Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the so-called (1,2)gr-compactness in bitopological spaces. In particular, several inferred properties of the (1,2)gr-compact spaces and their connections with bitopological spaces are studied using (1,2)gr-closed sets.

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 Keywords

(1,2)gr-closed sets, (1,2)gr-continuous maps, (1,2)gr-irresolute, (1,2)gr-compactness.

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This study investigates the impact of a twelve-week structured training program on speed and flexibility in secondary school male hockey players. An experimental design was used with 50 male participants (aged 14-17 years) from Government school students of Davanagere district divided into experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups. The experimental group followed a structured regimen, while the control group continued routine activities. Speed (50-meter dash) and flexibility (Sit and Reach Test) were assessed pre- and post-training. Paired t-tests showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the experimental group, highlighting the effectiveness of systematic training. Future research should explore additional motor fitness variables.

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 Keywords

Motor fitness, speed, flexibility, structured training, experimental design, hockey players.

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E-commerce has witnessed rapid advancements over the past decade, particularly in the post-COVID era. The increasing competition in the sector and the emergence of new technological innovations have compelled e-commerce businesses to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) to maintain a competitive edge. AI encompasses a range of technologies that enable machines to mimic human cognitive functions, offering solutions with higher levels of intelligence. This includes the use of machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, computer vision, and advanced tools such as virtual try-ons, AI-powered shopping assistants, and automation, all of which have significantly transformed consumer shopping experiences by enhancing recommendation systems and personalizing user interactions. Beyond improving user engagement, AI also provides businesses with opportunities to enhance operational efficiency, boost sales, and reduce costs through innovations in inventory management and supply chain optimization. This paper examines emerging trends in AI technologies within e-commerce, highlights their key benefits, and discusses challenges such as implementation costs, privacy concerns, and algorithmic biases. Addressing these challenges is crucial for ensuring the successful deployment of AI in the rapidly evolving e-commerce landscape.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, E-Commerce, Online Businesses, AI Trends, AI Tools

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Abstract: Investment is a slow and gradual process which provides high return over a period of time, selecting appropriate path plays pivotal role in the growth of assets. Generation Z is the backbone of the economy. The study aim to investigate the investor awareness and investment portfolio of GenZ of Mumbai Metropolitan Region(MMR) with the primary information gathered from 244 respondents, also secondary data help is taken to aid knowledge of investing habits of GenZ. There are many benefits of investing such as it helps to cope up inflation, retirement planning, liquidity, tax benefit, diversification, wealth accumulation etc. The data analysed by applying Z Test: Two Sample for Means , p-value is 0 which is < 0.05 where study shown awareness of investment avenues have impact on investors preference. Also study found Gen Z investors are more interested for higher return than retirement planning. Social media has also played significant role in advising to Gen Z investors for assortment of investment as per need of hour.

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 Keywords

Investment Awareness, Gen Z, MMR, Investment behaviour.

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The article basically focus on how the federal relation affected by foreign policy making and implementing by centre taking its constitutionality defined prerogative under various constitutional provision. In past, ruling government in New Delhi often ignores the local dynamism while making and implementing the foreign policy. However with the increasingly influence of the states government in foreign policy-making and is mostly due to development of twin fact i.e., liberalization of Indian economy in 1990 and rise of regional politics, the smaller state-based parties started to play a role in national politics at the centre. India do have case where centre-regional party conflict over foreign policy (in case of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh) often overshadow the implementation of coherent national foreign policy discrepancies and with the change of Government in Delhi, governments seems to finding it important to engage in domestic deal making for the successful actualization of their foreign policy agenda as it reflect from the creation States Division within the Ministry of External Affairs by the present ruling government in New Delhi

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foreign policy, paradiplomacy, constitution, federalism, praxis

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For people lacking technical knowledge, natural language searching significantly increases data access. Knowledge of database architecture and the particular language linked with conventional SQL retrieval techniques could impede the efficient use of data. By combining LangChain and LangSmith, this project builds an NL2SQL (Natural Language to SQL) framework converting user queries into comparable SQL statements. Advanced natural language processing (NLP) technologies (Huang et al., 2021) used by the system allow smooth interactions across several database schemas, management of complicated queries including joins and aggregations, and exact interpretation of user intent. Given the model's architecture for generating cross-database code, it is vital to emphasize that the only database backends accessible for implementation are MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite. By reducing dependence on technical teams, the proposed approach speeds up decision-making.

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 Keywords

Natural language processing, LangChain, LangSmith, data democratization, machine learning, query optimization, SQL query generation

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Plant diseases are a major problem for agricultural products, they directly impact the quality of crops and yield. It is necessary to detect these diseases as soon as possible to take the appropriate actions and to minimize potential losses. This study focuses on developing an automated plant disease detection system using image processing techniques used along with machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Furthermore, the study discusses the challenges involved in plant disease detection, such as variations in leaf color, shape, size, and environmental conditions, which can affect the performance of the algorithms. Strategies for overcoming these challenges, such as data augmentation and transfer learning, are also explored to enhance the system's adaptability and accuracy across diverse plant species and diseases.

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Convolutional Neural Network; Leaf Mold; Bacterial Spot; Early Blight; Late Blight; Mosaic Virus; Plant Disease Classification.

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The fishing community in Ramanathapuram District faces significant socio-economic, environmental, and occupational challenges. This study examines key issues such as income instability, financial constraints, market exploitation, and health risks that impact their livelihoods. Fluctuating fish prices, middlemen dominance, and limited access to financial aid push many fishermen into economic insecurity. Government subsidies and welfare programs are often inaccessible due to bureaucratic hurdles and poor implementation, leaving the community without adequate support.Occupational hazards remain a pressing concern, with fishermen exposed to unsafe working conditions, physical injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders. Climate change further aggravates their difficulties by reducing fish populations, altering fishing patterns, and increasing extreme weather events. While marine conservation policies aim to protect ecosystems, they often restrict access to traditional fishing zones, threatening fishermen's incomes. Financial constraints also hinder the adoption of modern fishing technologies, limiting their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Health risks, including inadequate medical facilities and psychological stress due to economic instability, further impact their well-being. Poor infrastructure, such as insufficient transportation and storage facilities, leads to additional financial losses. Despite the availability of government welfare programs, ineffective policy implementation prevents many from accessing these benefits.This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including financial support, fair market access, improved safety measures, and sustainable fishing practices. Strengthening fishermen's representation in policymaking, investing in modern fishing technologies, and implementing disaster risk reduction strategies can help secure their future. Addressing these challenges holistically is crucial to ensuring both the well-being of the fishing community and the sustainability of the fisheries sector.

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Fishermen community, occupational hazards, climate change, financial instability, sustainable fisheries

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This research presents a decentralized platform that combines artificial intelligence with blockchain technology to combat fake news. Our proposed system leverages a Web3 architecture to create transparent verification processes while ensuring data privacy through federated learning. Experimental results demonstrate 92% accuracy in detecting misinformation using multimodal deep learning models, with verification results immutably stored on blockchain. The platform's decentralized voting mechanism successfully identified and corrected AI misclassifications in over 92% of contested cases, even with significant adversarial participation. Blockchain integration provides unprecedented transparency in the verification process, addressing trust deficits in traditional fact-checking systems. While technical users showed high adoption rates, interface simplification remains necessary for broader public participation. This framework represents a significant advancement in combating misinformation by combining AI capabilities with blockchain transparency.

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Decentralized Verification, Fake News Detection, Web3, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Blockchain, IPFS, Decentralized Voting, Transparency, Data Integrity.

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Digitalization has its significant contribution in the process of Viksit. The Hon'ble President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu in her address to Parliament, on 31st January, 2024 said, "It was beyond the imagination of some people that, even in villages, routine buying and selling will be done digitally", further in the same address she also informed "46 Percent of the world's total real time digital transaction take place in India" and "a record of 1200 crore transactions were done through UPI last month", i.e. as on 31st January, 2024. Even though Digitalization can be said as one of the subsets for achieving Viksit, digitalization by itself is a very large area, as digitalization can be adopted in various sectors viz... finance, health, transport, urbanization (smart city). Financial Inclusion also plays a vital role in the overall growth (Viksit). Various studies have reported on matters pertaining to financial inclusion, few studies among them are (i) Financial Inclusion Index (ii) Government of India Population Census (iii) NSSO Survey/Reports (iv) CRISIL - Inclusix, (v) RBI Reports, (vi) IMF Survey on Financial Access (vii) NABARD All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey. Conducting surveys, reporting data pertaining to financial inclusion has been a continuous process, "Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion, January 2008", Chaired by C Rangarajan, is one among the surveys and reports, conducted during early 2000. Preface of this report starts with the statement "Access to finance by the poor and vulnerable groups is a prerequisite for poverty reduction and social cohesion" further as per the report scope of financial services includes credit, savings, insurance, payments and remittance facilities. Executive Summary and Recommendations section of the report, defines financial inclusion. Department of Financial Services, under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, with the moto "Jan Dhan to Jan Suraksha" have rolled out various schemes for achieving financial inclusion, their flagship schemes are (i) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, (ii) Atal Pension Yojana, (iii) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, (iv) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (v) Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana and (vi) Stand Up India. Even though there are studies on Viksit Bharath 2047, Digitalization in India and Financial Inclusions, studies integrating all the three and having the focus on digitalization of various schemes of financial inclusion for a Viksit Bharath can be stated as a research gap. This study is an attempt to explore various flagship schemes rolled out by Department of Financial Services, under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India for achieving financial inclusion and this study has also tried to extract the various digital initiatives integrated in those flagship schemes. This being an exploratory study, have used various secondary data as major source. The recent surveys, reports compared with the data reported in a decade or two i.e. from early 2000s, shows a significant increase towards achieving the financial inclusion, but on the other hand the scope still remains when it comes for matters pertaining to spreading of awareness about Government schemes and initiative, grievance reporting process, catering for the needs of all. India being highly diversified, utmost care to be taken during the execution of various schemes and also need to constantly check as to the intent of the policy maker is not being departed, during the executions.

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(i) Financial Inclusion (ii) Digital Initiatives (iii) Jan Dhan (iv) Jan Suraksha

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 Abstract

MnO2 assisted one pot synthesis of imidazole pyrazolines by oxidative cyclization of imidazole phenyl hydrazone with olefins via nitrile imine intermediate. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and elemental analyses characterized the newly synthesized compounds. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and were compared with the standard drugs. All the compounds demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity.

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Imidazole pyrazolines; Antimicrobial activity; Manganese(IV) oxide

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The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in education is a topic of continuous discussion, with proponents emphasizing how it may transform learning through administrative efficiency, adaptive evaluation and personalized instruction. However, there are concerns about the potential drawbacks and ethical issues with AI in education.

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Artificial intelligence, Education, challenges, skills gap and Ethics

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 Abstract

Synthetic dyes release huge amount of waste and uniform colourants lead to health hazard. It also disturbing the eco balance of the nature. Natural dyes are mostly derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The most of the natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant sources-roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood--and other organic sources such as fungi and lichens. Natural dyes exhibit good biodegradability and are more compatible with the environment. They also offer a renewable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes, reducing the negative impact on ecosystems. In spite of their inferior fastness, natural dyes are more acceptable to environmentally conscious people around the world. Natural dyes are also offering a safer option for textile applications because they have been shown to be less harmful and non -allergic. The present study deals with the natural dyes extracted from Rubia Cordifolia can be proven a best remedy to cure acne rosacea particularly in pillow cover. The application of Rubia Cordifolia, particularly that which is produced from medical plants to textile can yield additional benefits. Rubia cordifolia is popularly known as 'Indian Madder'. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant effects as these are important agent to break the acne rosacea. The extracted dye used to dye selected silk fabric and myrobalan mordant used for dye ability, fastness properties, absorbency test. In order to improve the practical application of natural dyes in textiles, the use of mordants such as myrobalan enhance the durability and colour retention. Absorbency properties of the dyes extracted from madder and sinking test was determined. The silk fabric functionalization with Rubia Cordifolia has been considered, this has improved the dyed fabric qualities and increased dye absorption. The colour fastness through washing and sunlight was an excellent satisfaction.

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Natural dye, Rubia cordifolia, Acne Rosacea, Pillow Cover.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Multimodal Query Processing and Knowledge Retrieval System (MMQPKRS) is an integrated platform designed to streamline access to heterogeneous data sources through a unified interface. This system combines 14 functional modules, including Wikipedia summaries, YouTube search, AI-powered chat, news aggregation, logo generation, and specialized data extractors (LinkedIn, Instagram, IMDb). Leveraging natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, and API integrations, MMQPKRS enables users to retrieve, process, and interact with text, audio, video, and image content seamlessly. Key innovations include real-time multimodal search, AI-generated content, and cross-platform data extraction. The system's architecture emphasizes scalability, security, and user-centric design, making it a versatile tool for academia, research, and professional use. Experimental results demonstrate 95% accuracy in information retrieval tasks and <2-second response times for most queries. Future work will expand offline functionality and multilingual support.

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 Keywords

Multimodal search, Knowledge retrieval, AI integration, API aggregation, Natural language processing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The substantial influence of social media advertising on consumer behavior in the hotel sector is examined in this study. The research shows how visually appealing material and user-generated reviews on social media sites like Facebook and Instagram improve brand trust and have an impact on consumer decisions. It draws attention to how tailored experiences that resonate with customers and build a sense of community and loyalty may be created through targeted advertising. The results highlight how important it is for hospitality companies to have strong social media strategy if they want to draw in and keep clients in a cutthroat industry and eventually improve reservations and brand loyalty

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 Keywords

Advertisement, Social Media Platforms, Hospitality Industry

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This research paper explores the application of Six Sigma methodology in Human Resource Management (HRM) to enhance HR efficiency. The study examines how Six Sigma tools and principles can be integrated into HR processes, leading to improved performance metrics such as reduced process variability, increased employee satisfaction, and optimized resource utilization. A hypothesis is formulated and tested using secondary data from various organizations that have implemented Six Sigma in their HR functions. Statistical analysis, including correlation and regression, is employed to validate the hypothesis. The findings suggest that Six Sigma significantly contributes to the enhancement of HR efficiency, providing actionable insights for HR professionals.

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Six Sigma, Human Resource Management, HR Efficiency, Process Improvement, Statistical Analysis

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This paper is aimed to offer a deep examination of women's issues concerning their reproductive rights in India, especially with the use of international framework as benchmarks. Though Indian legislature has attempted to put in place legal framework and policy mechanisms safeguarding reproductive health, autonomy as well as access to abortion, contraception and maternal health but these measures often fall short of the international standards and fail to provide access to the most marginalized populations. This paper discusses the obligation that India has under various international treaties such as CEDAW, ICCPR and ICESCR along with the extent to which these obligations are, in fact, operationalized. Based on the analysis of the legislative framework at the national level, landmark judicial development and the prevailing socio-economic conditions of women; the study has attempted to highlight the striking gaps pertaining to the equity and its implementation. As a matter of policy, the paper recommends to abandon narrow medical based approach to a more holistic and comprehensive reproductive justice framework grounded in rights, dignity and social inclusion.

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Reproductive Rights, Bodily Autonomy, Maternal Health Rights, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act), Gender Equality, Forced Sterilization, Socio-Legal Barriers in India.

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Cloud-based E-learning systems generally offer lower upfront costs, reduced ongoing maintenance, and easier scalability, making them a more cost-efficient and flexible option in the long term. Traditional E-learning systems, however, involve higher initial investments and more complex maintenance and scaling challenges. In terms of infrastructure, cloud systems provide superior scalability, global access, and reliability compared to traditional, on- premise systems, which are constrained by physical resources. Cloud-based solutions are especially advantageous for large institutions or those serving a global student body. Cloud-based E-learning systems are more cost-effective and scalable, while traditional systems may still be suitable for smaller institutions with limited budgets or infrastructure but come with greater operational complexity. The present study is an attempt to check the viability of the statements which are mentioned above with the opinion of the respondents. Keywords: E-learning, Traditional, Cloud-based, Institute, Infrastructure

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Keywords: E-learning, Traditional, Cloud-based, Institute, Infrastructure

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This paper presents DineEZ, a QR code-based digital ordering system designed to streamline restaurant operations by integrating real-time data processing and AI-driven recommendations. DineEZ replaces traditional paper menus with dynamic digital interfaces that enable customers to browse menus, place orders, and make secure payments using their smartphones. The system is built on a multi-tenant architecture utilizing Flutter and Firebase, ensuring scalability and efficient real-time synchronization across various restaurant environments. Pilot deployments demonstrate significant improvements, including a 40% reduction in order errors and a 35% decrease in customer wait times. Additionally, the paper describes a comprehensive analytics algorithm that generates actionable insights into sales trends, menu performance, and customer behavior. Future enhancements-- such as IoT integration, blockchain-based security, and augmented reality menus--are proposed to further advance the system's capabilities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

QR Code, Restaurant Management System, Supabase, Data Analytics, Mobile Application

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Britannia Industries, a major participant in India's vibrant Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, had its supply chain management and distribution networks thoroughly examined in this study. In order to guarantee product availability and consumer satisfaction, the fast-growing and fiercely competitive Indian FMCG sector need effective supply chain and distribution strategies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Supply chain, demand forecasting, product flow, value chain, supply network, production planning, lead time, order processing, distribution centers, vendor management, manufacturing, inventory, warehousing, transportation, retailers, wholesalers, channel partners, efficiency, FMCG

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition