Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

ABSTRACT: Present investigations aim to analyse the tap water quality of Bilaspur district by water quality index. Eight physicochemical parameters such as Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorine, total hardness, pH, Electrical conductivity, TDS, Turbidity and also bacterial contamination. Out of total parameters studies, 80% water samples were bring into being good quality and only 20% of water trials falls under temperately poor category. Therefore, prerequisite treatment of drinking water can be done before usage and also the study area has to be protected from anthropogenic contamination.

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KEYWORDS: Drinking water, physio-chemical, Bilaspur, water treatment.

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This research articles explores the remarkable journeys of Indian entrepreneurs who have made significant strides in the global startup ecosystem. By examining their innovative approaches, resilience, and strategic decisions, we aim to highlight the factors that contributed to their success and the impact they have had on both the Indian and global markets. These case studies serve as inspiration for aspiring entrepreneurs and provide valuable insights into the dynamics of entrepreneurship in a rapidly evolving landscape. By highlights the backgrounds, key success factors, and impacts of Ritesh Agarwal (OYO Rooms), Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal (Snapdeal), Bhavish Aggarwal (Ola Cabs), N. R. Narayana Murthy (Infosys), Nikhil Kamath (Zerodha), Aman Gupta (boAt), Deepinder Goyal (Zomato), and Neeraj Kakkar (Paper Boat). Each entrepreneur's innovative approaches and strategic decisions have not only transformed their respective sectors but have also played a significant role in shaping the Indian economy and promoting entrepreneurship.

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Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, E-commerce, Hospitality, Technology

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Chronic inflammation is a common trait in the pathogenesis of several dis- eases of the gut, including inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Control of the inflammatory response is crucial in these pathologies to avoid tissue destruction and loss of intestinal function. Over the last 50 years, the identification of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the acute phase of the inflammatory response, which is characterized by massive leukocyte recruitment, has led to a number of therapeutic options. New drugs targeting inflammatory flares are still under development. However, interest on the other end of the spectrum--the resolution and repair phases--has emerged, as promoting tissue functional repair may maintain remission and counter- act the chronicity of the disease. This review aims to discuss the current and future pharmacological approaches to the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation and the restoration of functional tissues.

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Intestinal Inflammation,Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD),Pharmacological Interventions,Anti-inflammatory Agents

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The way people search for jobs has changed drastically with the rise of online job portals. These digital platforms have made it easier for job seekers and recruiters to connect, offering features like AI-driven job matching, mobile access, and real-time communication. This review takes a closer look at four key studies on job portals, comparing their strengths, weaknesses, and methodologies. It highlights how job portals have evolved, the challenges they still face, and potential improvements, such as better AI-based candidate profiling, seamless mobile experiences, and stronger security. Additionally, this paper discusses how government-backed platforms and emerging trends are shaping the future of online job searching.

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Jobs, Job Seeker, Job Application, Recruiter, Resume, Skills, Job Portal, AI in Recruitment, Mobile Job Search, Security in Job Portals, Blockchain in Hiring.

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Drug repurposing is an important area of research for pharmaceutical companies and chemical scientists. In the recent times, there has been an increased focus on the process of finding a new therapeutic use for already-approved medications. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are transforming drug repurposing because they can minimize risks, maximize efficiency, cut down on development time, and be inexpensive. This article discusses algorithms used in drug repurposing that are based on AI and ML. It also describes the ways in which methods from AI and big data have evolved to meet the growing demands of research in terms of planning development of drug candidates more efficiently and at a lower cost. With an analysis of current trends and recommendations for best practices, this study aims to give researchers a comprehensive understanding of how AI and ML may be utilized as a resource to help them navigate the always evolving field of drug discovery.

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Drug repurposing; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Deep Learning, Big data.

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Dielectric measurement of a binary mixture of Allyl Bromide with 2-Pentanone and 2-Hexanone was carried out over the entire concentration range using a Time-domain Reflectometer (TDR) at temperatures 293.15K, 303.15K, and 313.15K in microwave frequency range 10 MHz to 10 GHz. The static dielectric constant(?_s) and relaxation time(?) of binary mixture were determined which are further used to study excess static dielectric constant(?_s^E), excess inverse relaxation time??((1/?))?^E, effective Kirkwood correlation factor(geff), and Bruggeman factor(fB). These parameters are used to study intermolecular interaction between Allyl Bromide (ALB) and the carbonyl group of 2-Pentone (2-PE) and 2-Hexanone (2-HE). Intermolecular interaction of Allyl Bromide with 2-Pentanone and 2-Hexanone occurs through dipole-dipole interaction. The excess static dielectric constant and excess inverse relaxation time are fitted to Redlich-Kister equation.

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Static dielectric constant, Effective Kirkwood correlation factor, Relaxation time

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Abstract The "hard problem" of consciousness--explaining how subjective experience arises from physical processes--remains a persistent challenge in philosophy and science. Quantum physics, with its probabilistic, non-local, and observer-dependent nature, has emerged as a provocative framework for addressing this enigma, suggesting that consciousness may be intertwined with quantum processes. This article traces the historical evolution of quantum mechanics and its intersection with consciousness studies, critically examines key theoretical models (e.g., the Orchestrated Objective Reduction model), and evaluates their philosophical and empirical viability. While quantum approaches offer novel insights into the mind-body problem, they face significant hurdles in coherence, testability, and ontological grounding. The article concludes by proposing interdisciplinary pathways to refine these models, emphasizing the need for empirical validation and philosophical rigor to bridge quantum physics and consciousness.

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Quantum Physics, Consciousness, Hard Problem, Orch-OR, Philosophy of Mind, Quantum Mechanics

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Microfinance has become one of the key approaches to economic development that focuses on delivering financial services to the financially excluded population and enterprises. Microfinance is rapidly becoming popular in developing countries as a poverty reduction and entrepreneurship finance strategy. This paper evaluates microfinance institutions' (MFIs) roles in small business and poverty reduction in developing countries.

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Economics Finance

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a transforming effect on most aspects of modern society, from economic structures to social interactions. And then we showcased how AI has an immense impact on various fields of the world like health, education, employment, and ethics, etc., with their advantages and disadvantages.

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, AI Ethics, AI in Healthcare, AI in Education, Job Automation, AI Bias, AI and Society, AI Challenges, Ethical AI

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Abstract. The sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in Telangana has been a longstanding issue with significant implications for social justice and policy implementation. This study examines the unequal distribution of reservations in education and employment, highlighting the dominance of the SC Mala community and the resulting demands for equitable distribution from other SC sub-castes. The Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi (MRPS), spearheaded by Manda Krishna Madiga, has been pivotal in advocating for restructuring reservation policies. The research also evaluates the recommendations of the Samim Akhtar Report (2025) and draws comparisons with similar policies in Punjab and Tamil Nadu to assess their socio-economic, political, and legal impacts.

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Key words: Sub categorization, Reservations, SC Corporation loans, education, employment , Shamim akhter report, roster point, Social Equality, economic inclusion, constitution order, jhon Rawls theory of justice and fairness, Affirmative action theory of equality.

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The placement of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) coils and the selection of pulse waveform currents are typically optimized to achieve a precise electric (E) field dosage in targeted brain regions. Enhancing TMS neuronavigation requires real-time, accurate visualization of E-field distributions on the cortex. In this study, we introduce a novel computational method and develop software that enables real-time E-field mapping with accuracy comparable to first-order finite element method (FEM) solvers. Our approach begins by generating a basis set (<400) of E-field distributions using white noise-induced magnetic currents on a boundary surface separating the head from allowable coil placements. These basis fields are orthogonalized to form computational modes. We then apply Reciprocity and Huygens' principles to calculate the fields induced by these modes using FEM, which are combined with real-time computed primary fields to construct the mode expansion. To validate our method, we compared real-time E-field computations with FEM-based simulations across eight subjects. We tested two head modeling pipelines (SimNIBS's 'headreco' and 'mri2mesh'), three coil configurations (circular, double-cone, and Figure-8), and 1,000 coil placements, resulting in a total of 48,000 simulations. Our solver achieves real-time E-field calculations in under 4 milliseconds (ms) using 400 modes, requiring less than 4 GB of GPU memory. This efficient solver facilitates seamless integration of E-field data into neuronavigation systems without introducing significant computational overhead. The software is publicly available at: GitHub Repository.

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real- time, transcranial magnetic stimulation, Huygens' principle, PMD, FEM, neuronavigation

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Even though there's a global push to tackle human trafficking, many anti-trafficking policies just aren't doing enough to protect the victims. This shortfall often stems from weak enforcement, a lack of focus on the needs of victims, and support systems that just don't cut it. While many laws aim to punish traffickers, they often overlook the crucial aspect of helping survivors rebuild their lives, which leaves them at risk of being trafficked again. On top of that, issues like corruption, poor coordination between agencies, and not enough funding really weaken these efforts. In between what the law says and what really happens, the disconnect between it means that the victims often miss justice and they are in dire need of that care. In addition, strict immigration law can provide them with the safety instead of punishing the victims. To make a real difference, we need to strengthen anti-trafficking policies with solid enforcement, support that puts survivors first, and collaboration across different sectors. This article dives into the systemic issues within current anti-trafficking laws and offers some ideas for reforms that ensure legal frameworks are not only effective but also compassionate in meeting the needs of those who have survived trafficking.

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Human trafficking, victim protection, law enforcement, policy failure, victim-centered approach, anti-trafficking laws, survivor rights, legal enforcement, systemic barriers.

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This places a great burden on the right to a speedy and fair trial -- a fundamental human right, which is vital to the rule of law and access to justice. It is enshrined in, among others, Article 21 of the Constitution of India, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) through different national and international legal orders. As the process of the trial is delayed, it becomes justice delayed for them, which leads to a distrust among the public also on the legal system. Getting to trial quickly means that an accused person does not endure a lengthy detention, unnecessary harassment, or disproportionate financial and emotional strains. It also avoids witnesses forgetting facts, provides timely justice to victims and improves overall efficiency in the judicial process. Just as the right to a fair trial ensures impartiality before the law, representation by a qualified attorney, proper cross-examination of evidence, and due process -- all rights of the accused and the victims. Constitutional rights to a speedy and fair trial are regularly reaffirmed by the courts, but that hasn't solved India's long-standing problem of massive judicial backlogs, inefficient investigations and arcane procedural rules. A multitude of reasons including overworked courts, the shortage of judges, slow investigatory processes and use of legal provisions to indefinitely adjourn hearings, which lead to delayed trials, and ultimately, are alchemy to justice denial. This article analyzes the constitutional provisions, judgments, and challenges in this direction. It discusses important case laws including Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), Abdul Rehman Antulay v. R.S. Nayak (1992), and Raj Deo Sharma v. State of Bihar (1998), which give shape to the jurisprudence concerning the aforementioned right. Moreover, the paper investigates what sort of reforms need to be developed to overcome current challenges namely court infrastructure development, technology e-courts, ADR, stricter time deadlines for procedure and legal awareness. To sum up, though the right to speedy and fair trial is specially enshrined in the constitution and also in International Treaties and other documents yet, it has not been translated into practice simply due to the very nature of the legal business. Combating these issues will take many forms, such as reforms at the judicial level, policy changes and active stakeholder engagement in the justice system. Bold ensuring the timely and impartial administration of justice is essential for maintaining public trust in the judiciary, protecting human rights, and upholding the principles of democracy and the rule of law.

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Speedy Trial Fair Trial Article 21 Judicial Backlog Access to Justice Rule of Law Hussainara Khatoon Case Due Process Judicial Reforms Legal Delays Human Rights E-Courts Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Criminal Justice System International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

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Abstract: Jeet Thayil's novels Narcopolis, The Book of Chocolate Saints, and Names of Women present a stark and compelling portrayal of contemporary socio-political issues, drug culture, artistic struggles, and gender perspectives, aligning them with the literary tradition of social realism. This research examines how Thayil's narratives expose the underbelly of urban India, its historical amnesia, and the existential dilemmas of marginalized individuals. Through the lens of social realism, the study explores themes such as addiction, power dynamics, artistic alienation, and the role of women in historical and contemporary frameworks.

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Keywords: Social realism, drug culture, artistic identity, gender narratives, urban marginality, existentialism, historical amnesia etc.

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In this paper we tried to demonstrate IOT based heart monitoring system with feature optimization techniques on (ECG image) dataset where we simulate the project using Arduino Uno and AD8232 heart sensor and pulse sensor and by using feature optimization techniques and feature extraction techniques on ECG image dataset for improving the accuracy and performance where it will reduce number of computations and time complexity. In this HOG feature extraction used for extracting the relevant features and eliminating the rest of features which are not important and by using PCA we only select the principal component of image to improve its accuracy by reducing the dimensions.

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IoT, ECG Images, Heart Monitoring, Feature Optimization, Machine Learning, Classification.

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By examining the connection between emotional intelligence (EI) competencies and successful leadership outcomes, this study explores the crucial role that EI plays in leadership development. A substantial positive link between EI and leadership effectiveness is found in the research, which uses a mixed-methods approach that includes both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with leaders and their subordinates from various organizational contexts. Results show that leaders with greater degrees of self-awareness, empathy, and social skills increase communication, strengthen team cohesion, and boost organizational performance. Notably, training programs that focus on developing emotional intelligence (EI) greatly increase leadership effectiveness. In order to maximize leadership potential and promote organizational excellence, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to incorporate emotional intelligence (EI) development into leadership training programs.

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The Role Of Emotional Intelligence In Leadership Development

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This project addresses the challenge of inefficient manual waste classification by proposing an automated system using the VGG deep learning architecture. A convolutional neural network, trained on a large, augmented dataset of waste images (paper, plastic, glass, metal, organic), is developed to accurately classify waste. The model's performance is evaluated against state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving waste management practices and reducing environmental pollution through accurate and efficient waste classification.

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Machine Learning, Deep Learning, VGG Architecture, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Smart Waste Classification, Test Dataset, Automated Classification.

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Posthumanism, Posthuman Identity, Body Politics, Gender Binaries, Androgyny, Speculative Fiction, Feminist Theory

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Banking and monetisation in India have a long history of evolution. The study argues that the evolution of banking systems in colonial India was shaped by intricate interactions between colonial and indigenous economic interests. Specifically, the article examines the colonial economic considerations that were decisive in reshaping indigenous banking practices. The introduction of the European model of limited liability joint-stock banks in the second half of the eighteenth century marked the beginning of modern banking in India. The British-designed institutions primarily served the growing demand for credit in international trade. Over time, British colonial rule, along with Indian responses to imperial financial policies, led to the emergence of a highly sophisticated banking and monetary system with sufficient infrastructure to promote commerce and industrial agriculture. However, the post-independence interventions made by the Government of India revealed that the colonial banking policies had resulted in an uneven growth of banking facilities. In 1947, the majority of remote villages in India lacked access to modern banking services, highlighting the exclusionary nature of colonial financial institutions. This issue of unequal development prompted significant banking reforms, beginning with the establishment of the State Bank of India. By reviewing the evolution of modern banking institutions in India from the mid-eighteenth century up to 1947, this article shows how colonial banking policies, driven by the interests of the big business and commercialised agricultural activities created inequality in access to banking services. These contexts eventually necessitated post-independence policies aimed at democratising banking sector for financial inclusion, culminating in the nationalisation of banks in the 1970s.

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Banking, Colonialism, India, monetary policy, hundi, Imperial Bank of India

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The Earth has witnessed and seen numerous living species. Many have left traces as stint for its survival and many has proved that to be wrong. Humans are only species who regard themselves to be naturally selected and has proved it vigorously by their travel and dominance. Their adaptation to changing environment and situations has proved them to be fittest with fight and rage to prove their survival with its own holistic perspective one such being the LGBTQ+ community. The article highlights about the problems faced by the community and the extent of social victimizing them. The initiatives taken by the law in extending the mechanisms of accessing justice. Furthermore, the efforts taken by Pro Bono in upbringing of these vulnerable. The article also lays emphasis on how to declutch the manacles and provides for appropriate mechanisms for elevating the community.

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Keywords: LGBTQ+, Rainbow community, Transgender, Transpeople, Homosexual

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