Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Microfinance has become one of the key approaches to economic development that focuses on delivering financial services to the financially excluded population and enterprises. Microfinance is rapidly becoming popular in developing countries as a poverty reduction and entrepreneurship finance strategy. This paper evaluates microfinance institutions' (MFIs) roles in small business and poverty reduction in developing countries.

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Economics Finance

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a transforming effect on most aspects of modern society, from economic structures to social interactions. And then we showcased how AI has an immense impact on various fields of the world like health, education, employment, and ethics, etc., with their advantages and disadvantages.

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, AI Ethics, AI in Healthcare, AI in Education, Job Automation, AI Bias, AI and Society, AI Challenges, Ethical AI

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Abstract. The sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in Telangana has been a longstanding issue with significant implications for social justice and policy implementation. This study examines the unequal distribution of reservations in education and employment, highlighting the dominance of the SC Mala community and the resulting demands for equitable distribution from other SC sub-castes. The Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi (MRPS), spearheaded by Manda Krishna Madiga, has been pivotal in advocating for restructuring reservation policies. The research also evaluates the recommendations of the Samim Akhtar Report (2025) and draws comparisons with similar policies in Punjab and Tamil Nadu to assess their socio-economic, political, and legal impacts.

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Key words: Sub categorization, Reservations, SC Corporation loans, education, employment , Shamim akhter report, roster point, Social Equality, economic inclusion, constitution order, jhon Rawls theory of justice and fairness, Affirmative action theory of equality.

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The placement of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) coils and the selection of pulse waveform currents are typically optimized to achieve a precise electric (E) field dosage in targeted brain regions. Enhancing TMS neuronavigation requires real-time, accurate visualization of E-field distributions on the cortex. In this study, we introduce a novel computational method and develop software that enables real-time E-field mapping with accuracy comparable to first-order finite element method (FEM) solvers. Our approach begins by generating a basis set (<400) of E-field distributions using white noise-induced magnetic currents on a boundary surface separating the head from allowable coil placements. These basis fields are orthogonalized to form computational modes. We then apply Reciprocity and Huygens' principles to calculate the fields induced by these modes using FEM, which are combined with real-time computed primary fields to construct the mode expansion. To validate our method, we compared real-time E-field computations with FEM-based simulations across eight subjects. We tested two head modeling pipelines (SimNIBS's 'headreco' and 'mri2mesh'), three coil configurations (circular, double-cone, and Figure-8), and 1,000 coil placements, resulting in a total of 48,000 simulations. Our solver achieves real-time E-field calculations in under 4 milliseconds (ms) using 400 modes, requiring less than 4 GB of GPU memory. This efficient solver facilitates seamless integration of E-field data into neuronavigation systems without introducing significant computational overhead. The software is publicly available at: GitHub Repository.

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real- time, transcranial magnetic stimulation, Huygens' principle, PMD, FEM, neuronavigation

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Even though there's a global push to tackle human trafficking, many anti-trafficking policies just aren't doing enough to protect the victims. This shortfall often stems from weak enforcement, a lack of focus on the needs of victims, and support systems that just don't cut it. While many laws aim to punish traffickers, they often overlook the crucial aspect of helping survivors rebuild their lives, which leaves them at risk of being trafficked again. On top of that, issues like corruption, poor coordination between agencies, and not enough funding really weaken these efforts. In between what the law says and what really happens, the disconnect between it means that the victims often miss justice and they are in dire need of that care. In addition, strict immigration law can provide them with the safety instead of punishing the victims. To make a real difference, we need to strengthen anti-trafficking policies with solid enforcement, support that puts survivors first, and collaboration across different sectors. This article dives into the systemic issues within current anti-trafficking laws and offers some ideas for reforms that ensure legal frameworks are not only effective but also compassionate in meeting the needs of those who have survived trafficking.

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Human trafficking, victim protection, law enforcement, policy failure, victim-centered approach, anti-trafficking laws, survivor rights, legal enforcement, systemic barriers.

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This places a great burden on the right to a speedy and fair trial -- a fundamental human right, which is vital to the rule of law and access to justice. It is enshrined in, among others, Article 21 of the Constitution of India, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) through different national and international legal orders. As the process of the trial is delayed, it becomes justice delayed for them, which leads to a distrust among the public also on the legal system. Getting to trial quickly means that an accused person does not endure a lengthy detention, unnecessary harassment, or disproportionate financial and emotional strains. It also avoids witnesses forgetting facts, provides timely justice to victims and improves overall efficiency in the judicial process. Just as the right to a fair trial ensures impartiality before the law, representation by a qualified attorney, proper cross-examination of evidence, and due process -- all rights of the accused and the victims. Constitutional rights to a speedy and fair trial are regularly reaffirmed by the courts, but that hasn't solved India's long-standing problem of massive judicial backlogs, inefficient investigations and arcane procedural rules. A multitude of reasons including overworked courts, the shortage of judges, slow investigatory processes and use of legal provisions to indefinitely adjourn hearings, which lead to delayed trials, and ultimately, are alchemy to justice denial. This article analyzes the constitutional provisions, judgments, and challenges in this direction. It discusses important case laws including Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), Abdul Rehman Antulay v. R.S. Nayak (1992), and Raj Deo Sharma v. State of Bihar (1998), which give shape to the jurisprudence concerning the aforementioned right. Moreover, the paper investigates what sort of reforms need to be developed to overcome current challenges namely court infrastructure development, technology e-courts, ADR, stricter time deadlines for procedure and legal awareness. To sum up, though the right to speedy and fair trial is specially enshrined in the constitution and also in International Treaties and other documents yet, it has not been translated into practice simply due to the very nature of the legal business. Combating these issues will take many forms, such as reforms at the judicial level, policy changes and active stakeholder engagement in the justice system. Bold ensuring the timely and impartial administration of justice is essential for maintaining public trust in the judiciary, protecting human rights, and upholding the principles of democracy and the rule of law.

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Speedy Trial Fair Trial Article 21 Judicial Backlog Access to Justice Rule of Law Hussainara Khatoon Case Due Process Judicial Reforms Legal Delays Human Rights E-Courts Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Criminal Justice System International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

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Abstract: Jeet Thayil's novels Narcopolis, The Book of Chocolate Saints, and Names of Women present a stark and compelling portrayal of contemporary socio-political issues, drug culture, artistic struggles, and gender perspectives, aligning them with the literary tradition of social realism. This research examines how Thayil's narratives expose the underbelly of urban India, its historical amnesia, and the existential dilemmas of marginalized individuals. Through the lens of social realism, the study explores themes such as addiction, power dynamics, artistic alienation, and the role of women in historical and contemporary frameworks.

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Keywords: Social realism, drug culture, artistic identity, gender narratives, urban marginality, existentialism, historical amnesia etc.

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In this paper we tried to demonstrate IOT based heart monitoring system with feature optimization techniques on (ECG image) dataset where we simulate the project using Arduino Uno and AD8232 heart sensor and pulse sensor and by using feature optimization techniques and feature extraction techniques on ECG image dataset for improving the accuracy and performance where it will reduce number of computations and time complexity. In this HOG feature extraction used for extracting the relevant features and eliminating the rest of features which are not important and by using PCA we only select the principal component of image to improve its accuracy by reducing the dimensions.

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IoT, ECG Images, Heart Monitoring, Feature Optimization, Machine Learning, Classification.

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By examining the connection between emotional intelligence (EI) competencies and successful leadership outcomes, this study explores the crucial role that EI plays in leadership development. A substantial positive link between EI and leadership effectiveness is found in the research, which uses a mixed-methods approach that includes both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with leaders and their subordinates from various organizational contexts. Results show that leaders with greater degrees of self-awareness, empathy, and social skills increase communication, strengthen team cohesion, and boost organizational performance. Notably, training programs that focus on developing emotional intelligence (EI) greatly increase leadership effectiveness. In order to maximize leadership potential and promote organizational excellence, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to incorporate emotional intelligence (EI) development into leadership training programs.

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The Role Of Emotional Intelligence In Leadership Development

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This project addresses the challenge of inefficient manual waste classification by proposing an automated system using the VGG deep learning architecture. A convolutional neural network, trained on a large, augmented dataset of waste images (paper, plastic, glass, metal, organic), is developed to accurately classify waste. The model's performance is evaluated against state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving waste management practices and reducing environmental pollution through accurate and efficient waste classification.

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Machine Learning, Deep Learning, VGG Architecture, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Smart Waste Classification, Test Dataset, Automated Classification.

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Posthumanism, Posthuman Identity, Body Politics, Gender Binaries, Androgyny, Speculative Fiction, Feminist Theory

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Banking and monetisation in India have a long history of evolution. The study argues that the evolution of banking systems in colonial India was shaped by intricate interactions between colonial and indigenous economic interests. Specifically, the article examines the colonial economic considerations that were decisive in reshaping indigenous banking practices. The introduction of the European model of limited liability joint-stock banks in the second half of the eighteenth century marked the beginning of modern banking in India. The British-designed institutions primarily served the growing demand for credit in international trade. Over time, British colonial rule, along with Indian responses to imperial financial policies, led to the emergence of a highly sophisticated banking and monetary system with sufficient infrastructure to promote commerce and industrial agriculture. However, the post-independence interventions made by the Government of India revealed that the colonial banking policies had resulted in an uneven growth of banking facilities. In 1947, the majority of remote villages in India lacked access to modern banking services, highlighting the exclusionary nature of colonial financial institutions. This issue of unequal development prompted significant banking reforms, beginning with the establishment of the State Bank of India. By reviewing the evolution of modern banking institutions in India from the mid-eighteenth century up to 1947, this article shows how colonial banking policies, driven by the interests of the big business and commercialised agricultural activities created inequality in access to banking services. These contexts eventually necessitated post-independence policies aimed at democratising banking sector for financial inclusion, culminating in the nationalisation of banks in the 1970s.

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Banking, Colonialism, India, monetary policy, hundi, Imperial Bank of India

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The Earth has witnessed and seen numerous living species. Many have left traces as stint for its survival and many has proved that to be wrong. Humans are only species who regard themselves to be naturally selected and has proved it vigorously by their travel and dominance. Their adaptation to changing environment and situations has proved them to be fittest with fight and rage to prove their survival with its own holistic perspective one such being the LGBTQ+ community. The article highlights about the problems faced by the community and the extent of social victimizing them. The initiatives taken by the law in extending the mechanisms of accessing justice. Furthermore, the efforts taken by Pro Bono in upbringing of these vulnerable. The article also lays emphasis on how to declutch the manacles and provides for appropriate mechanisms for elevating the community.

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Keywords: LGBTQ+, Rainbow community, Transgender, Transpeople, Homosexual

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The Kota tribe, an indigenous community in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, has preserved its unique cultural and religious practices for centuries. Despite their relatively small population, the Kotas possess a rich and complex system of rituals that reflect their deep connection with nature, ancestors, and the spiritual realm. This paper explores the untold stories of Kota rituals, shedding light on their birth and death ceremonies, their secretive temple worship, and their lesser-known musical and dance traditions. The study also examines the challenges faced by the Kota community in preserving their heritage amid rapid modernization.

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Kota tribe, Nilgiri Hills, indigenous rituals, ancestral worship, tribal traditions

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The rapid proliferation of food delivery platforms such as Zomato and Swiggy has reshaped consumer dining behaviors and presented both opportunities and challenges for traditional restaurants. This research investigates consumer motivations, perceptions, and the broader implications of online food delivery services on traditional dining practices and restaurant operations. Through a structured survey of 200 consumers and 30 restaurant stakeholders, the study identifies key drivers for food delivery usage, including convenience, time-saving, lack of cooking skills, and promotional incentives, while also evaluating satisfaction levels and perceived impacts on value, quality, and social experiences. Hypothesis testing and statistical models reveal that while factors like convenience and discounts are commonly cited, lack of cooking skills emerges as the only significant predictor of reduced traditional dining. From the restaurant perspective, findings highlight mixed impacts on foot traffic, with varying levels of revenue dependency on food delivery platforms. Notably, restaurants face critical challenges such as increased competition from cloud kitchens, high commission rates, and declining profit margins. The study concludes that while food delivery services offer considerable consumer benefits, they also impose structural pressures on traditional dining models.

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Food Delivery Platforms, Zomato, Swiggy, Consumer Behavior, Dining Preferences, Traditional Restaurants, Online Food Ordering, Convenience, Customer Satisfaction, Restaurant Strategy, Cloud Kitchens, Digital Disruption, Food Tech Industry, Service Quality, Consumer Motivation.

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Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. While the concept of water stress is relatively new, it is the difficulty of obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time and may result in further depletion and deterioration of available water resources. Water shortages may be caused by climate change, such as altered weather patterns including droughts or floods, increased pollution, and increased human demand and overuse of water. A water crisis is a situation where the available potable, unpolluted water within a region is less than that region's demand. Water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources.

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Water scarcity

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This review paper studies the various traditional practices of the North East region. The methods of farming system of the region seem to be homogenous with slight variations. Agriculture is not only an economic activity; it is the central them of the cultural identity but sadly there is a rapid decline in the traditional practices which may have a far-reaching adverse impact socio-economic system of the communities of North East. Jhum cultivation is found to be the most common method of cultivation along with terrace rice fields along the hill slopes. Besides rice, many other food crops are grown traditionally to meet the needs and not commercialize but with various socio-economic changes, the traditional practices and food crops are on the decline. There is diversification of crops through modernization with the intention to commercialize.

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Jhum, wet terrace fields, sustainability, traditional knowledge system, homegarden

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In today's digital age, where technology influences every aspect of life, BookNest stands out as a unique platform that redefines the reading experience. By combining personalized book recommendations with community engagement, BookNest offers a space where readers can discover, share, and discuss literature. It creates an interactive environment that transforms the way people experience books by blending solitary reading with social interaction. Key features of BookNest include book exchanges, live discussions, and group reading sessions. These tools enable readers to connect with others who share similar interests, facilitating meaningful conversations around books and their themes. The platform goes beyond traditional reading by turning it into an engaging, social experience that encourages collaboration and community building. Readers can exchange books, discover new authors, and deepen their understanding of the literature through group interactions. In addition to promoting social engagement, BookNest advocates for sustainable reading practices. Through initiatives like book swapping and sharing, the platform encourages readers to make environmentally conscious choices while enjoying literature. These practices contribute to reducing waste and extending the lifespan of books, fostering a more sustainable approach to reading. This study explores how BookNest fosters literary interaction while promoting sustainable reading habits. It highlights the ways in which digital platforms can enhance our connection with books and other readers, offering valuable insights into the potential of technology to transform the reading experience. Ultimately, BookNest illustrates how blending technology with literature can create a richer, more connected way to engage with books in the modern world.

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BookNest, Digital Reading Platform, Community Engagement, Book Exchange, Sustainability, Personalized Recommendations, Social Interaction, Literary Community, AI-powered Features, Reading Experience

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This study investigated the scientific attitude of 5T secondary school students in Boudh district, Odisha due to gender (boys and girls) and locality (rural and urban). The research was followed by descriptive survey research method. A sample of 80 students (40 boys and 40 girls) from Boudh district were randomly drawn from eight sampled 5T secondary schools. These 8 sampled 5T secondary schools were randomly drawn from the three blocks (Boudh, Kantamal and Harabhanga) of Boudh district. The data were collected by using a self-prepared Scientific Attitude Scale contained five points by the investigators. For the analysis and interpretation of data, the researchers had used Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test. It was revealed from the study that there is no significant difference due to locality and there is significant difference due to gender.

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Science, Scientific Attitude, 5T, Secondary school students, gender, and Locality.

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Prime number distribution has been a subject of extensive mathematical exploration, with profound implications in number theory, cryptography, and computational mathematics. Traditional analytical approaches often rely on deterministic algorithms and conjectures, such as the Prime Number Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis. However, recent advancements in machine learning (ML) offer novel perspectives for predicting prime number distributions using data-driven methodologies. This study explores advanced ML-driven regression models to analyze and predict the occurrence of prime numbers within numerical sequences. Various regression techniques are employed to approximate underlying patterns in prime distributions. Comparative evaluations based on accuracy, generalization ability, and computational efficiency highlight the most effective models for prime number prediction. The findings contribute to the growing intersection of machine learning and mathematical research, demonstrating the potential of ML-based regression models in number theory and complex sequence analysis.

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Prime Numbers, Machine Learning, Regression Models, Prime Number Distribution, Predictive Analytics, Number Theory, Data-Driven Approach, Computational Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence.

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