Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Education is an essential means of developing oneself, bringing social transformation, participating economically, and promoting gender equality. Several improvements have been made in the field of education in India as far as girls' concerns are concerned; however, there still exist disparities among girls due to issues like poverty, gender discrimination, socio-cultural value system, early marriages, lack of infrastructure, insecurity, and absence of education. Acknowledging these challenges, the Government of India has introduced several programs and schemes designed to facilitate education for girls, keep them in school, reduce dropouts, and empower them in general. Such programs include Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), Samagra Shiksha, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY), and National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education (NSIGSE). This paper examines the importance of such schemes and programs launched by the Government of India in educating girls in India. The research design is descriptive and review-based using secondary sources like government policies, scheme guidelines, reports, and literature in the analysis process. The results indicate that the government interventions have been playing an important part in improving accessibility, awareness, retention, gender-sensitive infrastructure, residential schools, and financial preparedness for education of girls. However, problems of implementation, awareness, attitude, regional differences, digital divide, and monitoring continue to affect the performance of these government schemes. In conclusion, it can be stated that the government schemes are playing a crucial role in the education of girls provided that the implementation, community participation, gender sensitivity in schools, and monitoring are good.

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Education for Girls, Government Initiatives, Gender Sensitivity, Samagra Shiksha, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, KGBV.

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In Persian Sufism, longing (taleb or ishq) is the sacred, driving force of the soul. It represents the painful yet ecstatic realization of separation from the Divine Beloved. This existential yearning transforms suffering into a spiritual path, urging the seeker past the ego toward divine union (fana)

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Taleb - longing, Fana - Divine Union, Ma`arifat - Divine Love, Ishq e Majazi - metaphorical love, biradaris - clans.

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Introduction: Hypercalcaemia Crisis is a rare and serious complication of primary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid carcinoma is one of the causes of primary hyperparathyroidism that is very rare with an incidence of 0,005% of all malignancy cases. Case Presentation: We report the case of 46-year-old Man with hypercalcaemia crisis due to parathyroid carcinoma. He presented with right upper arm and left thigh fractures after falling while riding a motorcycle. Because a pathological fracture is suspected, further diagnostic examination is carried out. His serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were at 15,3 mg/dL and 4.063 pg/mL, respectively. An ultrasonography of his neck showed a nodul in the left lobe of thyroid gland (TIRADS 4) while the parathyroid gland was not visualized and abdominal ultrasonography showed bilateral nephrolithiasis. A total Thyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy were performed. Histology revealed a parathyroid carcinoma with an intranodular parathyroid in the left lobe thyroid. Postoperatively, the patient has a significant decrease in serum calcium and PTH levels. Conclusion: In patient with parathyroid carcinoma, the best treatment modality is surgery. In our patient, surgical intervention in the form of total parathyroidectomy proved successfully reduce serum calcium and PTH levels. Early diagnosis and surgery before arising the complications of the hypercalcaemia crisis, nephrolithiasis, or pathological fractures could reduce morbidity and mortality in patient with parathyroid carcinoma.

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parathyroid carcinoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroidectomy, case report

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Keywords: Oral Rehydration Therapy, ORS, Demonstration-Based Teaching, Knowledge, Practice, Mothers, Under-Five Children, Diarrhoea, Dehydration, Community Health Nursing.

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The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has resulted in the deployment of numerous connected devices that continuously exchange data over communication networks. Many of these devices operate under resource constraints, making the selection of efficient encryption algorithms an important consideration for secure communication. This study presents a comparative performance analysis of five encryption algorithms, namely AES-128, PRESENT, Salsa20, ChaCha20, and SIMON, for software-based IoT communication. The algorithms are evaluated using a Python-based simulation environment with input data sizes ranging from 1 KB to 1 MB. Encryption and decryption execution times are measured and compared under the same experimental conditions. The reported results show that ChaCha20 provides the lowest execution time among the evaluated algorithms across the tested data sizes, followed by Salsa20. For 1 MB of data, ChaCha20 records encryption and decryption times of 271.1 ms and 269.4 ms, respectively, while Salsa20 records 293.6 ms and 291.5 ms. AES-128 provides an established standardized reference, whereas PRESENT and SIMON show higher execution times in the evaluated software environment. The results indicate that ChaCha20 offers a favorable performance profile for IoT applications where reduced computational delay is important. However, the study is limited to software-based simulation and does not directly measure hardware-level energy consumption. The findings therefore provide a comparative performance perspective rather than a universal recommendation for all IoT platforms.

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Internet of Things, Lightweight Cryptography, AES-128, PRESENT, Salsa20, ChaCha20, SIMON, IoT Security

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Education is one of the central instruments of social mobility, yet for Muslim girls in India, access to it is shaped by a mix of gender norms, religious identity, and structural inequality. This paper traces the historical emergence and contemporary growth of girls' madrasas in India, examines what draws families to enroll their daughters in them, and considers how these institutions function at once as sites of religious learning, gendered socialization, identity formation, and educational opportunity. The study draws on a critical review of existing literature, government reports, census data, and published empirical research, read through an intersectional sociological lens that attends to how gender, class, religion, and region combine to shape Muslim girls' educational paths. The central argument is that girls' madrasas resist any simple reading as instruments of either empowerment or exclusion. They have expanded educational access and religious literacy for many girls, but they also carry the weight of community aspiration, economic constraint, cultural expectation, and concern for respectability. Rather than treating madrasas as a lesser substitute for secular schooling, the paper places them within larger debates on educational justice, minority rights, and gendered citizenship in India. This sociological account of Muslim girls' education contributes to ongoing conversations about inclusive schooling for minorities. It suggests that policy responses to educational inequality need to move past deficit framings and reckon with the social realities within which Muslim girls actually negotiate education, identity, and aspiration.

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education, gender, identity, inequality, Muslim girls

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Knowledge, practice, social skills, kindergarten children, parents, early childhood development, social development.

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Social skills, kindergarten children, parents, knowledge, child development, information booklet, early childhood development.

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P91 ferritic-martensitic steel is widely used in fossil-fires power plants because of its high creep strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. However, transient overheating above the design temperature can accelerate oxidation, damage the protective oxide scale, and reduce component reliability. In this study, the isothermal oxidation of P91 steel under short-term overheating was investigated in dry air at 600? and 800? for up to 350 h using weight gain measurements, SEM, cross-sectional analysis, and EDS. The results showed that oxidation increased with both exposure time and temperature, with temperature having the stronger effect. At 600?, P91 steel formed a thin, compact, and adherent oxide scale with low weight gain. In contrast, at 800?, the weight gain increased markedly and a much thicker oxide scale developed, with localized cracking and partial delamination. Cross-sectional SEM confirmed faster oxide growth at the higher temperature, while EDS mapping showed a duplex structure with an Fe-rich outer layer and a Cr-rich inner layer. The chromium-rich inner layer was protective at 600?, but its effectiveness decreased at 800? due to rapid oxide growth and enhanced diffusion of oxygen and iron. Overall, short-term overheating significantly reduces the oxidation of P91 steel by accelerating oxide growth and weaking the protective chromium-rich layer. These findings help explain the oxidation behavior of P91 steel during transient overheating in power plant service.

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High temperature oxidation, isothermal oxidation, short term overheating, oxidation kinetics, oxide spallation, ferritic-martensitic steel.

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Keywords: ORS, Oral Rehydration Solution, Planned Teaching Programme, Knowledge, Mothers, Under-Five Children, Diarrhoea, Rural Area, Community Health Nursing.

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Natural fibres are light, sustainable and high in performance, leading to a rapid growth in the development of natural fibre-based hybrid composites for use in structural engineering applications. In this research, five different fibre stacking sequence hybrid banana-basalt reinforced epoxy laminates were manufactured and the mechanical behaviour of them were investigated experimentally. The laminates were produced using the hand lay-up process and the vacuum bagging process to provide uniform impregnation of resin, enhanced wetting of the fibres and reduced void content. Mechanical property tests were performed using tensile, flexural and impact tests according to the corresponding ASTM standards. The results of the experiments showed that the fibre stacking sequence is an important factor in the mechanical performance of the hybrid laminates. The mechanical performance was greatest for configurations in which the basalt fibre layers were placed on the external surfaces due to their high stiffness, greater load bearing capacity and good stress transfer. Maximum laminate properties were obtained to be ultimate tensile strength of about 185 MPa, flexural strength of 265 MPa, and impact strength of 72 kJ/m2, whereas the minimum laminate properties obtained were 145 MPa, 205 MPa, and 52 kJ/m2 respectively. The improvements are about 28% in tensile strength, 29% in flexural strength and 38% in impact strength. The optimized laminate showed a decrease of fibre pull-out and improved fibre-matrix adhesion, resulting in better load transfer and delayed crack propagation. The outcomes showed that the banana-basalt hybrid composites possess excellent combination of the environmentally friendly natural fibres and the superior mechanical properties of basalt fibres, which make them useful candidates for lightweight applications in automobile, aerospace and general engineering industries.

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banana fibre; basalt fibre; hybrid composites; epoxy laminates; mechanical properties; stacking sequence; sustainable composites.

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Background: Gratitude is an important construct in positive psychology and has been associated with happiness, emotional well-being, life satisfaction, and positive interpersonal relationships. College students aged 18-25 years experience various academic, emotional, social, and career-related challenges that may influence their quality of life. Examining the relationship between gratitude and quality of life may contribute to a better understanding of psychological well-being among young adults. Objective: This study aimed to assess gratitude and quality of life among college students aged 18-25 years and to examine the relationship between these variables. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional correlational study was conducted among 60 college students aged 18-25 years selected through convenience sampling. Gratitude was assessed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6), while quality of life was measured using the Quality of Life Scale-Revised (QLS-R). Descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation, independent-samples t-test, and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Participants had a mean quality of life score of 45.52 (SD = 9.82) and a mean gratitude score of 4.40 (SD = 0.86). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a negligible negative and statistically non-significant relationship between gratitude and quality of life (r = -0.017, p > .05). No statistically significant gender differences were observed in quality of life (t = 0.47, p = .64) or gratitude (t = 0.62, p = .53). Regression analysis also indicated that gratitude did not significantly predict quality of life. Conclusion: Gratitude was not significantly associated with quality of life among the college students included in this study. Although gratitude is widely recognized as a positive psychological strength, the present findings suggest that quality of life among college students may be influenced by multiple psychological, social, academic, and contextual factors. Further research involving larger and more diverse samples is recommended to clarify the relationship between gratitude and quality of life among young adults.

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Gratitude; Quality of Life; College Students; Positive Psychology; Well-being; Correlational Study.

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Keywords: Pregnancy-induced hypertension, WHO global strategies, educational intervention, nursing staff, knowledge, maternal health, continuing nursing education.

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Bastobota O Samajikotar Nirikhhe Tilottama Majumdarer Nirjan Saraswati Upanyas - Ekti Sankhipto Parjalochona

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Bastobota O Samajikotar Nirikhhe Tilottama Majumdarer Nirjan Saraswati Upanyas - Ekti Sankhipto Parjalochona

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Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) are a major public health concern among children under five years of age and are broadly classified into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. ARIs may affect not only the respiratory system but also other body systems through the spread of infection, inflammatory responses, microbial toxins, and impaired lung function. According to the World Health Organization, respiratory infections contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections among under-five children and to determine its association with selected demographic variables in Hualngohmun, Aizawl, Mizoram. A quantitative descriptive research approach with a descriptive research design was adopted for the study. A total of 100 under-five children were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured assessment tool and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that 48% of the children had a high prevalence of ARI. Chi-square analysis showed no statistically significant association between the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection with selected demographic variables. The study concluded that Acute Respiratory Infections were highly prevalent among under-five children in the selected community area. The findings emphasize the need for effective community-based preventive measures, early detection, and health education strategies to reduce the burden of ARIs among young children.

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Assess, Acute Respiratory Infection, Under five Children, Prevalence, Community Health.

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The growth of e-commerce has created large volumes of behavioral and transactional data that can be used to anticipate customer purchasing decisions. This paper presents a practical machine learning framework for customer behavior analysis and purchase prediction using demographic attributes, browsing activity, previous purchase information, and product-related features. The study compares Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest classifiers within a structured pipeline consisting of data cleaning, categorical encoding, normalization, feature selection, model training, and evaluation. The documented experimental implementation uses an 80:20 training-testing split and evaluates models through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Comparative observations indicate that Random Forest provides the strongest overall balance of predictive capability, robustness, and resistance to overfitting, while Decision Tree offers high interpretability, Logistic Regression provides a computationally efficient baseline, and Support Vector Machine remains competitive for complex decision boundaries. The findings are consistent with published e-commerce studies in which ensemble models achieve strong purchase-intention prediction. The proposed framework can support customer segmentation, personalized marketing, product recommendation, sales forecasting, and more efficient allocation of marketing resources. The paper also identifies data quality, class imbalance, changing customer preferences, and model interpretability as important considerations for deployment.

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customer behavior analysis, purchase prediction, machine learning, e-commerce, Random Forest, predictive analytics, customer intelligence

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In the course of human development, stage of adolescent plays a central stage of the development of the self and personal identity, this stage undergoes significant social, emotional, and intellectual changes. The social environment, including familial structures and interactions, strongly interfere in these changes. In this view, the research disclosures the sociological discourse on how parenting style influences the school going adolescent mental health. This study primarily investigates on the different types of parenting styles adopted by the parents and exposes the influence of socio-economic and cultural background on parenting. Particularly, the study will give significance to the mental health of adolescents and analyzes the relationship between parenting dimensions and the mental health of the adolescent children. The study employs descriptive research design, and cross-sectional nature of study. It is predominantly quantitative in nature. In order to execute the study, researcher adopted the method simple random sampling (Lottery method) to select the sample population. Data for the research is collected through semi structured interview schedule and systematic observation is undertaken to understand the social, economic and cultural dynamics of the respondents. The study found that there is a significant association between parenting styles and school going adolescents mental health. Authoritative parenting style is most commonly used among fathers and adolescents, authoritarian is most common with mothers. The study concludes that parenting not only involves the basic necessity of adolescents but also providing emotional support, communication, guidance and appropriate supervision.

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Parenting style, Adolescents, Mental health, culture.

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Dragons, a mythological creature is a major part of various cultures and holds various meanings. The paper explores the different ways that a dragon is perceived in different cultures. The focus is on how a dragon, an ancient entity, is perceived in the modern contexts of media of different cultures. It provides the basic understanding of dragons in the films in China and United Kingdom on portrayal of dragons in the films - a comparative study of visual appearance and personality.

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Dragon, Films, China, United Kingdom, Mythological Creature

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Keywords: Thiocarbohydrazone; ONSN Tetradentate Ligand; Transition Metal Complexes; Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA); Coats-Redfern Method; Thermal Decomposition Kinetics.

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Jeremy Rifkin is a world- renowned expert and President of the Foundation on Economic Trends in Washington DC. He is deeply concerned about the impact of technological changes on human life and the Environment; how imperative it is to re-organize our economies and lives in the wake of Climate change. He is a global advisor to many Heads of States and governments of the world, the European Union, People's Republic of China and others, on this issue. In his book "The Age of Resilience", he rejects Newton's Mechanical conception and world-view; he contests Kant's view that "autonomy is humanity's highest calling". He hails and fully supports the laws of Thermodynamics which reveal all matter as active and full of Agency. He explains how the current convergence and synthesis of Physics, Chemistry and biological sciences are leading to "a historic paradigm shift in our understanding of the meaning of life....how we come to perceive our relationship to a vibrant, alive, and evolving Earth" (Rifkin,2023 ed; pp.145) and our future course of action would be "a reassertion of our kinship with the natural world" (pp.254).

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climate change, Age of Resilience, Nature's Agency, GDP, QLI

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