Volume 14 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Generation Z has emerged as the first truly digital-native generation, transforming the nature, organization, and impact of student protest movements across the world. Unlike earlier generations, Generation Z combines social media mobilization with conventional forms of collective action, enabling rapid dissemination of information, transnational solidarity, and decentralized leadership. While digital platforms have expanded democratic participation and civic engagement, they have also intensified political polarization, misinformation, and the potential for protest escalation. Against this backdrop, the present study comparatively examines contemporary Generation Z student protest movements across selected countries--including India, the United States, Bangladesh, France, Serbia, and Indonesia--to understand variations in protest characteristics, ethical conduct, digital mobilization, and state responses. The study adopts a comparative cross-national qualitative research design supported by secondary data drawn from peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, government reports, media archives, and international human rights organizations. Using thematic content analysis, the study investigates four key dimensions: (i) the socio-political triggers of student protests, (ii) the role of digital platforms in mobilization and organization, (iii) adherence to or departure from principles of protest ethics, and (iv) governmental responses ranging from dialogue and negotiation to coercive policing and legal restrictions. The findings suggest that Generation Z student movements generally originate through peaceful digital mobilization centered on demands for educational justice, democratic accountability, and social equity. However, the trajectory of protests differs significantly across countries depending on political context, institutional responsiveness, and the nature of state intervention. Countries that prioritized dialogue, transparency, and participatory engagement were more likely to experience peaceful protest outcomes, whereas delayed responses, excessive use of force, or restrictive measures frequently contributed to protest escalation and social conflict. The study also demonstrates that digital technologies function as a double-edged sword, simultaneously facilitating democratic participation and accelerating polarization, misinformation, and emotional mobilization. The paper argues that sustainable governance of contemporary student movements requires balancing constitutional rights to peaceful protest with the responsibility to maintain public order through ethical, transparent, and proportionate state responses. By integrating perspectives from digital activism, social movement theory, protest ethics, and democratic governance, the study contributes to the growing scholarship on Generation Z political participation and offers policy recommendations for educational institutions and governments seeking constructive engagement with contemporary student activism.

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Generation Z, Student Protest Movements, Digital Activism, Protest Ethics, Cross-National Comparative Study, State Responses, Social Movements, Higher Education.

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Sahaj Samadhi: Raman Maharshi

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Sahaj Samadhi: Raman Maharshi

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Ayurveda has given importance to skin diseases since the era of Veda. Dadru is a disease affecting the Twak with symptoms of Kandu, Mandala and Pidaka. It is a Kaphapitta Pradhana, where the symptom closely resembles with symptoms of Tinea infection. Dadru Kushta is due to consumption of Ati Amlalavana Sevana, Ati Snigdha and Drava Ahara Sevana and subjects who are taking Dadhi and Matsya with Kshira which leads to aggravation of Pitta and Kapha Doshas which causes derangement on the skin. In Ayurvedic classics, Virechana (purgation), Raktamokshna (bloodletting) and Shamana chikitsa (action remedy) will help to cure Dadru (fungal infection). Here we will discuss about Nidana (causative factors), Samprapti (etiopathogenesis), Lakshan (clinical features), Chikitsa (treatment), Pathya-Apathya and preventive methods of Dadru kushta (fungal infection).

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Dadru kushtha,tinea , Kshudra kushtha, kapha pitta dominance.

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Abstract This paper reconstructs the role of the Second Congress Ministry (1946-1947) in laying the foundations of industrialisation in Orissa and analyses the evolution of state policy and resource management up to 1977. Drawing on Five-Year Plan documents, the Industrial Policy Resolutions, and state financial records, it traces how national planning priorities were translated into provincial investment and how Orissa's mineral endowment was progressively harnessed through public and joint-sector enterprises. The study argues that Orissa's industrial trajectory during this period was substantially shaped by decisions made at the Centre--through the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 and the sequencing of Five-Year Plan allocations--rather than by autonomous provincial initiatives. The resulting pattern of investment produced a strategically lopsided model of industrialisation, with public investment concentrated in capital-intensive, mineral-based heavy industries such as steel, coal, hydroelectric power, and fertiliser production. While these investments transformed Orissa into a major industrial and mineral-producing state, they also resulted in weak industrial diversification, persistent regional disparities, limited employment generation, and inadequate value addition within the state.

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Orissa, Five-Year Plans, Industrial Policy Resolution, Rourkela Steel Plant, Hirakud, public sector enterprise

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This paper explores "The Fruit of My Woman" by Han Kang through the lens of Posthumanism, examining the destabilization of the human-nonhuman boundary in the narrative. The story depicts the gradual transformation of a woman into a plant-like entity, narrated through the perspective of her husband. Rather than presenting the metamorphosis as a pathological condition, the narrative invites readers to reconsider rigid definitions of the human body, agency and identity. Drawing on posthumanist frameworks that challenge anthropocentric thinking, this paper argues that the protagonist's transformation critiques human exceptionalism and patriarchal control over the female body. The woman's becoming-plant can be interpreted as a form of resistance against social expectations and normative human identity. Through this vegetal metamorphosis, the story foregrounds alternative modes of existence that blur the boundaries between human, nature and object. Furthermore, the narrative perspective--filtered through the husband's confusion and discomfort--reveals the limitations of human-centered perception when confronted with nonhuman forms of life and agency. The paper ultimately argues that the story presents a compelling exploration of posthuman subjectivity, where the dissolution of the human form opens possibilities for reimagining embodiment and coexistence with the nonhuman world.

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Posthumanism, Human-Nonhuman Boundary, Metamorphosis, Feminine Embodiment.

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This paper looks at how Kazuo Ishiguro uses memory in his novels to explore questions of moral responsibility. Focusing on The Remains of the Day (1989), Never Let Me Go (2005), and An Artist of the Floating World (1986), the study shows that Ishiguro's characters remember the past in ways that are selective and emotionally charged. In The Remains of the Day, Stevens's memories act as a kind of repression, allowing him to avoid facing his role in political wrongdoing. In Never Let Me Go, Kathy H.'s memories give dignity to the clones and resist the way society tries to erase their humanity. In An Artist of the Floating World, Ono's unreliable memories reveal the struggle between pride and guilt in postwar Japan, showing how memory can both hide and expose the truth. By connecting these novels to ideas from trauma studies and narrative ethics, the paper argues that Ishiguro turns memory into an ethical tool. His fiction suggests that remembering and forgetting are not just personal acts but moral choices that affect both individuals and societies.

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- Kazuo Ishiguro, memory, moral responsibility, trauma studies, narrative ethics, selective recollection, repression, resistance, dignity, guilt, postwar Japan

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Mental health nurses constitute a vital component of the healthcare workforce, delivering comprehensive care to individuals experiencing psychiatric disorders, emotional distress, substance use disorders, and psychosocial crises. Their responsibilities extend beyond direct patient care to include therapeutic communication, crisis intervention, patient advocacy, multidisciplinary collaboration, and family support. These complex roles expose mental health nurses to prolonged occupational stress, emotional exhaustion, compassion fatigue, workplace violence, ethical dilemmas, staffing shortages, and increasing administrative responsibilities. Persistent exposure to these stressors contributes significantly to burnout, negatively affecting nurses' physical and psychological well-being, job satisfaction, patient safety, quality of care, and organizational performance. Burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment, has become a major concern in psychiatric healthcare settings worldwide. Despite these challenges, resilience has emerged as a protective factor that enables nurses to adapt positively to adversity, maintain professional competence, and continue delivering compassionate, patient-centered care. Individual resilience, combined with supportive workplace environments, effective leadership, and organizational interventions, plays a crucial role in reducing stress and preventing burnout. This article reviews the current evidence regarding occupational stress, burnout, and resilience among mental health nurses. It discusses the major workplace stressors, prevalence of burnout, consequences for nurses and patients, factors influencing resilience, and evidence-based coping strategies at both individual and organizational levels. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of leadership, continuing professional development, psychological support, and healthy work environments in promoting resilience and improving workforce sustainability. Strengthening resilience through comprehensive interventions is essential for enhancing nurses' well-being, improving patient outcomes, and ensuring high-quality mental health services

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Mental health nursing, occupational stress, burnout, resilience, compassion fatigue, psychological well-being, coping strategies, psychiatric nursing

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Community participation has been identified as a fundamental requirement for the promotion and attainment of sustainable tourism development. However, the involvement of local communities, especially those in remote and tribal areas, in the planning, governance, and decision-making processes related to tourism is generally limited, despite the increasing importance of tourism as a source of income. The present study aims at identifying the major economic, sociocultural, institutional, infrastructural, and skill-related barriers to community participation in tourism development in the tribal regions of Kinnaur and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh, India. A mixed-method research approach was adopted in the present study, and primary data were collected from 250 local community members through structured questionnaires. The results indicate that the five most important obstacles to community participation in tourism development in the study area are the lack of professional skills and training in tourism, lack of financial support, seasonality of tourism income, exclusion of local communities from tourism planning and decision-making, and the domination of the tourism sector by elites. The study recommends the need for authorities to undertake appropriate tourism policymaking to reduce these barriers.

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Community Participation, Sustainable Tourism Development, Tourism Barriers, Tourism Planning, Tribal Communities

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Pain is one of the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by hospitalized children. Despite advancements in pediatric healthcare, pain in children often remains under-recognized and inadequately managed because of developmental differences, communication barriers, and misconceptions regarding children's perception of pain. Effective pain assessment and management are essential components of quality pediatric nursing care, as uncontrolled pain can negatively affect physiological stability, emotional well-being, recovery, and long-term development. Pediatric nurses play a pivotal role in assessing, monitoring, documenting, and managing pain through evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions while advocating for child- and family-centered care. This article reviews the concept of pediatric pain, common pain assessment tools, nursing responsibilities, pharmacological and complementary pain management strategies, challenges in pediatric pain management, and recommendations for improving nursing practice. A multidisciplinary and family-centered approach supported by continuous education and standardized protocols can significantly improve pain outcomes among hospitalized children.

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Pediatric pain, pain assessment, hospitalized children, nursing care, pain management, FLACC scale, Wong-Baker Faces Scale, pediatric nursing

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Early childhood, spanning from birth to eight years of age, is a critical period for physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. During this phase, appropriate healthcare interventions significantly influence a child's lifelong health and well-being. Pediatric nurses play a central role in promoting optimal growth and development through health assessment, developmental surveillance, parental education, nutrition counseling, immunization, early identification of developmental delays, and family-centered care. They collaborate with multidisciplinary healthcare teams to ensure comprehensive care and advocate for policies that improve child health outcomes. Pediatric nurses also contribute to preventive healthcare by educating caregivers about hygiene, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, injury prevention, and psychosocial support. Advances in developmental screening tools and evidence-based nursing practices have strengthened the pediatric nurse's role in early intervention programs. This article explores the multifaceted responsibilities of pediatric nurses in promoting early childhood growth and development, emphasizing evidence-based strategies and the importance of family-centered nursing care. Strengthening pediatric nursing services can substantially reduce childhood morbidity and mortality while fostering healthy developmental trajectories.

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Pediatric nursing, early childhood, growth and development, developmental screening, family-centered care, child health promotion

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The usage of digital teaching-learning platforms in education has become an indispensable part of modern educational practices. In India, the Ministry of Education has launched the DIKSHA platform, which serves as a national digital hub for online teaching-learning resources such as e-content, training modules, and assessment materials. Despite its widespread availability, the DIKSHA platform's scope and level of awareness among learners continue to be an important research topic. The current study looks at DIKSHA platform awareness among secondary school students with an emphasis on male and female students. The descriptive and survey study designs were used to investigate students' understanding of DIKSHA's objectives, features, and resources. The study's findings show that the majority of students are highly aware of the availability of e-content and learning opportunities. However, there is relatively low level of awareness regarding the availability of evaluation tools and professional development courses. Furthermore, female students have demonstrated greater awareness than their male counterparts. The report suggests that well-designed, structured, and targeted awareness programs along with ongoing training in digital activities, are required to enhance students' understanding of the DIKSHA platform. The current study also provides useful insights for policymakers, educational planners, and institutions seeking to develop digital teaching-learning activities align with the objectives of National Education Policy 2020.

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DIKSHA Platform, Digital Learning, Digital Education, Online Teaching-Learning Resources, Student Awareness, Secondary School Students

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Despite the worldwide movement toward including people with disabilities, disability is frequently viewed through a "single-axis" lens. This perspective fails to acknowledge the "hierarchy of suffering," where individuals with disabilities encounter compounded oppression resulting from intersecting identities. This research explores the "Matrix of Marginality," analyzing how disability interacts with gender, caste, and socioeconomic status to create distinct forms of systemic exclusion. It also aims to determine how these identities influence access to essential resources and to suggest a comprehensive framework for inclusive policy development. Ultimately, this study offers a model for comprehending disability as a dynamic and socially stratified experience in the Global South.

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Caste, Disability, Gender, Matrix of Marginality, Socioeconomic

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Mental health is a vital component of overall health and significantly influences students' academic achievement, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life. College students experience numerous academic, social, financial, and emotional challenges that increase their vulnerability to mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, and substance misuse. Despite the growing prevalence of psychological disorders among young adults, mental health literacy remains inadequate, and stigma often prevents students from seeking professional help. Psychoeducation is an evidence-based educational intervention that enhances awareness, promotes healthy coping strategies, reduces stigma, and encourages timely help-seeking behaviors. This article reviews the importance of psychoeducation in improving mental health awareness among college students, discusses common mental health issues affecting this population, explores barriers to mental healthcare, and highlights the role of educational institutions and nursing professionals in promoting psychological well-being. Various psychoeducational approaches, including classroom teaching, peer support, digital interventions, workshops, mindfulness training, and counseling services, are discussed. The article concludes that comprehensive psychoeducation integrated into college health programs can significantly improve mental health literacy, strengthen resilience, reduce stigma, and foster a supportive campus environment.

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Psychoeducation, Mental Health Awareness, College Students, Mental Health Literacy, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Nursing

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Needle Stick Injuries And Impact Among Healthcare Workers - A Review

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Needle stick injuries , prevention , knowledge , healthcare workers

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Cultural competence is an essential component of quality mental health nursing care. Mental health nurses work with individuals from diverse cultural, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, making culturally sensitive care fundamental to achieving positive patient outcomes. Cultural beliefs significantly influence patients' perceptions of mental illness, help-seeking behavior, communication styles, treatment adherence, and recovery processes. A lack of cultural competence may lead to misdiagnosis, ineffective communication, stigma, and healthcare disparities. Holistic mental health nursing integrates physical, psychological, emotional, social, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of care to address the unique needs of each patient. This article discusses the concept of cultural competence, theoretical frameworks, barriers, strategies for culturally competent practice, the role of mental health nurses, challenges, and future directions. The article emphasizes evidence-based nursing interventions that promote culturally safe, patient-centered, and holistic mental health care. Strengthening cultural competence through education, reflective practice, organizational support, and policy development can significantly improve mental health outcomes and patient satisfaction.

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Cultural competence, mental health nursing, holistic care, cultural diversity, patient-centered care, transcultural nursing, mental health

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राष्ट्रीय शैक्षणिक धोरण (NEP-2020) विद्यार्थीकेंद्रित, अनुभवाधारित आणि कृतीप्रधान शिक्षणावर विशेष भर देते. या पार्श्वभूमीवर शाळांमध्ये राबविण्यात येणारा "बोलक्या भिंती" हा उपक्रम विद्यार्थ्यांच्या अध्ययन प्रक्रियेला अधिक प्रभावी बनविणारा ठरतो. या उपक्रमातील "गणित भिंत" विद्यार्थ्यांना गणितीय संकल्पना दृढ करण्यास, तार्किक विचार विकसित करण्यास आणि गणित विषयाविषयी आत्मविश्वास निर्माण करण्यास सहाय्यभूत ठरते. प्रस्तुत लेखामध्ये इयत्ता ५ वी ते १० वीच्या विद्यार्थ्यांसाठी गणित भिंतीची संकल्पना, रचना, अध्यापनातील उपयोग, विद्यार्थ्यांवरील परिणाम आणि शिक्षकांची भूमिका यांचा सविस्तर ऊहापोह करण्यात आला आहे.

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बोलक्या भिंती, गणित भिंत, गणित अध्यापन, अनुभवाधारित शिक्षण, NEP-2020, कृतीप्रधान शिक्षण.

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Toy-Based Pedagogy has emerged as an innovative and child-centred teaching approach that promotes experiential, activity-based, and joyful learning among young learners. In India, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage (NCF-FS) 2022 advocate the integration of toy-based learning to enhance children's holistic development. The present study aims to examine teachers' perceptions towards the implementation of Toy-Based Pedagogy in preparatory classes, identify the challenges faced by teachers, assess their preparedness and professional training, and suggest measures for improving its effective implementation. The study adopts a descriptive research design based entirely on secondary data. Relevant information was collected from policy documents, including NEP 2020 and NCF-FS 2022, the NCERT Toy-Based Pedagogy Handbook, books, peer-reviewed research articles, government reports, and other authentic academic sources. The collected data were analysed through thematic analysis.

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Toy-Based Pedagogy; Teachers' Perception; Preparatory Classes; NEP 2020; Experiential Learning.

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Migration has become an important demographic and economic process in Uttarakhand, especially in its Himalayan districts. Large-scale temporary and permanent out-migration has changed rural livelihoods and settlement patterns. This study looks at the patterns, causes, and social and economic effects of migration in the state using secondary data from census records, government reports, and existing literature. The findings show that migration mainly happens because of limited job options, low agricultural productivity, land fragmentation, insufficient education and health services, poor infrastructure, and growing human-wildlife conflict in the hills. Meanwhile, urban centers attract people due to better job opportunities. Migration has led to rural depopulation, an increase in partially abandoned villages, labor shortages, and more women taking on agricultural roles in the hills. At the same time, remittances from migrants are important for supporting household incomes and reducing economic risks. The study points out that migration in Uttarakhand highlights long-standing regional development gaps. It stresses the need for specific development strategies for the hills to tackle the root causes and encourage sustainable economic growth.

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livelihoods , migration

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This critical study evaluates the status of inclusive education for rural girls at the primary education level in India (Classes I-V) in direct relation to Sustainable Development Goal 4.5 (SDG 4.5). Utilizing secondary quantitative data from Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) reports covering 2021-22 through 2024-25, alongside national educational policy frameworks, this paper analyzes national performance trends across three core indicators: primary level enrollment, Gender Parity Index (GPI), and dropout rates. The empirical analysis reveals a gradual decrease in overall primary enrollment from 12.18 crore in 2021-22 to 10.44 crore in 2024-25, primarily driven by demographic transitions and enhanced student tracking under UDISE+. Concurrently, the Gender Parity Index consistently remained above parity (1.03 to 1.05), reflecting substantial structural progress in girls' educational access. However, dropout rates exhibited temporary fluctuations (peaking at 7.8% before stabilizing near 0.0%-0.3%), underscoring persistent socio-economic, infrastructural, and cultural vulnerabilities in rural areas. The study concludes that achieving complete inclusion under SDG 4.5 requires sustained, targeted interventions, including gender-segregated sanitation, financial incentives, community engagement, and gender-responsive pedagogy.

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Inclusive Education, Rural Girls, Primary Education, SDG 4.5, Gender Parity Index

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This paper explores the social life of the Nagas as depicted in the Nilamata Purana, focusing on their evolving relationship with humans and their role in shaping the cultural and social foundations of early Kashmir. Rather than viewing the Nagas as purely mythological entities, the study examines their active participation in the region's sacred geography and community development. Through narratives involving figures such as Jalodbhava, Candradeva, and King Nila, the text reveals how the Nagas mediated between divine will and human need, gradually enabling a shift from conflict to coexistence. The paper also investigates the social organization of the Naga community, as evidenced by extensive genealogical records and leadership hierarchies, suggesting a structured and functioning society. Themes of hospitality, spiritual authority, and cosmic regulation emerge throughout the text, reflecting the Nagas' significance beyond myth. The research highlights the Nilamata Purana not only as a religious text but also as a valuable source for understanding the cultural memory and early societal imagination of Kashmir, where the Nagas served as both symbols and agents of social order, environmental guardianship, and ritual continuity.

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Nagas, Nilamata Purana, Early Kashmir, Naga-Human Relations, Mythology

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