as a dynamic and adaptive practice among the Idu Mishmi of Arunachal Pradesh, focusing in particular on Abbelah, a traditional mechanism for addressing disputes through mediation and negotiation. It considers how oral traditions sustain cultural norms, articulate collective rights, transmit customary knowledge, and structure processes of mediation and reconciliation, arguing that by reinforcing community-based practice and shared social norms, such traditions have historically underpinned social cohesion and conflict resolution through customary law and community consensus. At the same time, the paper traces the changing dynamics of Abbelah in contemporary Idu society, considering how shifting social values and attitudes, greater exposure to external institutions, and the growing reach of modern legal mechanisms have reshaped traditional approaches to conflict resolution.

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Oral Narratives, Abbelah, Indigenous conflict resolution, customary practices, cultural heritage

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Poultry farming in Manipur has shifted from a supplementary activity to a vital contributor to rural income, food security, and livelihoods. This study analyses five farms' resource efficiency, employment generation, market vulnerabilities, and cost-profit dynamics. It shows that while the farms' investment levels vary, they all rely on outside inputs. Despite scientific approaches, inefficiencies, high chick mortality, and disease risks are caused by a lack of institutional support and training. Due to seasonal demand and fluctuating pricing, market access is still limited to the local area. A significant gap is highlighted by the lack of policy support. Establishing a strong, sustainable sector requires focused investments in infrastructure, feed production, and training.

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Poultry farming in Manipur has shifted from a supplementary activity to a vital contributor to rural income, food security, and livelihoods. This study analyses five farms' resource efficiency, employment generation, market vulnerabilities, and cost-profit dynamics. It shows that while the farms' investment levels vary, they all rely on outside inputs. Despite scientific approaches, inefficiencies, high chick mortality, and disease risks are caused by a lack of institutional suppor

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The contemporary drug supply system has undergone significant transformation due to advances in pharmaceutical manufacturing, digital technologies, globalization, and regulatory frameworks. These innovations have improved the efficiency, safety, and accessibility of medicines through automated inventory management, e-pharmacies, cold chain logistics, barcode tracking, and real-time supply monitoring. However, the system continues to face several challenges, including supply chain disruptions, shortages of essential medicines, counterfeit drugs, rising costs, regulatory complexities, and unequal access to healthcare, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Global events such as pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, and natural disasters have further exposed vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical supply chains. Addressing these challenges requires stronger regulatory oversight, international collaboration, adoption of advanced technologies, resilient supply chain strategies, and equitable distribution policies. This article reviews the major novelties and difficulties in the contemporary drug supply system and highlights strategies for improving its efficiency, resilience, and sustainability. Novel drug delivery technologies have gained the importance to achieve modified delivery of herbal drugs their by increasing the therapeutic value as well as reducing toxicity. The main goal for developing such delivery systems is to minimize drug degradation and loss, to prevent harmful side effects and to increase bioavailability. Targeting is the ability to direct the drug loaded system to the site of interest. Among drug carrier one can name soluble polymers, microparticles made of insoluble (or) biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers, microcapsules, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, liposomes and micelles.

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Technology and digital innovations, Supply chain management and logistics, Security, Compliance, Quality, Contemporary strategies, Global trends.

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Agricultural productivity in Karnataka is a multidimensional concept, which includes technological advancement, effective management of available resources and organizational set-up for the agricultural production. These factors in turn affect the relative production in any region. It is based on land productivity and improved lands using agro based Raw materials.

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Agricultural Cultivation, prodctivity,land, area, production and yield in different crops. Productivity. etc

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Cultural themes in the contemporary writings of Githa Hariharan and Manju Kapur are significant. Both are postcolonial writers and are very much aware of women's rights. They are well-read and educated. They raise questions through their novels. Their novels are women-centric and certainly question male dominance, as well as the pressure put on women not to go beyond patriarchal traditions. Every novel asks questions about gender, women, identity, society, and inheritance.

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Resistance, Patriarchy, Feminism, Identity, Mother-daughter Relationship, mythology.

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The use of information and telecommunication technologies has expanded at a rapid rate, which has a strong influence on healthcare delivery in many countries. Rural residents and communities, however, often lack easy access to healthcare services due to geographical and demographical factors. Telepharmacy, a more recent concept that refers to pharmaceutical service provision, enables healthcare services, such as medication review, patients counseling, and prescription verification, by a qualified pharmacist for the patients located at a distance from a remotely located hospital, pharmacy, or healthcare center. Trends in telemedicine show that telepharmaceutical care is likely to continue to expand as it allows for a better allocation of resources and access to more patients. Telepharmacy has many recognizable benefits such as the easy access to healthcare services in remote and rural locations, economic benefits, patient satisfaction as a result of medication access and information in rural areas, effective patient counseling, and minimal scarcity of local pharmacist and pharmacy services.

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Telepharmacy, Telecommunication, Telepharmaceutical, Medication access, Telehealth.

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The Indian approach to resolving marital conflicts has undergone a fundamental transformation, shifting away from contentious, winner-take-all litigation toward a restorative, settlement-oriented framework tailored to the nuanced emotional and interpersonal dynamics of domestic life. Historically, domestic disputes were processed through conventional civil courts under the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) 1908--a system widely criticized for its excessive procedural formality, high costs, and systemic delays that frequently heightened spousal hostility. Recognizing the limitations of formal litigation, the legislature introduced the Family Courts Act 1984, which embedded mandatory pre-trial conciliation into the judicial system via provisions such as Section 9, converting judicial officers into active facilitators of peace. Legislative protections were subsequently expanded under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) 2005, which created civil safeguards while establishing protocols to address gendered power imbalances in spousal negotiations. In tandem with legislative developments, Islamic jurisprudence offers a distinct tradition of non-adversarial resolution rooted in the preservation of relational stability (Maslahah). This legal framework relies on three core mechanisms: Sulh (voluntary conciliation), Tahkim (family-based arbitration), and Med-Arb (a sequential hybrid model). Sulh emphasizes amicable, informal compromise facilitated by neutral third parties, institutionalized in contemporary practice through bodies like Majlis Sulh. Tahkim engages designated family representatives (Hakam) to issue binding resolutions while maintaining a settlement-oriented posture. Med-Arb combines these approaches, commencing as collaborative mediation and shifting to binding arbitration if negotiations stall, thereby streamlining the process and avoiding redundant proceedings. In the contemporary legal landscape, statutory reforms and customary dispute mechanisms have increasingly converged. Grounded in the legislative shifts brought by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, the formal recognition established under the Mediation Act 2023, and public campaigns like "Mediation for Nation 2.0," alternative dispute resolution has moved to the forefront of family law administration. Agreements reached through processes like Sulh now carry enforceable statutory weight under current mediation legislation, provided they align with core public policy and legal norms. Additionally, the integration of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems into hybrid mechanisms like Med-Arb offers an efficient, accessible avenue to address heavy court caseloads, demonstrating that combining historical restorative principles with modern legal infrastructure fosters sustainable, humane outcomes in matrimonial law.

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Matrimonial Disputes, Family Courts Act 1984, Restorative Justice, Islamic ADR, Sulh, Tahkim, Med-Arb, Mediation Act 2023, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Online Dispute Resolution (ODR).

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Mathematical proof is a fundamental component of mathematics education because it develops logical reasoning, justification, argumentation and conceptual understanding. However, learning and teaching mathematical proofs can be challenging because students are required to move beyond procedural problem solving and construct logically connected arguments based on definitions, theorems and previously established results. The emergence of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly Large Language Model (LLM)-based systems, has created new possibilities for supporting mathematical learning through dialogue, explanation, feedback, problem solving and reasoning. This paper examines the potential use of Generative AI for teaching mathematical proofs through a review and synthesis of recent literature on artificial intelligence in mathematics education and the use of generative AI in mathematical reasoning and proving. The study discusses the ways in which GenAI can support proof learning by providing step-by-step explanations, suggesting alternative proof strategies, identifying errors, generating counterexamples, encouraging reflection and functioning as a conversational thought partner. At the same time, the literature indicates important limitations, including mathematically incorrect responses, hallucinations, over-reliance on AI-generated solutions, reduced student engagement in proof construction, lack of transparency and concerns related to academic integrity. The paper argues that Generative AI should be used as a pedagogical support tool rather than as a replacement for students' mathematical reasoning or teachers' instructional roles. Effective integration requires carefully designed prompts, verification of AI-generated proofs, teacher guidance and development of students' critical AI literacy. The study concludes that Generative AI has considerable potential to enrich the teaching of mathematical proofs when its use is grounded in sound mathematical pedagogy and focused on student reasoning, reflection and independent proof construction.

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Generative Artificial Intelligence, Mathematical Proof, Mathematics Education, Large Language Models, ChatGPT, Mathematical Reasoning, Proof Construction, AI-Supported Learning.

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Technical competence is a central component of engineering education; however, effective English communication has become increasingly important for graduates seeking employment in today's global and professionally interconnected workplace. This study investigates the relationship between workplace English communication practices and graduate career readiness, with particular attention to the frequency of language use, the relative importance of communication macro-skills, and the functions performed through English in professional settings. A mixed-method research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative evidence collected through reflective workplace diaries maintained by 97 practicing mechanical engineers for 30 consecutive days. The diary data were complemented by semi-structured interviews conducted for triangulation and supported by a review of relevant secondary literature. The findings indicate that English is used extensively in professional engineering environments, with participants reporting its use on approximately 21-25 days during the observation period. Among the major communication skills, writing was identified as the most frequently used and professionally significant skill. The analysis further demonstrates that workplace English is predominantly employed for transactional and informational purposes, while interactional communication receives comparatively less emphasis. These findings highlight a notable mismatch between the communication demands of engineering workplaces and the language preparation provided through conventional engineering curricula. The limited emphasis on practical English communication, particularly written documentation, technical reporting, and task-oriented communication, may consequently restrict graduates' workplace preparedness and employability. The study recommends greater integration of authentic workplace communication practices into engineering education to strengthen students' English communication competence and enhance their overall career readiness.

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English Communication Skills, Career Readiness; Graduate Employability; Engineering Students; Workplace English; Engineering Education; Professional Communication; Technical Writing; Workplace Communication; Communication.

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Stress is a natural part of competitive sports and greatly affects athletes' performance and mental health. This study investigates the perceived stress levels among athletes of different levels of games from district Poonch, focusing on regional differences and levels of stress. This study included 30 players of different levels of games from the district of Poonch. Data were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983) to measure the stress levels of athletes. The findings show that national players almost never have high stress, state players sometimes or often have stress, and district players often have high stress. The study shows that sports clubs in districts like Poonch affect players' stress. Additional support systems are required. Training for mental strength, better facilities, and mental help lowers stress and improves performance.

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Perceived Stress, athletes of different levels of games, Comparing players mindset and stress.

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