Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

BACK GROUND: Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by rapid physical, emotional, social, and psychological changes. During this period, adolescents actively seek social acceptance, develop self-identity, and build self-esteem. The widespread use of social networking sites such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, and Snapchat has transformed the way adolescents communicate and interact. Social media provides opportunities for self-expression, learning, entertainment, and social connectivity. However, excessive use of these platforms may expose adolescents to social comparison, cyberbullying, unrealistic expectations, and emotional distress. Such experiences can influence self-esteem either positively or negatively. Positive interactions may improve confidence and self-worth, whereas negative online experiences may lower self-esteem. With the increasing popularity of social networking sites among adolescents, it is important to understand their impact on psychological well-being. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the impact of social networking sites on self-esteem among adolescents in selected urban and rural colleges of Chittoor District. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive correlational research design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted among 100 adolescents from selected urban and rural colleges of Chittoor District. Samples were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire, a self-structured Social Networking Sites Usage Questionnaire, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic. RESULTS: The study findings revealed that 56% of adolescents had high social networking site usage, 37% had moderate usage, and 7% had low usage. Regarding self-esteem, 54% had low self-esteem and 46% had high self-esteem. A statistically significant correlation was found between social networking site usage and self-esteem (r = 0.357, p < 0.01). Significant associations were observed between social networking site usage and selected demographic variables. The findings indicate that social networking sites have a considerable influence on adolescents' self-esteem. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that social networking sites have both positive and negative impacts on adolescent self-esteem. Excessive use of social networking sites may affect adolescents' emotional and psychological well-being. Awareness regarding responsible social media use is essential. Parents, teachers, and nurses should guide adolescents toward healthy digital habits. Appropriate counseling and educational interventions can help maintain positive self-esteem and mental health among adolescents.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Social Networking Sites, Self-Esteem, Adolescents, Social Media Usage, Mental Health, Urban and Rural Area

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Substance Use Disorder; Structured Recovery Support Program; Quality of Life; Treatment Outcomes; WHOQOL-BREF; De-addiction Centers; Mental Health Nursing.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya (OAV) is a flagship school reform launched by the Government of Odisha in 2016 to provide free, English-medium, CBSE-affiliated schooling to talented children from rural and tribal backgrounds. Although the scheme has expanded to more than three hundred blocks of the state, independent, school-level evidence on how individual OAVs actually function remains scarce. The present article reports a descriptive case study of OAV Rajapur, situated in Beguniapada block of Ganjam district, undertaken to examine its infrastructural facilities, student enrolment pattern, classroom practices and academic outcomes. Data were gathered through a self-prepared information sheet, a structured questionnaire administered to the principal and teachers, classroom observation and focus group discussion, and were analysed using simple frequency and percentage methods supplemented by qualitative description. The findings indicate that the school possesses reasonably adequate physical infrastructure, follows an inclusive admission policy that predominantly benefits Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Class learners, and records consistently high pass percentages at the Class X and Class XII CBSE board examinations. Teachers reported use of the 5E instructional model, ICT-supported and blended teaching, and art-integrated pedagogy. Persistent constraints include the absence of a boys' hostel, shortage of an auditorium or multipurpose hall, and a language gap faced by first-generation, Odia-medium entrants transitioning to an English medium of instruction. The study concludes with practical recommendations for strengthening residential provision, bridge-language support and locally contextualised teacher orientation.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, school infrastructure, rural education, teaching-learning practices, academic achievement, Ganjam district

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research paper explores the application of isovist analysis in understanding spatial perception and visibility within different architectural typologies. The study examines four typologies--modern residences, traditional Chettinad houses, campus environments, and forts--to evaluate how spatial organization influences visibility, movement, and user experience. Spatial analyses were conducted by second- and third-year architecture students using the concept of isovists as a tool for interpreting built environments. The study compares openness, enclosure, connectivity, and visual accessibility across the selected typologies. The findings demonstrate how isovist analysis can reveal the relationship between architectural form and human spatial behavior, thereby contributing to architectural research and design methodologies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Isovist Analysis, Spatial Visibility, Spatial Perception, Architectural Typologies, Space Syntax, Visual Connectivity, Spatial Organization, Movement Patterns, Built Environment, Architectural Research, Modern Residence, Chettinad House, Campus Planning, Fort Architecture

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Marriage is often regarded as one of the most meaningful and transformative milestones in life. It symbolizes love, commitment, companionship, and the hope of building a secure future together. However, for many young married couples in contemporary India, the transition from courtship to marital life is accompanied by increasing interpersonal stress that silently erodes emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction. Rapid socioeconomic changes, evolving gender roles, financial pressures, technological dependence, changing family structures, and rising expectations have reshaped the institution of marriage, making young couples more vulnerable to psychological and relational conflicts (Fincham & Beach, 2018; Story & Bradbury, 2021). This review explores the hidden psychosocial determinants of interpersonal stress among young married couples in India by synthesizing contemporary evidence from psychology, family studies, sociology, and public health. The article highlights how individual psychological characteristics, ineffective communication, work-life imbalance, family dynamics, cultural expectations, economic uncertainty, and digital technology collectively influence marital relationships (Falconier et al., 2015; Karney & Bradbury, 2020). Furthermore, it discusses the emotional and mental health consequences of prolonged interpersonal stress, including anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, emotional withdrawal, and reduced relationship quality (Rehman et al., 2018; Robles et al., 2014). Understanding these interconnected factors is essential for developing culturally appropriate preventive and therapeutic interventions. The review concludes that strengthening emotional intelligence, communication skills, resilience, family support, and evidence-based psychological interventions can significantly reduce interpersonal stress and promote healthier marital relationships among young Indian couples (World Health Organization [WHO], 2022).

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Interpersonal stress, young married couples, psychosocial factors, marriage, India, marital adjustment, communication, mental health.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Climate change has created one of the biggest challenges to global agricultural sustainability, with increasing negative impacts on livelihoods and food security. The continued alteration of global climate and weather systems, as well as the ongoing reduction in global levels of agricultural diversity, has adversely affected world agricultural production systems. The challenge of modern-day agriculture has led to a renewed focus on community-based agricultural production systems. The greatest potential for positive adaptation to the threats of climate change is through the adoption of agro-ecological practices. Agro-ecology is the application of ecological principles to agricultural systems. Within the context of sustainable development, agro-ecology uses ecological knowledge, principles and agricultural systems to sustainably transform the world's agricultural production systems. Restructuring world agricultural production systems to make them more ecologically stable requires the adaptation of agricultural systems to reduce environmental degradation and to enhance the productivity of agricultural systems. The greatest bearing on the future of the world's agriculture is the restoration of the world's agricultural production systems to make them ecologically sustainable.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Agro-ecology, Climate resilience, Crop diversification, Community participation, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Sustainable agriculture.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Marma is an important concept in Ayurvedic anatomy, representing specific anatomical regions of the body where vital structures are situated and where injury may result in pain, functional impairment, deformity, or even death. Among the Marmas of the upper limb, Koorpara Marma occupies an important position. It is described as a Sandhi Marma and is classified as a Vaikalyakara Marma. Anatomically, Koorpara Marma is situated at the junction of the Bahu and Prabahu, corresponding broadly to the region of the elbow joint.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Koorpara Marma, Koorpara Sandhi, Marma Sharira, Sandhi Marma, Vaikalyakara Marma, Elbow Joint

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Chettinad residential architecture represents one of the most distinctive vernacular architectural traditions of South India, known for its unique spatial organization, climatic responsiveness, and cultural richness. However, limited research has explored how these houses create aesthetic and spatial experiences through visual perception and architectural composition. This study examines the aesthetic and spatial qualities of Chettinad houses using the frameworks of formal, functional, meaningful, and sustainable beauty. Particular attention is given to silhouette complexity, cone of vision, and the relationship between built mass and fenestration in shaping visual and spatial experiences. A qualitative case study approach was adopted, focusing on Chettinad residences in Kothamangalam, Tamil Nadu. Data were gathered through field observations, photographic documentation, spatial mapping, sequential experiential analysis, and a review of relevant literature. The study evaluates silhouette complexity from selected viewpoints, examines mass-fenestration relationships in relation to climate and aesthetics, and analyzes how spatial perception evolves from the public street to private interior spaces using cone of vision theory. The findings reveal that Chettinad houses successfully combine climatic efficiency, cultural symbolism, and carefully designed spatial experiences through a well-structured sequence of spaces. Based on these findings, the study proposes a five-point planning framework that offers valuable insights for integrating traditional wisdom into contemporary sustainable architectural design.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Thinnai, Mutram, Cone of Vision, Silhouette Complexity, Fenestration, Thermal Mass, Sequential Experience.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid development of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed contemporary society and created new possibilities for communication, governance, education, economic activity and political participation. At the same time, the growing dependence on digital technologies has generated significant challenges for the protection of human rights. Privacy, freedom of expression and digital inclusion have emerged as three interconnected dimensions of human rights in the digital age. The large-scale collection and processing of personal data, online surveillance, cyber threats, algorithmic decision-making and inadequate data protection mechanisms create new risks to privacy and individual autonomy. Similarly, digital platforms have expanded opportunities for freedom of expression while simultaneously creating challenges associated with misinformation, hate speech, online harassment, censorship and content moderation. Digital exclusion presents another important concern because unequal access to digital infrastructure, devices, affordable connectivity and digital literacy can deepen existing social and economic inequalities. This paper examines the relationship between human rights and digital society, focusing particularly on privacy, freedom of expression and digital inclusion. The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive research methodology based on secondary sources, including scholarly literature, international human rights instruments, institutional reports, legal documents and policy materials. The findings indicate that digital technologies can contribute significantly to the realisation of human rights when they are accessible, inclusive, transparent and accountable. However, without appropriate safeguards, digitalisation can also create new forms of surveillance, discrimination and exclusion. The paper argues that a human-rights-based approach to digital governance is essential to reconcile technological innovation with human dignity, equality, liberty and justice.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human Rights, Digital Society, Privacy, Freedom of Expression, Digital Inclusion, Digital Divide, Data Protection, Digital Governance, Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper examines the socio-political landscape of Kodagu (Coorg), a distinct highland region in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. It examines how diverse kinds of political activism have been shaped by historical privileges, cultural uniqueness, and ecological weaknesses. Activism in Kodagu exhibits a complex interplay between ethnic identity and regional preservation, ranging from anti-colonial efforts to modern aspirations for geopolitical sovereignty and environmental conservation. The study explores the mobilization strategies of key ethno-political organisations, the Codava National Council (CNC), as well as current environmental movements opposing major infrastructure projects. Through a qualitative analysis of historical texts, ethnographic observations, and contemporary political discourses, this paper argues that political activism in Kodagu functions as a defensive mechanism against perceived cultural assimilation, demographic shifts, and ecological degradation. It highlights how regional groups negotiate their identities within the broader context of Karnataka's state politics and the Indian federal structure.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Political Activism, Kodagu, cultural uniqueness, environmental movements

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The demographics, motives, business performance, and obstacles of women entrepreneurs are the main topics of this study, which looks at how they affect the expansion and development of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu. The goal of the study is to comprehend how women support local economic development, innovation, employment creation, and turnover growth. The research design used was both descriptive and analytical. Using a standardized questionnaire, 400 female entrepreneurs from different districts provided primary data. A stratified random sample technique made sure that all business kinds and sectors were represented. For data interpretation, descriptive statistics, mean score analysis, and hypothesis testing methods including ANOVA and Chi-square were used. According to the research, the majority of female entrepreneurs are young, have just a moderate level of education, and run sole proprietorships.Their companies have a good impact on sustainability, job development, and operational effectiveness. Low profitability, restricted access to financing, and a lack of market expansion, however, continue to be obstacles. Strong entrepreneurial potential is indicated by high scores in compliance, teamwork, and diversity. The report emphasizes how women-led MSMEs may foster inclusive economic growth and community resilience in a revolutionary way. In order to increase women's involvement in entrepreneurship and lessen gender inequities in the MSME ecosystem, it emphasizes the necessity of focused interventions including financial inclusion, capacity-building, and market access support.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Women Entrepreneurship, MSMEs, Tamil Nadu, Business Performance, Inclusive Growth, Employment Generation, Financial Access, Market Expansion, Gender Empowerment

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper presents the design, simulation, and comparative optimisation of a grid-connected hybrid microgrid for Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College (GNDEC), Ludhiana, using HOMER Pro. The study evaluates solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass generation, battery storage, converter, and utility-grid combinations against a conventional grid-only configuration. The campus annual electrical demand is 3,219,990 kWh/year, with an average daily demand of 8,822 kWh/day and a maximum recorded peak of 773 kW. Six system cases and a grid-only base configuration were simulated over 8760 hours using technical, economic, renewable-energy, and environmental indicators. The comparative results identify the PV-biomass-grid configuration (Case 2) as the best overall option, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of INR156.95 million, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of INR2.97/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.6%, grid dependency of 18.3%, and annual CO? emissions of 75,268 kg/year. Case 1, which adds battery storage, gives an NPC of about INR156 million, LCOE of INR2.98/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.4%, and emissions of 81,855 kg/year. Compared with the grid-only base, the selected configuration substantially reduces lifecycle cost, electricity cost, grid dependence, and emissions while maintaining zero unmet load and zero capacity shortage.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Hybrid microgrid; Solar PV; Biomass; HOMER Pro; Techno-economic optimisation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced new challenges in maintaining the stability and reliability of modern microgrids. Conventional control methods often struggle to manage the dynamic and uncertain nature of power generation and demand. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles to act as distributed energy storage systems by supplying power back to the grid whenever required. This paper presents a Rein-forcement Learning (RL)-Based Vehicle-to-Grid control system for microgrid stability using a tabular Q-learning agent. The proposed system uses a reinforcement learning algorithm to determine the optimal charging and discharging schedules of EV batteries based on real-time microgrid conditions. The RL agent continuously learns from the operating environment and makes intelligent decisions to minimize frequency deviations, reduce voltage fluctuations, improve power balance, and enhance overall system reliability. The proposed model includes renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicles, and utility grid support. The system is developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance under different operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate improved microgrid stability, ef-ficient energy management, reduced dependence on conventional generators, and enhanced utilization of renewable energy sources.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Vehicle-to-Grid, Reinforcement Learning, Q-Learning, Microgrid Stability, Electric Vehicles, Battery Energy Storage System, Renewable Energy Integration.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract The increasing mobility of Indian students to Canada has created new opportunities for educational and professional development while also exposing students to unfamiliar linguistic, cultural, and interpersonal practices. This study examines the interpersonal communication and cross-cultural issues and challenges experienced by Indian immigrant students in Canada. It particularly focuses on the ways in which differences in language use, pronunciation, accent, conversational styles, cultural norms, social practices, and pragmatic knowledge may influence interpersonal interaction. The study adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach based on observations from an international conference on interpersonal communicative challenges for Indian immigrant students in Canada, supported by relevant secondary sources, including journal articles, and academic publications. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication difficulties extend beyond grammatical or linguistic competence and may also arise from differences in pragmatic and sociocultural expectations. Differences in conversational openings, greetings, politeness, speech patterns, pronunciation, accent, speech rate, and culturally influenced social behaviour may contribute to misunderstanding and communication difficulties. The study further highlights the use of communication strategies such as requesting repetition, clarification, topic avoidance, and preference for face-to-face interaction when students encounter communicative difficulties. It argues that effective adjustment requires not only English-language proficiency but also pragmatic awareness, cultural understanding, and strategic competence. The study recommends greater attention to cross-cultural and interpersonal communication in orientation and language-support programmes for international students. Developing awareness of culturally situated communication practices can help Indian students participate more effectively in academic, professional, and social interactions in Canada. Keywords: Indian immigrant students, interpersonal communication, cross-cultural communication, pragmatic competence, cultural adaptation and communication strategies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Indian immigrant students, interpersonal communication, cross-cultural communication, pragmatic competence, cultural adaptation and communication strategies

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Ram Chandra Series, written by Amish Tripathi, is a modern, multi-perspective version of the Ramayana. It is a four-novel series consisting of Ram: Scion of Ikshvaku, Sita: Warrior of Mithila, Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta and War of Lanka. The series portrays mythological characters as complex, normal people. This paper is titled "Deconstructing Womanhood in the Ram Chandra Series: A Study of Sita through Multiple Narratives", which discusses the character of Sita in the four Ram Chandra novels and how she is portrayed according to different narrative perspectives. The paper treats Sita more fluidly as a character who embodies strength, intelligence, leadership, agency and moral independence, as an active character, rather than the static, idealised cultural portrait of the ideal woman. It also examines the transformation of Sita through the lens of deconstruction theory. It questions the binary oppositions through which womanhood has traditionally been defined in a fixed framework. According to the study, it is not possible to define Sita in any simple or singular identity because her different representations can be understood as showing that identity and meaning can be created through perspective, context and interpretation; that is the central premise of Deconstruction Theory. Sita in Tripathi's work has become an important persona for challenging conventional portrayals of womanhood.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Amish Tripathi, Ram Chandra Series, Sita, deconstruction, feminism, ecofeminism, womanhood, mythological retelling, multiple narratives, postmodernism.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study analyses the impact of Limited Time Offers (LTOs) and flash sales on consumer behaviour. The research emphasises certain factors, including the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), discounts, time pressure, and scarcity messaging, as well as their connections with impulse and unplanned purchases. The data collection process was done using structured questionnaires distributed among 103 respondents in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, through purposive sampling techniques. The analysis of data was carried out using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The results show that there are strong correlations between FOMO and unplanned purchases, discounts and purchase probability; as well as scarcity messages and impulse buying behaviour.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Limited-Time Deals, Flash Sales, Consumer Decision-Making, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), Impulse Buying, Scarcity, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behaviour

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Women entrepreneurship has come to the fore as a prime source of inclusive economic growth, employment and socio-economic empowerment. The Government of India and Government of Uttar Pradesh have implemented various policy measures to encourage entrepreneurial development among women, such as the One District One Product (ODOP) programme, Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), and Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM). This review paper critically explores the targets, implementation mechanisms, women-specific provisions, and the effectiveness of these schemes. It synthesises the evidence in this area from government reports and the latest empirical research. The review reveals that financial assistance, women's skill development, Entrepreneurship training, Market linkage, and institutional support have played a significant role in enhancing women's access to entrepreneurial opportunities, but the impacts of these schemes depend on the design of the entrepreneurship programmes, the quality of implementation, awareness of the beneficiaries, and access to complementary support services. Limited awareness, procedural complexity, market access, lack of post-training support, and institutional coordination are recurring issues that are reported in the literature as factors that limit the sustainability of women's businesses in the long-term. Plus, the previous studies have largely focused on examining individual schemes separately, and there's a limited comparative analysis of the contribution of these schemes to women entrepreneurship in Uttar Pradesh. These areas of research are identified, and the need for an integrated policy approach that merges financial inclusion, capacity building, market development, and institutional support for making government interventions more effective in supporting sustainable women entrepreneurship is underlined.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Women entrepreneurship, Government schemes, ODOP, PMEGP, PMMY, PMKVY, DAY-NULM, Uttar Pradesh, Entrepreneurship development

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Anitha Nair's fiction foregrounds the interior lives of men at a moment of social and cultural transition in India. This paper examines the representation of male identity and masculinity in three selected novels: Mistress (2005), Lessons in Forgetting (2010), and The Better Man (2013). Through a gender-studies lens informed by R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity and feminist ethics of care, the paper argues that Nair traces a critical trajectory: from masculinity defined by possession, authority, and emotional detachment, to a masculinity reconstructed through vulnerability, accountability, and relational presence. In Mistress, male characters seek to own women, narratives, and art. Lessons in Forgetting exposes the violence and ethical bankruptcy of that model in the context of trauma and institutional failure. The Better Man proposes an alternative masculinity grounded in care work and emotional labour. Nair thus contributes to postcolonial gender discourse by suggesting that masculinity is not innate but performed, and can be unlearned and re-performed.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anitha Nair, Masculinity, Male Identity, Indian English Fiction, Hegemonic Masculinity, Care Ethics, Gender

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Software energy use is now a measurable, growing slice of global electricity demand, and much of that footprint comes down to how code is written, not what hardware it runs on. Green refactoring, restructuring existing source code to cut its energy footprint without changing what it does, has been proposed as a practical way to close that gap without waiting on new hardware or new languages. This paper reviews the literature on green refactoring for Java, a language that still runs most enterprise and Android backend systems even though sustainability research has largely moved on to mobile and cloud-native platforms. We searched five major databases, applied a structured inclusion and exclusion protocol, and screened the results down to a final set of primary studies covering refactoring techniques, profiling tools, and their reported energy effects. The review sorts green refactoring into six technique categories, compares five widely used Java profiling tools, and lays out what the empirical literature agrees and disagrees on. The clearest finding is that results are inconsistent: energy savings from the same technique vary by workload, JVM version, and measurement tool, and few studies isolate cause from effect cleanly. We identify six open gaps, among them the lack of multi-metric evaluation standards and the near-total absence of automated, profiling-guided refactoring tools for Java, and close with six directions for future work, including AI-assisted refactoring and energy-aware practices for microservice architectures.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

green software engineering, energy efficiency, Java, refactoring, JVM, runtime profiling, literature review, sustainable computing

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition