Volume 13 | Issue 4

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1. Machine learning 2. Deep learning

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Modern educational institutions increasingly rely on smart infrastructure to enhance operational efficiency, environmental control, and the academic experience. This paper presents a Smart College Automation System (SCAS), an integrated web-based and IoT-enabled platform that automates both administrative workflows and in-classroom hardware control. The system features real-time access to centralized control over classroom infrastructure including smart lights, air conditioning, Wi-Fi, smart boards, audio systems, and surveillance cameras. Developed using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, HTML and CSS the platform supports role-based access for faculty, and administrators. This paper discusses existing literature, outlines the architecture and methodologies used, evaluates the system through comparative analysis, and highlights its advantages, disadvantages, and future scope.

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Smart College Systems, IoT, Automation, Web Application, Educational Technology, PHP, Smart Classroom, Cloud Control, Smart Classroom Control

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The Intelligent Tomato Sorting Machine helps sort tomatoes accurately and efficiently, reducing human effort and improving productivity in farming and food industries. A Raspberry Pi camera captures images of tomatoes as they slide down a smooth surface. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is trained to analyse these images and classify tomatoes as ripe or unripe based only on their colour. The model is developed and trained using Google Colab which provides powerful computers for faster learning. Once trained, the model is loaded onto a Raspberry Pi, which processes images in real time. Based on the classification, the Raspberry Pi activates servomotors to push each tomato into the correct bin. The project has two main steps and the first step is Training the Model in this step we will be Collecting tomato images, training a CNN model in Google Colab and preparing it to classify tomatoes by colour and the second step is Building the Sorting System in this we will Setup a simple sliding surface and a sorting mechanism to move and separate tomatoes based on their classification. This system makes tomato sorting faster, easier, and more reliable, helping industries improve efficiency and quality control.

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Tomato sorting machine, Raspberry pi camera, CNN model, Ripe and unripe tomatoes, Google colab, Raspberry pi, Real time sorting, Servo motors, Efficiency and quality control.

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The utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is crucial for the sustenance and cultural customs of indigenous populations in the Indian state of Jharkhand. In contrast, their sustainability and accessibility are gravely threatened by climate variability, which is marked by unpredictable precipitation patterns and increasing temperatures.

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Climate change adaptation, local communities, non-timber forest products, Jharkhand, India, livelihoods, cultural practices

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The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 enacted by Government of India provides safeguards for children against sexual abuse. The Act was amended in 2019 to introduce more stringent punishment including death penalty for committing sexual crimes against children, with a view to deter the perpetrators & prevent such crimes against children. Prior to the enactment of the POCSO Act, these cases used to be tried under Indian Penal Code 1860 which did not have any specific child-friendly provisions. To bring a comprehensive legal framework to protect children below 18 years from offences of sexual abuse, the POCSO Act was enacted. Severe penalties were prescribed for the offenders and mechanisms to be followed for the investigations and prosecution of such cases were indicated. While POCSO Act has been effective since more than ten years, statistics show that child sexual abuse cases continue to increase, and most perpetrators are either known to the victim or are a trusted person. Hence, this present article focused on POCSO case data from Madhya Pradesh based on the Crime in India report from 2015 and 2022. In terms of child sexual offenses, Madhya Pradesh has consistently ranked among the top five states, making it an appropriate target for such assessment. These high incidence rates make it important to assess whether the POCSO Act has been useful in preventing these offenses as well as delivering justice for child victims. Further, this article will demonstrate the effectiveness of the POCSO Act on delivering justice to its victims through analyzing eight years of NCRB data and intends to uncover whether or not the POCSO act fulfilled its mission in Madhya Pradesh.

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Keywords: POCSO, Children, Offender, Sexual abuse, Victim.

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India, as much as it has experienced economic growth, remains beset with entrenched social inequalities along caste, class, gender, and religious lines. Traditional social work interventions tend to be inadequate in addressing these structural injustices, calling for radical realignment towards transformational practices. Radical social work in India is long overdue, this paper contends, on the strength of its ability to counter hegemonic power and advance social justice. It takes its cues from the philosophy and understanding of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a leading figure in India's fight against inequality and social change, to illustrate the timeliness of his writings in shaping and informing radical social work practices in the new Indian context. The essay discusses the limitations of mainstream social work, defines the major premises of radical social work, and illustrates how Ambedkar's vision of a fair and equitable society can be used as a framework for empowering oppressed communities and overcoming oppressive systems.

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Radical social work, India, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Social justice, Caste, Marginalization, Social transformation.

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The long-standing competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran has affected investment flows, oil markets, and regional stability, among other facets of the political and economic landscape in the Middle East. Their conflict has equally significant economic ramifications, even though their ideological and geopolitical differences have drawn much attention. This article looks at how the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) ongoing conflicts have affected the region's trade, foreign investment, and economic activity. While Iran's economy is limited by sanctions and shifting alliances, Saudi Arabia seeks to attract foreign investors and reduce its reliance on oil through its Vision 2030 project. Their disparate strategies have created economic fault lines within the GCC, which have affected trade policy and regional collaboration. Energy markets, particularly inside OPEC, remain a struggle as both nations seek to exert control over global oil prices. Furthermore, China's expanding role as an economic mediator between the two has brought new dynamics to Gulf commerce and diplomacy. By examining these economic factors, this study sheds light on how Iran-Saudi competition goes beyond political manoeuvring to influence regional financial stability and growth possibilities. Understanding these characteristics is critical for politicians, investors, and analysts evaluating the Gulf's economic future.

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Iran-Saudi rivalry, Economic diplomacy, Foreign direct investment, Global energy security, Middle East geopolitics, Trade and investment policies.

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Achieving error-free communication in wireless networks is challenging due to noise, interference, and fading. Channel coding techniques like Reed-Solomon (RS), Convolutional Codes, and Turbo Codes help minimize errors. Advanced coding schemes are needed to improve Bit Error Rate (BER) performance while maintaining low complexity in 6G Compared to 5G. This study analyzes BER performance in 5G and 6G using Convolutional and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, along with different carrier aggregation techniques. MATLAB simulation shows that LDPC codes significantly reduce BER compared to Convolution codes, making them ideal for 6G networks. Additionally, 6G achieves lower BER than 5G due to improved coding and carrier aggregation, ensuring better spectral efficiency and data reliability. These results highlight the importance of the LDPC coding technique and optimized carrier aggregation for better performance wireless communication.

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Error-free communication, Wireless networks, Noise, interference, and fading, Channel coding techniques, Reed-Solomon (RS), Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes, Bit Error Rate (BER), Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, Carrier aggregation techniques, MATLAB simulation, Spectral efficiency, Data reliability.

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The clinically important Salmonella include Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi- A, and Salmonella paratyphi-B; which cause typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, and B fever, respectively. For this, the leaves of Enicostemma axillare were selected. The antityphoidal activity of extracts were studied using standard procedures. The antityphoid activity test performed using the agar disk diffusion method revealed that all four solvent extracts showed activity against S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A. The highest zones of inhibition were obtained from the ethanol extract of leaves with diameters of 16.00+0.57 mm and 14.16+0.44 mm at 100 mg/ml, for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare showed significant antityphoid activity which can be used as a remedy against the Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A and therefore promise to be effective antityphoidal supplement for typhoid patients. The antityphoidal activity of the leaf extracts were compared with azithromycin 17.66+0.88 mm and 19.00+0.57 mm zone of inhibition for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The present results indicate that the leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare has antityphoid potential against both typhoid pathogenic strains i.e. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of leaf extracts were determined by broth dilution method. The water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Enicostemma axillare leaf showed 12.5mg/ml MIC against both strains Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A.

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Antityphoid, MIC, Enicostemma axillare and Salmonella

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The article provides a comprehensive overview of cosmeceuticals, a category of skincare products that blend cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties. It delivers their definition, historical evolution, market trends, and the pivotal role of active ingredients like vitamins, peptides, and botanical extracts. The piece highlights crucial formulation techniques, regulatory considerations, and efficacy evaluation methods. Cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and personalized formulations are discussed, alongside emerging trends in cosmeceutical research. The challenges and future directions in the industry are addressed, emphasizing sustainability and green cosmeceuticals. Notable products and their impact, as well as consumer perception and marketing strategies, are explored. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of advancing delivery systems, sustainability, and personalized formulations, and calls for continued collaboration between industry and academia for future cosmeceutical innovation

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Historical Perspective, Formulation Techniques, Evaluation Studies, Novel Technology in Cosmeceuticals.

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In online education, student engagement in their online studies is the biggest challenge, leading to higher dropouts. Student engagement means student involvement in learning and participation in the course. An outcome-based curriculum is designed based on the framework designed by IIT Kharagpur. The outcome-based course structure was prepared and given to students before they attended the online class. The students were said to prepare for the class before attending the online class. The teaching-learning process is followed for the entire semester, and student engagement is measured from the questionnaire given to the student at the end of course completion. 109 participants filled out the feedback form during the year 2020 and 128 participated in 2021. The result shows that this teaching-learning process could increase student engagement throughout the course work. The dropout rate for the even semester of 2020 was reduced by 3.66% and similarly, the dropout rate was reduced by 25.4% in the 2021 odd semester. The performance also increased using this methodology.

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Active-learning, Online Education, Outcome-based education, Self-learning, Student Engagement

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Genetic diseases present a major threat to human health and have long been difficult to tackle. Fortunately, there are promising gene therapy strategies, such as siRNA, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR/Cas9, plasmid DNA, and miRNA, which hold significant potential in biomedical applications. However, to maximize the effectiveness of these therapies, it is essential to create advanced drug delivery systems that can protect these therapeutic agents from degradation in the body and accurately target specific tissues, cells, and even organelles. In conclusion, developing efficient drug delivery vehicles is vital for progressing gene therapy and addressing genetic disorders. As one of the most significant topics of the 21st century, gene therapy offers the promise of cures for many diseases, raises ethical debates about altering human traits, and introduces a form of medical treatment that many once deemed unimaginable. However, conducting human gene therapy comes with various concerns. This review article explores the background of gene therapy, including its introduction, the nature of genetic diseases, gene function, germline gene therapy, the challenges faced, and the various approaches employed. It covers ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo gene therapies, along with the associated risks. The review addresses a wide range of topics, from the historical context and societal relevance of gene therapy to the latest advancements in the field, including research and developments in India.

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Gene therapy, CRISPR/Cas9, drug delivery systems, genetic disorders, ex vivo gene therapy.

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This Paper Explores The Role Of Alcohol In Literature And Society By Analyzing Its Portrayal In Thomas Hardy's The Mayor Of Casterbridge And Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. The Study Delves Into How Alcohol Functions As A Symbol Of Moral Decay, Social Downfall, And Individual Struggle In Both Novels. Additionally, The Paper Examines The Contemporary Context Of Alcohol Consumption In India, Addressing Its Socio-Cultural Implications, The Divide Between Traditional And Modern Values, And The Impact Of Alcoholism On Individuals And Communities. By Comparing Literary And Real-World Perspectives, The Study Aims To Highlight The Universal Themes Of Addiction, Morality, And Socio-Economic Struggles Linked To Alcohol Consumption.

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Alcohol, Symbol Of Decadence, Victorian Literature, Moral Decline, Beat Movement, Beat Generation, Contemporary India

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The need for reliable and easily scalable charging systems has become increasingly prevalent with the spiking popularity of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes the existing problems and future prospects regarding the infrastructure of charging stations. Fulfilling the consumer demand for EVs is highly dependent on the prevalence, ease of use, and effectiveness of charging stations. We highlight the role of public-private partnerships alongside the deployment of evolving charging technologies (ultra-fast chargers and wireless charging) and the integration of renewable energy sources in regards to smart grid-enabled infrastructures. Furthermore, the paper discusses issues related to grid capacity, energy distribution, optimized site selection, and the effects of electric vehicle charging stations on the provincial energy consumption rates. This paper builds proposals on the existing sustainability problems regarding infrastructure development while providing a roadmap based on research and ongoing initiatives to predict the evolution of electric vehicle charging stations. The study called for action from the government, business industries, and the general public to facilitate movement toward an electric-powered future.

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wireless charging, electrical vehicle, smart charging

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Fake Profile Detection, Machine Learning, Social Media Security, Twitter Data Analysis, Ensemble Learning.

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Neurofeedback is emerging as a transformative tool in cognitive and emotional regulation, with growing interest in its application for dream control, particularly lucid dreaming. This paper explores the intersection of neurofeedback and lucid dreaming, analyzing research from 2022 to 2025 to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, and potential therapeutic benefits. We examine the neuroscience underlying neurofeedback techniques, their role in enhancing dream control, and their applications in treating sleep-related disorders, including PTSD-induced nightmares. By synthesizing recent advancements, this study highlights the broader implications of neurofeedback in cognitive enhancement, emotional well-being, and therapeutic interventions.

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Neurofeedback, Lucid Dreaming, Brainwave Patterns, Theta Waves, Dream Control, PTSD Treatment

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Efficiently controlling traffic at a four-way intersection, the project "Smart Traffic Light Control and Intersection Management" uses a Raspberry Pi Model B+ as the primary processing engine. A DC motor driven by an L293D motor driver rotates a USB camera situated at the centre of the intersection; LED lights on each side serve as traffic signals. The camera records photos of every side and calculates the distance between the camera and a colour ball deliberately put on each side to indicate the traffic density. An indirect indicator of the traffic volume on that side is the distance between the camera and the ball. The system automatically assigns signal timings to optimise traffic flow based on the computed distances, hence lowering congestion and enhancing intersection management. By processing the data and changing the traffic signals in real-time, the Raspberry Pi guarantees more efficient and smoother traffic control.

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Smart Intersection Management with IoT-Enabled Traffic Control

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The "IoT-Based Wireless Controlled Smart Transportation System" combines several technologies to improve vehicle control, safety, and monitoring. Real-time information display is provided by an Arduino microcontroller interfaced with an LCD; location tracking is done using a GPS module; communication is handled by a GSM module; and a motor driver controls the DC motor. Users can wirelessly control the DC motor via NodeMCU and Adafruit, therefore enabling remote vehicle operation. A MEMS sensor detects impacts in an emergency or accident, activating a buzzer for sound alarms and sending an automatic SMS with the vehicle's GPS location via GSM. For real-time monitoring, GPS data is also uploaded. By use of IoT and wireless communication, the system offers an effective approach to enhance control and transportation safety.

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IOT BASED WIRELESS CONTROLLED SMART TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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Thermal imaging drone technology has significantly transformed multiple industries, including search and rescue, agriculture, industrial inspections, and environmental monitoring. This study explores the advancements in thermal imaging drones, focusing on data collection, image processing, neural network training, and AI-driven analysis. The integration of artificial intelligence enhances detection accuracy, improves automation, and increases efficiency in real-time monitoring applications. This paper involved the design and implementation of a drone system equipped with a thermal imaging camera, supported by machine learning models to process and analyze captured data. The findings indicate that thermal imaging drones are highly effective in detecting temperature variations, identifying anomalies, and assisting in critical decision-making. Advanced segmentation techniques, deep learning-based object recognition, and multi-target tracking algorithms further enhance their capabilities .The study also highlights challenges such as environmental interference, data processing complexities, and the need for real-time optimization. Despite these challenges, continued advancements in AI, sensor technology, and edge computing will further expand the scope of thermal imaging drones in disaster response, infrastructure monitoring, and security applications. These innovations position thermal imaging drones as essential tools for modern aerial surveillance and thermal data analysis.

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: Thermal Imaging, Infrared Sensors, Drone Technology, Thermal Cameras, Payload Multi-rotor, Drones Fixedwing, Drones Search and Rescue (SAR).

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Linking smart things to the internet, Internet of Things (IoT) It can allow more safe data sharing. Smart City and Internet of Things technology's fast changes are helping urban planning to guarantee sustainable cities and living conditions. IOT makes life easier and more efficient. The current system requires human effort to check every time and manually manages garbage containers. One of the main problems in the cities is the monitoring and control of garbage. The suggested system automates this procedure. Here we are employing fixed over the dustbins ultrasonic sensors. When bins are full of rubbish, the distance between the sensors and the waste will be reduced. Every time it will measure the level and compute the distance. Soil moisture sensor for detect the wet content in bin and this live data is delivered to Arduino. Data processed by Arduino will be sent to the cloud server via GSM/GPRS. By means of this website, the user may view the information and prepare accordingly; which bin requires attention and specific action will be performed to clean the bins.

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Revolutionizing Waste Collection and Disposal in Cities Using IoT

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