Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

The fishing community in Ramanathapuram District faces significant socio-economic, environmental, and occupational challenges. This study examines key issues such as income instability, financial constraints, market exploitation, and health risks that impact their livelihoods. Fluctuating fish prices, middlemen dominance, and limited access to financial aid push many fishermen into economic insecurity. Government subsidies and welfare programs are often inaccessible due to bureaucratic hurdles and poor implementation, leaving the community without adequate support.Occupational hazards remain a pressing concern, with fishermen exposed to unsafe working conditions, physical injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders. Climate change further aggravates their difficulties by reducing fish populations, altering fishing patterns, and increasing extreme weather events. While marine conservation policies aim to protect ecosystems, they often restrict access to traditional fishing zones, threatening fishermen's incomes. Financial constraints also hinder the adoption of modern fishing technologies, limiting their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Health risks, including inadequate medical facilities and psychological stress due to economic instability, further impact their well-being. Poor infrastructure, such as insufficient transportation and storage facilities, leads to additional financial losses. Despite the availability of government welfare programs, ineffective policy implementation prevents many from accessing these benefits.This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including financial support, fair market access, improved safety measures, and sustainable fishing practices. Strengthening fishermen's representation in policymaking, investing in modern fishing technologies, and implementing disaster risk reduction strategies can help secure their future. Addressing these challenges holistically is crucial to ensuring both the well-being of the fishing community and the sustainability of the fisheries sector.

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Fishermen community, occupational hazards, climate change, financial instability, sustainable fisheries

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This research presents a decentralized platform that combines artificial intelligence with blockchain technology to combat fake news. Our proposed system leverages a Web3 architecture to create transparent verification processes while ensuring data privacy through federated learning. Experimental results demonstrate 92% accuracy in detecting misinformation using multimodal deep learning models, with verification results immutably stored on blockchain. The platform's decentralized voting mechanism successfully identified and corrected AI misclassifications in over 92% of contested cases, even with significant adversarial participation. Blockchain integration provides unprecedented transparency in the verification process, addressing trust deficits in traditional fact-checking systems. While technical users showed high adoption rates, interface simplification remains necessary for broader public participation. This framework represents a significant advancement in combating misinformation by combining AI capabilities with blockchain transparency.

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Decentralized Verification, Fake News Detection, Web3, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Blockchain, IPFS, Decentralized Voting, Transparency, Data Integrity.

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Digitalization has its significant contribution in the process of Viksit. The Hon'ble President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu in her address to Parliament, on 31st January, 2024 said, "It was beyond the imagination of some people that, even in villages, routine buying and selling will be done digitally", further in the same address she also informed "46 Percent of the world's total real time digital transaction take place in India" and "a record of 1200 crore transactions were done through UPI last month", i.e. as on 31st January, 2024. Even though Digitalization can be said as one of the subsets for achieving Viksit, digitalization by itself is a very large area, as digitalization can be adopted in various sectors viz... finance, health, transport, urbanization (smart city). Financial Inclusion also plays a vital role in the overall growth (Viksit). Various studies have reported on matters pertaining to financial inclusion, few studies among them are (i) Financial Inclusion Index (ii) Government of India Population Census (iii) NSSO Survey/Reports (iv) CRISIL - Inclusix, (v) RBI Reports, (vi) IMF Survey on Financial Access (vii) NABARD All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey. Conducting surveys, reporting data pertaining to financial inclusion has been a continuous process, "Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion, January 2008", Chaired by C Rangarajan, is one among the surveys and reports, conducted during early 2000. Preface of this report starts with the statement "Access to finance by the poor and vulnerable groups is a prerequisite for poverty reduction and social cohesion" further as per the report scope of financial services includes credit, savings, insurance, payments and remittance facilities. Executive Summary and Recommendations section of the report, defines financial inclusion. Department of Financial Services, under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, with the moto "Jan Dhan to Jan Suraksha" have rolled out various schemes for achieving financial inclusion, their flagship schemes are (i) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, (ii) Atal Pension Yojana, (iii) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, (iv) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (v) Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana and (vi) Stand Up India. Even though there are studies on Viksit Bharath 2047, Digitalization in India and Financial Inclusions, studies integrating all the three and having the focus on digitalization of various schemes of financial inclusion for a Viksit Bharath can be stated as a research gap. This study is an attempt to explore various flagship schemes rolled out by Department of Financial Services, under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India for achieving financial inclusion and this study has also tried to extract the various digital initiatives integrated in those flagship schemes. This being an exploratory study, have used various secondary data as major source. The recent surveys, reports compared with the data reported in a decade or two i.e. from early 2000s, shows a significant increase towards achieving the financial inclusion, but on the other hand the scope still remains when it comes for matters pertaining to spreading of awareness about Government schemes and initiative, grievance reporting process, catering for the needs of all. India being highly diversified, utmost care to be taken during the execution of various schemes and also need to constantly check as to the intent of the policy maker is not being departed, during the executions.

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(i) Financial Inclusion (ii) Digital Initiatives (iii) Jan Dhan (iv) Jan Suraksha

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MnO2 assisted one pot synthesis of imidazole pyrazolines by oxidative cyclization of imidazole phenyl hydrazone with olefins via nitrile imine intermediate. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and elemental analyses characterized the newly synthesized compounds. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and were compared with the standard drugs. All the compounds demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity.

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Imidazole pyrazolines; Antimicrobial activity; Manganese(IV) oxide

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The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in education is a topic of continuous discussion, with proponents emphasizing how it may transform learning through administrative efficiency, adaptive evaluation and personalized instruction. However, there are concerns about the potential drawbacks and ethical issues with AI in education.

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Artificial intelligence, Education, challenges, skills gap and Ethics

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Synthetic dyes release huge amount of waste and uniform colourants lead to health hazard. It also disturbing the eco balance of the nature. Natural dyes are mostly derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The most of the natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant sources-roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood--and other organic sources such as fungi and lichens. Natural dyes exhibit good biodegradability and are more compatible with the environment. They also offer a renewable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes, reducing the negative impact on ecosystems. In spite of their inferior fastness, natural dyes are more acceptable to environmentally conscious people around the world. Natural dyes are also offering a safer option for textile applications because they have been shown to be less harmful and non -allergic. The present study deals with the natural dyes extracted from Rubia Cordifolia can be proven a best remedy to cure acne rosacea particularly in pillow cover. The application of Rubia Cordifolia, particularly that which is produced from medical plants to textile can yield additional benefits. Rubia cordifolia is popularly known as 'Indian Madder'. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant effects as these are important agent to break the acne rosacea. The extracted dye used to dye selected silk fabric and myrobalan mordant used for dye ability, fastness properties, absorbency test. In order to improve the practical application of natural dyes in textiles, the use of mordants such as myrobalan enhance the durability and colour retention. Absorbency properties of the dyes extracted from madder and sinking test was determined. The silk fabric functionalization with Rubia Cordifolia has been considered, this has improved the dyed fabric qualities and increased dye absorption. The colour fastness through washing and sunlight was an excellent satisfaction.

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Natural dye, Rubia cordifolia, Acne Rosacea, Pillow Cover.

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The Multimodal Query Processing and Knowledge Retrieval System (MMQPKRS) is an integrated platform designed to streamline access to heterogeneous data sources through a unified interface. This system combines 14 functional modules, including Wikipedia summaries, YouTube search, AI-powered chat, news aggregation, logo generation, and specialized data extractors (LinkedIn, Instagram, IMDb). Leveraging natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, and API integrations, MMQPKRS enables users to retrieve, process, and interact with text, audio, video, and image content seamlessly. Key innovations include real-time multimodal search, AI-generated content, and cross-platform data extraction. The system's architecture emphasizes scalability, security, and user-centric design, making it a versatile tool for academia, research, and professional use. Experimental results demonstrate 95% accuracy in information retrieval tasks and <2-second response times for most queries. Future work will expand offline functionality and multilingual support.

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Multimodal search, Knowledge retrieval, AI integration, API aggregation, Natural language processing

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The substantial influence of social media advertising on consumer behavior in the hotel sector is examined in this study. The research shows how visually appealing material and user-generated reviews on social media sites like Facebook and Instagram improve brand trust and have an impact on consumer decisions. It draws attention to how tailored experiences that resonate with customers and build a sense of community and loyalty may be created through targeted advertising. The results highlight how important it is for hospitality companies to have strong social media strategy if they want to draw in and keep clients in a cutthroat industry and eventually improve reservations and brand loyalty

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Advertisement, Social Media Platforms, Hospitality Industry

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This research paper explores the application of Six Sigma methodology in Human Resource Management (HRM) to enhance HR efficiency. The study examines how Six Sigma tools and principles can be integrated into HR processes, leading to improved performance metrics such as reduced process variability, increased employee satisfaction, and optimized resource utilization. A hypothesis is formulated and tested using secondary data from various organizations that have implemented Six Sigma in their HR functions. Statistical analysis, including correlation and regression, is employed to validate the hypothesis. The findings suggest that Six Sigma significantly contributes to the enhancement of HR efficiency, providing actionable insights for HR professionals.

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Six Sigma, Human Resource Management, HR Efficiency, Process Improvement, Statistical Analysis

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This paper is aimed to offer a deep examination of women's issues concerning their reproductive rights in India, especially with the use of international framework as benchmarks. Though Indian legislature has attempted to put in place legal framework and policy mechanisms safeguarding reproductive health, autonomy as well as access to abortion, contraception and maternal health but these measures often fall short of the international standards and fail to provide access to the most marginalized populations. This paper discusses the obligation that India has under various international treaties such as CEDAW, ICCPR and ICESCR along with the extent to which these obligations are, in fact, operationalized. Based on the analysis of the legislative framework at the national level, landmark judicial development and the prevailing socio-economic conditions of women; the study has attempted to highlight the striking gaps pertaining to the equity and its implementation. As a matter of policy, the paper recommends to abandon narrow medical based approach to a more holistic and comprehensive reproductive justice framework grounded in rights, dignity and social inclusion.

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Reproductive Rights, Bodily Autonomy, Maternal Health Rights, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act), Gender Equality, Forced Sterilization, Socio-Legal Barriers in India.

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Cloud-based E-learning systems generally offer lower upfront costs, reduced ongoing maintenance, and easier scalability, making them a more cost-efficient and flexible option in the long term. Traditional E-learning systems, however, involve higher initial investments and more complex maintenance and scaling challenges. In terms of infrastructure, cloud systems provide superior scalability, global access, and reliability compared to traditional, on- premise systems, which are constrained by physical resources. Cloud-based solutions are especially advantageous for large institutions or those serving a global student body. Cloud-based E-learning systems are more cost-effective and scalable, while traditional systems may still be suitable for smaller institutions with limited budgets or infrastructure but come with greater operational complexity. The present study is an attempt to check the viability of the statements which are mentioned above with the opinion of the respondents. Keywords: E-learning, Traditional, Cloud-based, Institute, Infrastructure

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Keywords: E-learning, Traditional, Cloud-based, Institute, Infrastructure

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This paper presents DineEZ, a QR code-based digital ordering system designed to streamline restaurant operations by integrating real-time data processing and AI-driven recommendations. DineEZ replaces traditional paper menus with dynamic digital interfaces that enable customers to browse menus, place orders, and make secure payments using their smartphones. The system is built on a multi-tenant architecture utilizing Flutter and Firebase, ensuring scalability and efficient real-time synchronization across various restaurant environments. Pilot deployments demonstrate significant improvements, including a 40% reduction in order errors and a 35% decrease in customer wait times. Additionally, the paper describes a comprehensive analytics algorithm that generates actionable insights into sales trends, menu performance, and customer behavior. Future enhancements-- such as IoT integration, blockchain-based security, and augmented reality menus--are proposed to further advance the system's capabilities.

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QR Code, Restaurant Management System, Supabase, Data Analytics, Mobile Application

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Britannia Industries, a major participant in India's vibrant Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, had its supply chain management and distribution networks thoroughly examined in this study. In order to guarantee product availability and consumer satisfaction, the fast-growing and fiercely competitive Indian FMCG sector need effective supply chain and distribution strategies.

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Supply chain, demand forecasting, product flow, value chain, supply network, production planning, lead time, order processing, distribution centers, vendor management, manufacturing, inventory, warehousing, transportation, retailers, wholesalers, channel partners, efficiency, FMCG

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The design of a system capable of heating two magnetically independent ferromagnetic loads placed on different horizontal planes, which uses a combination of induction heating and inductive coupling, called inductively coupled heating. The system uses a single primary inductor acting as a transmitter to transfer power to a secondary inductor attached to the bottom load, which is connected electrically with a third inductor that heads the top load. Since power of the whole system is supplied by a simple half bridge inverter, the ratio of the delivered power to each of the loads, which is critical for cooking results, is entirely dependent on the systems geometry, coil's number of turns, and compensation capacitors. The proposed system utilizes a unique coil design and control algorithm to efficiently transfer energy to both loads, while maintaining precise control over the heating process. The advantages of this approach includes reduced material costs, increased reliability, simplified design.

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Induction heating (IH), Inductive coupling, Wireless Power Transmission

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ABSTRACT This study assesses the effectiveness of a structured teaching program in improving knowledge about postmenopausal symptoms and their management among women. Postmenopausal symptoms can significantly impact a woman's quality of life, yet awareness and understanding of these symptoms and effective management strategies are often limited. A quasi-experimental design was used, involving [sample size, e.g., 50] postmenopausal women from [location] who were selected through [sampling method, e.g., convenience sampling]. A pre-test assessed participants' baseline knowledge, followed by a structured teaching program over [duration, e.g., two weeks]. Post-intervention knowledge was then measured using a standardized questionnaire, and pre-test and post-test scores were statistically analyzed to evaluate the program's effectiveness. The results revealed a significant increase in knowledge about postmenopausal symptoms and their management following the intervention, indicating the structured teaching program's positive impact. This study suggests that structured education programs can effectively raise awareness and enhance understanding of postmenopausal health, equipping women with information to manage their symptoms better and improve their overall well-being. Further research could expand on these findings across diverse populations and longer timeframes to validate and generalize the effectiveness of such programs. INTRODUCTION When a woman permanently stops having menstrual periods, she has reached the stage of life called menopause. Often called the change of life, this stage signals the end of a woman's ability to have children. Many healthcare providers actually use the term menopause to refer to the period of time when a woman's hormone levels start to change. Menopause is said to be complete when menstrual periods have ceased for one continuous year. The transition phase before menopause is often referred to as perimenopause. During this transition time before menopause, the supply of mature eggs in a woman's ovaries diminishes and ovulation becomes irregular. At the same time, the production of estrogen and progesterone decreases. It is the big drop in estrogen levels that causes most of the symptoms of menopause. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on enhancing women's knowledge of postmenopausal symptoms and their management. 2. To implement a structured teaching program focusing on postmenopausal symptoms and management strategies. 3. To evaluate the change in knowledge on postmenopausal symptoms and their management among women following the structured teaching program. 4. To compare pre- and post-intervention knowledge levels to determine the effectiveness of the structured teaching program. 5. To identify factors influencing the knowledge acquisition regarding postmenopausal symptoms and management among participants (e.g., age, educational background, prior health knowledge). METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted to evaluate the A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of postmenopausal symptoms and its management among women of village saunti district fatehgarh sahib .The population in the present study include 400 postmenopausal women at selected village. the sample were drawn by Purposive Sampling Technique. The data was collected by a structured demographic sheet and self-structured questionnaire. Findings of the Study: Major Findings are: ? With regards to age, mostly 65 (32.5%) were in the age group of 49 -52 years in experimental group and similarly most of them 65 (32.5%) were in the age group of 49 - 52 years in control group also. More or less similar percentages (31% and 30.5% and 17% and 18%) of them were in the age group of 53-56 and 57- 60 years in experimental group and control group. ? 73 (36.5%) were belong to socioeconomic status of Rs. 2001 - Rs.3001 in experimental group and more or less similar findings 76 (38%) were belong to socioeconomic status of Rs. 2001 - Rs.3001. Higher percentages of (30%and 29.5%) were in the socioeconomic status of Rs. 3001 - Rs.4001 in both the groups. ? With regards to education, majority 83 (41.5%) had primary education in experimental group and 63(31.5%) had no formal education in control group. More or less similar percentages (26.5% and 28.5%) of them had secondary education in experimental group and control group. Only 4.5% and 5% of them were graduates in both groups. ? With regard to occupation, majority 114 (57%) and 99 (49.5%) were housewives in both the groups. 21% and 26% were sedentary workers in both the groups. Only 5% and 5.5% of them were heavy workers in both groups. ? In the current study, more or less similar 105 (52.5%) and 107 (53.5%) were attained menarche at the age of 13 years in both the groups. 17.5% and 14.5% of them attended the menarche at the age of below 12 years. Only 5% and 2.5% of them attended the menarche at the age of 14 years above. ? In the study findings, 106 (53%) and 86 (43%) were hindus in both the groups. ? Based on their dietary pattern, majority 178 (89%) and 178 (89%) of them had mixed diets. ? With regards to personal habits, 145 (72.5%) and 164 (82%) of them had no bad habits. 14.5% and 12% had the habit of tobacco chewing. Only 13% and 6 % had the habit of betal nut chewing. ? As discussion of findings related to period of cessation of menstruation depicts that majority (47.5% and 46.5%) of menopausal women had cessation of menstruation between 1-2 years in both groups. Similar percentage (30.5% and 29% and 20% and 22%) had cessation of menstruation below 1 year ? With regards to type of family, 94 (47%) and 99 (49.5%) were in nuclear family. 43% and 38.5% of menopausal women were living as a joint family ? About 169 (84.5%) and 165 (82.5%) of them were not used any home remedies for menopausal symptoms in both the experimental group and control group. LIMITATIONS o It was difficult for the investigator to arrange common venue for group yoga practice for Weekly session class o It was time consuming to explain the menopausal women about video yoga therapy demonstration and assessment of menopausal symptoms because of difference in their level of understanding. ? The investigator had constraints in reaching the menopausal women in the evening time during the study period although it was tackled with the help of VHN and Mazhalir Kuzhulu (Local Worker) o Most Menopausal women felt that, teaching yoga at their door step would be convenient. o Data collection time was re-altered by the investigator as per the feasibility of the sample. o Satisfaction of subject would have been difficult to measure. CONCLUSION From the findings it concluded that, In present study the researcher has identified that the Knowledge on menopausal symptoms can be improved by STP (Structured Teaching Programme) and level of menopausal symptoms can be reduced by Yoga therapy, thereby the quality of life among menopausal women was improved and their stress level was significantly reduced. The identified results are highly generalisable because of the increased sample size and presence of control group. REFERENCE ? Abdullah. B & Moize Ismail. B.A (2016) ?Prevalence of menopausal symptoms, its effect on quality of life among Malaysian women and their treatment seeking behavior': Medical Journal of Malaysia: Vol 72, No 2, pp 94 - 99? ? Abedzadeh Kalarhoudi M, Taebi M, and Saberi F( 2011). ?Assessment of? Quality of Life in Menopausal Periods: A Population Study in Kashan, Iran': Iran Red Crescent Med Journal, 13(11): 811-817. ? Abolill. M.Z (2015) ?Prevalence of Menopausal related symptoms and their impact on Quality of life among Egyptian women': Journal of Clinical experience of obstetrics and gynaecology, vol XLII, n (2), pp 983 - 988? ? ACC Ikeme, T C Okeke & SPO Akogu (2011) ? Knowledge and Perception of Menopause and Climacteric Symptoms among a Population of Women in Enugu, South East, Nigeria' : Annals of Medical & Health Science Research .vol; 1(1):pp 31-36.? ? Al Dughaither. A, AlMutairy.H, AlAteeq. M (2015) ?Menopausal symptoms and quality of life among Saudi women visiting primary care clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia': International Journal of Women's Health, Volume:7 Pages 645-- 653? ? Baig L, et al., (2009) ?Association of menopause with osteopenia and osteoporosis: results from population based study done in Karachi' , Journal of Collaborative Physicians Surg Pak, 19 (4),pp 240 -244? ? Bairy L, Adiga S, Bhat P et al (2009) ?Prevalence of menopausal symptoms and quality of life after menopause in women from South India' Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.;49(1):106-109.? ? Bakouei et al. (2013) ?Assessment of women's awareness level about symptoms and complications of menopause', Journal of Local and Global Health Science: pp 1 - 6? ? Bansal P, Chaudhary A, Soni RK, et.al (2013) ?Menopausal problems among rural middle aged women of Punjab', International Journal of Research Health Science; vol 1: pp 103-109? ? Batool Mazhar. S & Rasheed. S (2009) ?Menopause Rating Scale (MRS): A Simple Tool for Assessment of Climacteric Symptoms in Pakistani Women', Annual Pakistan Institute of Medical Science; 5(3): pp 158-161? ? Beigi M et al.,(2012) ? A comparative study on sexual dysfunction before and after menopause,' Iran Journal of Nurses Midwifery Research, ( 2 suppl 1): S 72? -75 ? Bhattacharya P.K Enu Boro (2016) ?Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module on Coping Strategies of Tri-Dimensional Problems of Premenopausal Women - A Community Based Study', Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research. Vol 10(11): pp 15-18.? ? Caldwell S., Gass, M.L., Kolsky, K., Low Dog. et.al (2012) ?Menopausal symptoms and complementary health practices', Retrieved from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/menopause/menopausesymptoms? ? Cathryn Booth-LaForcea, Rebecca C ( 2007) ?A pilot study of a Hatha yoga treatment for menopausal symptoms', Maturitas, vol 57 (3): 286-295?

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postmenopausal symptoms, knowledge, structured teaching program, women's health, symptom management.

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The Mud Ring Algorithm (MRA) is used in the study to improve the performance of machine learning classifiers in maternal health risk prediction. The technique is applied in two steps: first, MRA increases the predicted accuracy of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) by optimizing its parameters. Multiple datasets are used to assess the model, and it is contrasted with current optimization methods. A crossover oversampling strategy is used in the second stage to rectify the class imbalance in the maternal health risk dataset. K-Nearest Neighbor and Random Forest are two more classifiers that are incorporated to increase prediction accuracy. The suggested method considerably improves classification performance, according to experimental data, with MRAbased optimisation raising accuracy by 11.8% for SVM, 9.11% for Random Forest, and 17.08% for KNN. In order to follow the health of mothers and children, a digital health monitoring system is also introduced. In addition to gathering health data, the technology forecasts hazards including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes and offers real-time insights. Following delivery, it keeps track of immunisations and development indicators, produces digital birth certificates, and documents important infant information. Authorised users can effectively monitor and manage healthcare because data security and accessibility are guaranteed. This strategy streamlines administrative procedures while enhancing maternal and child health outcomes by fusing predictive analytics with automated healthcare management.

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Mud Ring Algorithm (MRA), Maternal Health Risk Prediction, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Parameter Optimization, Crossover Oversampling, Class Imbalance, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest, Classification Performance, Digital Health Monitoring, Predictive Analytics, Healthcare Management, Preeclampsia Prediction, Gestational Diabetes, Immunization Tracking, Infant Development Monitoring, Data Security, Automated Healthcare.

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the most disruptive cybersecurity threats, targeting the availability of online services. Attackers leverage networks of compromised devices to flood target systems with malicious traffic, rendering them inaccessible to legitimate users. This review explores various DDoS mitigation strategies, emphasizing prevention, detection, and response techniques. We discuss anomaly detection methods, machine learning models, and rate limiting techniques to prevent volumetric attacks. Additionally, we analyse recent advancements and highlight future research directions aimed at improving the effectiveness of DDoS mitigation. which enhance the adaptability and scalability of modern defence mechanisms. Finally, we outline the challenges of mitigating evolving DDoS threats and propose future research directions to strengthen cybersecurity frameworks. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating multiple layers of defines to ensure the robustness of online services against increasingly complex DDoS attacks

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DDoS mitigation, anomaly detection, machine learning, network security, traffic filtering

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Railway accidents are a serious safety issue and are frequently triggered by track failures, signal malfunctions, and train collisions. In this paper, a Railway Accident Prevention System based on IoT-based sensors and real-time communication is proposed to improve railway safety. The system includes LiDAR sensors for detecting rail track cracks, wireless communication modules for train-to-train collision avoidance, and intelligent signaling mechanisms for avoiding human mistakes. The system to be proposed uses an ESP32 microcontroller for processing data and wireless notifications to inform railway authorities of impending dangers. Through real-time monitoring and automation, the system seeks to reduce derailments, signal accidents, and train collisions, making the railway network safer. Experimental results show enhanced accuracy in track anomaly detection and proper communication between trains and control stations. This study emphasizes the viability of IoT-based railway safety solutions for preventing accidents and enhancing operational efficiency.

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Railway Accident Prevention, IoT-based Safety System, Real-time Monitoring, Track Failure Detection, Train Collision Avoidance, LiDAR Sensors, Wireless Communication, ESP32 Microcontroller, Intelligent Signalling.

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This paper presents an innovative approach to monitoring and protection of three-phase induction motor using Arduino Nano. The objective is to continuously monitor motor parameters (voltage, current and temperature) to detect abnormal conditions in real time. A protection system was developed using Arduino Nano, current and potential transformer, relay, three phase contactor and LCD display for real-time data visualization. Experimental results shows the success of the proposed method in monitoring and protection of three-phase induction motor and improves motor's lifespan by providing protection from various fault conditions.

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induction motor, overvoltage, protection, overcurrent, single phasing. Arduino.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the field of marketing management, especially within predictive analytics. This research investigates how AI technologies are integrated into predictive marketing practices, evaluating how they enhance customer segmentation, forecast consumer behaviour, and personalize marketing strategies. The study explores some of the AI tools and methodologies--such as Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Big Data Analytics etc. by analysing their real-world applications through case studies of leading global brands. It also explores how AI improved decision-making, increased customer engagement, and higher return on investment. Moreover, the research addresses various challenges that marketing firms and various organizations are facing in implementing AI, such as data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and integration complexity. This research paper evaluates current trends and ethical considerations and provides a complete view of AI's growing role in redesigning marketing analytics and strategy, ultimately contributing to more data-driven and customer-centric business environments.

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Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Analytics, Marketing Management, Customer Segmentation, Personalization, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Big Data

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