Volume 8 | Issue 6

 Abstract

An issue that has been plaguing protection engineers for a considerable amount of time is the extraction of negative phase sequence components from three-phase alternating current voltages and currents. In this research, a unique numerical three-phase filtering approach is presented for the purpose of extracting the negative phase sequence components from sampled three-phase observations. In order to calculate either the absolute value of the negative phase quantity or the relative value of the negative phase sequence to the positive phase sequence measured at the operating point, the mathematical algorithm has been designed to be appropriate for use in a numeric relay. This is because the method has been developed to be suitable for use in its intended application. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the capabilities of the method by presenting findings that indicate that the amount of negative phase sequence components can often be retrieved within thirty milliseconds after a disturbance by using a simple post-extraction smoothing filter. A notional sampling rate of 1200 samples per second was used in this example, together with an automated frequency tracking method, in order to ensure that the sampling clock and the power system frequency remained in perfect sync with one another.

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 Keywords

Mathematical model, Relay algorithm, AC, Negative phase sequence

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Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) plays a vital role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of civil infrastructure such as bridges and high-rise buildings. Traditional inspection-based approaches are often costly, time-consuming, and incapable of providing continuous condition assessment. Recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and fiber optic sensing have enabled real-time, automated, and scalable SHM systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review and integration framework of IoT-based sensor networks and fiber optic sensors for real-time damage detection in bridges and tall buildings. IoT sensors enable distributed data acquisition, wireless communication, and cloud-based analytics, while fiber optic sensors provide high-resolution, durable, and interference-resistant measurements of strain, temperature, vibration, and crack propagation. The synergy between these technologies enables accurate damage identification, localization, and severity assessment. Applications in bridges and high-rise buildings demonstrate the effectiveness of hybrid SHM systems in enhancing safety, reducing maintenance costs, and supporting informed decision-making. Challenges and future research directions are also discussed.

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 Keywords

Structural Health Monitoring, Internet of Things, Fiber Optic Sensors, Fiber Bragg Grating, Wireless Sensor Networks, Bridges, High-Rise Buildings.

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A heat pipe is an important tool for effective cooling performance of the electronic devices. The main focus of this paper is to review applications of heat pipe in electronic system. Miniaturization of chips and increasing processing speed decreases the heat transfer surface area and generates very high heat fluxes resulting in large temperature rise in electronics devices. Therefore, for an effective cooling heat pipe is a better selection because of its high efficiency and reliability. A major part of this review paper is allocated to applications of different types of heat pipe and modern trends in heat pipe technology. Nanofluids are dilute suspensions of nanoparticles composite materials with the specific aim of increasing the thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids. Authors also analyzed some of the applications of heat pipes with nanofluid for electronic cooling.

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 Keywords

heat pipe, effective cooling, nanofluids.

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In order to extend the useful life of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Redundancy Management of Multipath Routing abstractions emphasize the use of many data pathways to improve system security and reliability against malevolent or unreliable nodes while balancing this against energy cost. In order to increase query success probability and network lifespan, these abstracts suggest voting-based intrusion detection techniques to find and eliminate malicious nodes, dynamic algorithms that modify settings at runtime in response to environmental changes, and mathematical models to determine the ideal redundancy levels for multipath routing.

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 Keywords

Wireless sensor, Redundancy .

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High-speed digital logic design is critical for modern computing, communication, and embedded systems. As the demand for faster data processing continues to grow, ensuring signal integrity and accurate timing analysis has become a fundamental aspect of circuit design. This paper explores the principles of signal integrity and timing analysis, addressing key challenges such as transmission line effects, crosstalk, power integrity, and clock synchronization. Various methodologies and tools used for ensuring robust high-speed digital circuit design are discussed, including impedance matching, layered PCB designs, and controlled routing strategies. The paper also delves into modern simulation tools and measurement techniques that help engineers analyze and optimize high-speed circuits. Furthermore, case studies highlighting real-world applications in high-performance computing, telecommunication infrastructure, and FPGA-based systems are presented to demonstrate the practical implementation of these principles. By employing advanced design strategies, engineers can effectively mitigate signal degradation, reduce noise, and enhance the reliability of high-speed digital circuits.

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 Keywords

High-Speed Digital Design, Signal Integrity, Timing Analysis, Impedance Matching, Crosstalk, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Clock Skew

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This Present Paper deals with a brief account of the historical significance of the town of Ellore, the capital city of the previous West Godavari district. The geographical location of the town and its history are described, as is the history of the formation of the municipal administration in the town. Ellore was well-known for its carpet-making skills. The well-flourished city witnessed drastic demographic growth in a time span of 150 years. Ellore (the new spelling of Eluru) will become a new district with the same name on April 4, 2022.

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Ellore, Eluru, Town.

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 Abstract

Aadhunik pariprekshya me Gandhiji ke vikendrit arthvyavasthaa aadhaarit vicharon kaa bhaugolik vishleshan

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Aadhunik pariprekshya me Gandhiji ke vikendrit arthvyavasthaa aadhaarit vicharon kaa bhaugolik vishleshan

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The advent of 5G technology marks a significant milestone in the evolution of wireless communication, offering unprecedented speed, capacity, and connectivity. This review paper dissects the core architecture of 5G, addresses critical security concerns, and explores its novel applications. We begin by examining the Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), which leverages millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, and advanced channel coding and modulation techniques to enhance data rates and connectivity. The 5G Core Network (5GC) is highlighted for its service-based architecture, network slicing, and the separation of control and user planes, which collectively contribute to greater network flexibility and scalability. The roles of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in providing dynamic resource allocation and centralized network control are also discussed. Security concerns inherent to 5G, such as network slicing security, user privacy, authentication, and secure communication, are critically evaluated, underscoring the need for robust security measures and compliance with data protection regulations. The paper then delves into the transformative applications enabled by 5G, including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) for high-speed internet and multimedia services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) for applications like remote surgery and industrial automation, and Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) supporting IoT and smart city initiatives. Emerging trends and future directions, such as the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and edge computing, standardization efforts, spectrum management, and energy efficiency, are explored to provide insights into the ongoing evolution of 5G technology. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings, identifying open challenges, and discussing the potential long-term impact of 5G on various sectors and society as a whole. This comprehensive review aims to provide a clear understanding of 5G technology, its current state, and future possibilities.

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 Keywords

5G Technology, Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), 5G Core Network (5GC), Network Slicing, Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

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 Abstract

For a given sequential data such as stock market prices or streaming stories in a newswire, we might be interested in when these data change in some way, such as a stock price falling or the document topics shifting. This abrupt change can cause shift in sequence and divide the sequence into two parts. For example If n items are put to test their lives then their lives will be x_1,x_2,.....,x_n. If there is one break in sequence, then sequence is divided into two parts. Suppose the change occurs at point mth, the sequence will be x_1,x_2,.....,x_m. and x_m,x_2,.....,x_(n+1). If we view our data as observations from a generative process, then we care about when the generative parameters change. Now the problem is how to detect and estimate the break point. For a given sequential data such as stock market prices or streaming stories in a newswire, we might be interested in when these data change in some way, such as a stock price falling or the document topics shifting. The goal of this paper is to explain a technical report on Bayesian changepoint detection and estimation by applying the Bayesian preliminary test estimation(BPTE) method in my research work, and to work through the framework and code for a Weibull model.

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 Keywords

Change-point analysis, abrupt change, CUSUM control Chart, Bayesian Estimation, Preliminary test estimator, SELF.

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The main aim of this research is to assess how the integration of AI in IoT applications is significant to the technological and business. The rapid and widespread deployment of IoT gadgets has given birth to a brand-new era of data creation and processing, that brings with it a set of opportunities as well as hurdles. To fully exploit the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent, real-time handling of data at the network's edge is increasingly becoming necessary. This article investigates the design and establishment of edge computing solutions enabled by AI that are built to cope with the demands posed by smart IoT apps [1]. This analysis revolves around integrating artificial intelligence techniques into edge gadgets allowing for real-time data analysis, decision-making along better use of resources. This revolves around discussing key elements within our AI-fueled framework encompassing edge devices, and AI algorithms alongside communication protocols [1]. Moreover, we bring forth advantages tied to implementing AI technology at the network's edge like reduced latency rates and heightened security levels alongside enhanced privacy protection for IoT applications. To showcase practicality linked with our approach, we showcase study cases across various sectors that employ smart IoT systems such as urban development initiatives or healthcare projects.

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 Keywords

IoT, edge computing, IoT, cloud computing, cloud computing, IoT cloud platforms,algorithms

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Online business transactions have been an important tool in today's world. The Selling and purchasing of goods has also taken a paradigm shift in recent years with people selling and purchasing goods through online portals. It offers two things that the regular market could never provide i.e. (a) Convenience and (b) range to choose from. It also saves time as the buyer no longer need to go to the market and select something from a wide range, which would take more time and would be a more expensive practice. The paper attempts to study the issues concerning market competition and fair standards of trading in online food delivery Apps vis a vis the Competition Act ,2002. The core areas causing bargaining power imbalance and information asymmetry between e-commerce marketplace platforms and their business users have been discussed.

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Information asymmetry, platform neutrality, e-commerce, market fairness

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In this article, a combination of Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and Integral Transform (Laplace method) with less computation is proposed to solve nonlinear wave equations. Based on this method, schemes are developed to obtain approximation solutions of Schock wave, soliton and travelling type solution for nonlinear wave equations. The proposed method is called Homotopy Analysis Transform Method (HATM). The results of applying this procedure to the studied cases show the high accuracy and efficiency of the new technique. The study represents the significant features of HATM also.

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Homotopy analysis method, Integral Transform (Laplace method), Homotopy Analysis Transform Method

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 Abstract

Global warming and climate change have resulted in unexpected drought, stormy rainfalls, extremely high temperature, cold damage and hurricanes in many places around the world where such disastrous tragedy had never occurred in the past decades. Establishing an environmental friendly co-existing mechanism on earth is of vital importance. In recent years, agrochemicals are extensively applied to obtain higher yield. Intensive application of agrochemicals leads to several agricultural problems and poor cropping systems. Farmers use more chemical fertilizers than the recommended levels for many crops. Excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer not only accelerates soil acidification but also risks contaminating groundwater and the atmosphere. The extensive research program on beneficial bacteria and fungi has resulted in the development of a wide range of bio-fertilizers, which satisfied the nutrient requirements of crops and increased the crop yield as well. Many experiments in greenhouses and in field conditions have revealed that different crops responded positively to microbial inoculations. In particular, successful rhizobial inoculants were applied to leguminous plants and AM fungi for muskmelons in order to increase the yield and quality. Multifunctional bio-fertilizers were developed to reduce about 1/3- 1/2 of chemical fertilizer application. In the future, enhancement and maintenance of soil fertility through microorganisms will be a very significant concern.

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: Bio-fertilizers, perspective, sustainable agriculture, inorganic fertilizers, inoculants.

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Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a staple in the diets of Jharkhand's indigenous peoples. Most of the rural inhabitants in Jharkhand's various regions have gained specialised knowledge about the uses of plants and plant components. The purpose of this research was to collect first-hand accounts of the variety and practical use of wild edible weeds used by the tribal people of Jharkhand. In the current research, data from 118 quadrats in 59 distinct woods revealed a total of 62 unique herbs, shrubs, and small trees belonging to 41 groups, of which 54 are edible as medicine, vegetables, or both. Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. (51 quadrats/134 total) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (47 quadrats/134 total) are two of the most widely distributed wild edible plants in the research region. Similar to how Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., nom. superfl. (40) is the most common edible grass, Lantana camara L. (35), Croton oblongifolius Roxb. (34), and Flemingia stobilifera (L.) R.Br. (20) are the most common edible shrubs. Overexploitation and unsustainable harvesting for food and medicine, together with other biotic interferences including grazing, herbivory, and human fire, have been reported to have reduced the variety of WEPs in Jharkhand. Therefore, it is crucial to protect these precious Wild edible plants (WEPs) and put them to good, long-term use. In addition, there is a need for further studies to be conducted on the medicinal possibilities and nutritive benefits of WEPs so that a scientific foundation may be laid for the future development of herbal medicines and traditional cuisines.

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Wild Edible Plants, Medicine, Utilization, Tribals.

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 Abstract

Spectrum Sensing Time Optimization Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLDOSS)

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Spectrum Sensing Time Optimization Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLDOSS)

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 Abstract

Metamorphosis of the concept of heroine in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre.

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Metamorphosis of the concept of heroine in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre.

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 Abstract

In present investigation pulping of Anthocephalus indicus (kadam) were carried out using 12 and 14, % active alkali and pulps produced corresponding to kappa number 36.49 and 24.76 were treated with oxygen at 8 kg/cm2 oxygen pressure. At pressure, treatment was given 100oC and 110oC temperature for 60 minutes using 1.00 and 2.00 % alkali charge. Unbleached and pulps subjected to delignification by oxygen under alkaline conditions under pressure the residual and removed lignins were treated with nitrobenzene oxidation and the products was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compound like P-hydroxy benzoic acid, Vanillic acid, Syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, Syringaldehyde, Acetovanillone, Acetosyringone was identified. The effect of oxygen treatment with different temperature and alkali charge on compound like vanillin, Syringaldehyde and Vanillic acid was analysed in adequate length of paper.

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Anthocephalus indicus, lignin, Nitrobenzene, vanillin, Syringaldehyde, Oxygen treatment.

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 Abstract

Smartphones is an outstanding scientific invention and this magical device is an integral part of our daily life. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred in a time of this scientific progress and global digitalization; where smart phones become ubiquitous in our lives from education to clinical consultation. It helps us to stay connected with our family, friends, loved ones and society as well in variety of ways including: calling, Text/Messages, E-mail, video calling, public or social media. The various applications and components on a handset including gaming, social networking, electronic mailing, online payment, barcode scanning, calculators, weather report, text messages, Bluetooth, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player and GPS have made users more and more tech informative. Offering an immense advantage to the public including learners, it has also spread its negative effects. There are some social, psychological and health effects of mobile phone users. The higher rates of mobile application usage by teachers and students significantly affected the self-regulation of behaviour, imposed negative aspects on meta-cognation and cognitive learning. This paper tries to explore impact of smart phone usage in learning and its effect among students as well. Moreover, it will look in the social, physiological, psychological, environmental effects among the students and describes strategies to be adopted to manage this.

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Smart Phone, Mobile usage,

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 Abstract

HINDI BHASHA KE SEWARAT EVAM SEWAPOORV SHIKSHAKON KI SOOCHNA PRAUDYAUGIKI KE PRATI ABHIVRITTI KA ADHYAYAN

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HINDI BHASHA KE SEWARAT EVAM SEWAPOORV SHIKSHAKON KI SOOCHNA PRAUDYAUGIKI KE PRATI ABHIVRITTI KA ADHYAYAN

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Water and air the two essential components which serve as the soul of all life forms; have become global garbage cans. Synthetic polymers are vital to many branches of industries for example in packaging industry, Manufacturing industry, Automobile industry etc. Though they are essential element in the cycle, but the fact that Plastic are harmful cannot be denied, especially because of its non-biodegradable nature. When we litter it on soil it makes the soil less fertile, it also harms the sea life , burning of plastics leads to environmental pollution owing to release of poisonous chemicals. Growth is persistent , so is the need of polymers, increasing day by day therefore unlike synthetic polymers that are derived from petroleum oil a better, optimized and efficient substitute would be bio-plastics produced from renewable biomass sources such as plant residue and extracts, agricultural by-products organic minerals to decrease the burden of pollution. This paper discusses cause and affect relations of synthetic polymers on human race as well on marine life further a brief on bio-plastics as an efficient alternate

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 Keywords

synthetic polymers, biodegradable polymer degradation

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