Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

This research explores the pervasive themes of alienation and absurdity in the works of Franz Kafka and Thangjam Ibopishak Singh, set against their distinct cultural, philosophical, and historical milieus. By juxtaposing Kafka's existential critiques of modernity with Singh's postcolonial satire, the study reveals how both authors employ surreal and evocative narratives to address universal human struggles. While Kafka's writings delve into the individual's existential dread within bureaucratic and modern systems, Singh's works emphasize the cultural and political fragmentation in postcolonial societies, drawing on indigenous perspectives to highlight unique forms of alienation. Ultimately, this comparative analysis demonstrates the transcendence of alienation and absurdity beyond cultural and temporal boundaries, offering profound insights into the human condition.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Alienation, Absurdity, Franz Kafka, Thangjam Ibopishak Singh, Comparative Literature, Existentialism, Postcolonialism, Modernity, Cultural Fragmentation, Political Fragmentation, Human Condition, Surreal Narratives

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# NATO's Kosovo Intervention: Humanitarian Action and Sovereignty NATO's 1999 intervention in Kosovo represents a watershed moment in international relations where humanitarian concerns challenged traditional sovereignty norms. This case illustrates the complex ethical and legal tensions between protecting human rights and respecting territorial integrity.

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Humanitarian intervention and sovereignty

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Elementary school students have an intrinsic capacity for curiosity and inquiry, which might lead them to opportunities that others are unable to recognise. Teaching design thinking to young students' aid in the development of a growth mindset as well as crucial analytical, spatial, and problem-solving skills. Therefore, we may conclude that all components of the curriculum and pedagogy at the elementary level need to be reoriented and revamped. In Section 4.24 of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, it is made clear that coordinated curricular and pedagogical initiatives, including the introduction of modern subjects like Artificial Intelligence, Design Thinking, Holistic Health, Organic Living, Environmental Education, Global Citizenship Education (GCED), etc. at pertinent stages, will be undertaken to help students at all levels develop these various crucial skills NEP 2020 noted that due to the dramatic changes in learning, students today require a unique set of skills in order to be prepared for the workplace of the future. Students that are proficient in design thinking not only comprehend what they are learning, but also go beyond it to critically analyse their own work. Design thinking abilities are useful outside of the classroom and are highly sought after by businesses everywhere. Present paper tried to make an attempt to discuss design thinking and its importance for students and reasons for its inclusion in elementary school curriculum.

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Design Thinking, Empathy, Elementary School, Prototype, Learning Approach

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A polyherbal shampoo bar was formulated using a combination of guava, curry leaves, rosemary, clove, and flaxseed. The shampoo bar was designed to promote healthy hair growth, reduce dandruff and itchiness, and nourish and hydrate the hair and scalp. The formulation was evaluated for its physical and chemical properties, including pH, viscosity, and microbial contamination. The efficacy of the shampoo bar was tested on human subjects, who used the product for a period of 4 weeks. The results showed that the polyherbal shampoo bar was effective in promoting healthy hair growth, reducing dandruff and itchiness, and improving the overall health and appearance of the hair and scalp. The shampoo bar was also found to be safe and well-tolerated by the subjects. The study suggests that the polyherbal shampoo bar is a novel and effective formulation for promoting healthy hair growth and scalp health. The product's natural ingredients and gentle formulation make it an attractive alternative to conventional shampoo products.

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(Keywords- poly herbal shampoo bar, guava, curry leaves, flax seed.)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Concrete is one of the most widely used materials in construction, primarily composed of cement, water, and natural aggregates. However, the excessive extraction of natural sand has raised serious environmental concerns, including ecosystem disruption and depletion of riverbeds. As a result, the focus has shifted towards sustainable alternatives that incorporate industrial waste materials into concrete mixes. In this context, the present study investigates the use of mill scale, a steel manufacturing byproduct composed primarily of iron oxides, as a replacement for natural fine aggregates. A controlled mix of M20 grade concrete was designed, where sand was partially and fully replaced with mill scale at varying percentages 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by weight. The performance of each mix was assessed through tests on workability (slump test), compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and density. Among these, the 40% replacement level showed significant improvement in strength properties, particularly in compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, indicating that mill scale can effectively enhance the mechanical performance of concrete. Additionally, the optimal mix was used to manufacture interlocking tiles, and their performance was evaluated in terms of load-bearing capacity, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish. This research demonstrates that mill scale not only improves concrete strength but also offers a sustainable solution for waste management and conservation of natural resources in the construction industry.

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Mill Scale, Sand Replacement, Interlocking Tiles, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Guardian App is a mobile safety application designed to provide users with an added layer of security. It allows users to create an emergency contact list and instantly alert their contacts in critical situations. The app features an SOS button for quick and efficient distress signals. GPS location sharing enables emergency contacts to track the user's whereabouts in real-time. The automated emergency alert system requires minimal user intervention. User privacy and data security are prioritized through secure storage and limited data sharing. The app is designed to be user-friendly and accessible for a wide range of users. It is ideal for individuals who prioritize their safety and security. The Guardian App provides a reliable means of communication in emergency situations. It is a valuable tool for enhancing personal safety and security.

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Emergency Alert System, GPS Location Sharing, SOS Button, User Privacy and Data Security, Safety, Emergency Response Systems, Mobile App Development

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This review provides an overview of current research directions in bio-composite materials, highlighting their potential for sustainable applications and promoting a circular economy. Key bio-composite materials for reuse and recycling are presented, including Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), furanose polyesters, and natural fibers used for composite applications which are biodegradable, eco-friendly and with low carbon emissions. Research and development of bio-composites made of agricultural by-products (eg: coffee silver skin) and high-performance fibers are the potential for packaging material, civil engineering and electronics use. There are, however, several challenges in the use of bio-composites such as durability issues, mechanical strength, and issues related to scale-up, which validate the need for more studies of the service life of bio-composites under different environmental conditions. Other processing methods like high-performance discontinuous fiber (HiPerDiF) technology plays a significant role in improving these material properties to meet the objective of sustainability. The latest developments highlight the enhanced life cycle characteristics of bio-composites such as decreased emission of greenhouse gases, and reduced fossil fuel consumption. Notably, flax-reinforced bio-composites and lignin-based nanofiber mats show improved properties highlighting the improvement in properties such as durability, thermal stability and higher-value applications such as filtration and drug delivery. Bio-composites are renewable and could be more efficient than the conventional product materials; nevertheless, addressing the challenges of bio-composites in terms of durability and performance is a major key for global investment in bio-composites. Further research on these materials holds promise for widespread adoption across various sectors, contributing significantly to sustainability and innovative engineering designs.

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Bio-Composite Materials, Circular Economy, Biodegradable Polymers, Life Cycle assessment (LCA), Environmental Impact, Sustainable Composites.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In order for a system to remain stable, regionalized networks known as micro grids must be able to function independently by cutting off their connection to the main grid. By offering a stronger power supply, the dependability of consumers can be increased. Consistency, dependability, and security are indeed the main issues with micro grids due to reversed energy flow from distributed generator units, regional fluctuations, transitory micro grid modes, significant frequency discrepancies in electrically isolated mode operation, as well as financial and supply demand uncertainties. Despite the fact that increasing the stability of the hybrid micro grid is their primary goal, the system is more unstable when electrical energy is delivered from the AC side to the DC side and from the DC side to the AC side. Consequently, to maintain the hybrid micro grid's stability, various circuit breakers, buck boost converters, grid bidirectional converters, and intermediate IC (Interlinking converter) are used. This article describes how stability evaluation with MATLAB implements a bidirectional power flow through an interacting converter. The best results possible the performance of the circuit might be enhanced by simulation. The best hybrid micro grid stability results were displayed. In this study, an interlinking converter is used, which enhances micro grid stability when power is flowing in both directions through the AC and DC grids and the results might be obtained through a MATLAB simulation. Additionally, this approach has the benefit of shortening the time needed for the system to reach steady functioning. Thus increasing system dependability and offering quality supply.

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Keywords -- interlinking converter, distributed generators, bidirectional power flow, and hybrid micro grids (HMGs) are some related terms.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Globally, corporate ecosystem liability has become a crucial concern, especially in emerging nations like India where environmental deterioration frequently results from industrial growth. The evolution of corporate ecological liability in India is examined in this study, with particular attention to the change from a risk-based strategy to one that places a higher priority on corporate responsibility. It examines the effects of important laws on corporate responsibility for environmental damage, such as the Companies Act (2013) and Environment Protection Act (1986). The paper draws attention to the difficulties in implementing these rules, the significance of court rulings, and the rising need for sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. The study additionally assesses how well existing legislative frameworks promote sustainable business practices and pinpoints regulatory structural weaknesses. It also covers the functions of the judiciary, civil society, and government organizations in guaranteeing corporate compliance. In order to improve corporate environmental liability systems and strike a balance between environmental sustainability and economic development in India, the study concludes with recommendations for regulatory changes and capacity-building.

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Corporate liability, sustainability, environmental liability, regulatory framework, social responsibility, Waste Disposal

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study aims to enhance Online Judge (OJ) systems in programming education using Explainable AI (XAI). Researchers used Educational Data Mining with Multi-Instance Learning and Machine Learning to analyze student submission behavior. Data from 2,500+ submissions by 90 students (2019-2022) was collected from a Java-based course. A Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.70). SHAP explanations were used to provide interpretable feedback for students and instructors. Early submission (>=7 days before deadline) and frequent attempts (>40) were linked to success. Assignment difficulty had little effect; student effort and timing mattered more. Cohort analysis identified late and sparse submitters as high-risk for failure. The system offers actionable, human-readable feedback to guide learning. Future work will explore motivational and personality factors to improve predictions

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Explainable AI (XAI), Online judge Systems (OJ),Educational Data Mining (EDM),Multi Instance Learning (MIL), Machine Learning (ML),Random Forest, Student Performance Analysis, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP),AUC Score, Feedback Generation, Programming Education, Cohort Analysis, Personalized Instruction, Adaptive Feedback

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Bioethanol is a global issue on the effort to be reduced global pollution, contributed significantly by the petroleum or diesel combustion or combination of both. With the help of developing technology and promising researches, the Ginger and the Pineapple peels are utilized as biomass to bioethanol production due to its substantial amount of carbohydrates that can be converted into fermentable sugar. In this study, the effect of fermentation pH was investigated. The concentration of yeasts was first standardized. After standardization, the Ginger and the Pineapple peels were subjected to a dilute-acid pre-treatment using 2.5% (v/v) sulphuric acid for 2 hours at 90? yielding 0.4% (w/v) reducing sugar. The resulting solutions after hydrolysis are then subjected to fermentation at different pH readings. Values of pH from 4.0 to 6.0 with an increment of 0.25 are used in the investigation of pH. The adjustment of pH was done with 1.0 M Sodium hydroxide solution and pretreated substrate used. The fermentation broth subjected to pH 5.5 gave the maximum ethanol concentration of 8.6% (Ginger) and 8.8% (Pineapple). The optimization method discussed in the present study leading to be relatively high bioethanol production could provide a promising way for production with cellulose content.

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Bioethanol, Zingiber officinale, Ananus comosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) communication is widely used in embedded systems, FPGA-based designs, and serial communication interfaces due to its simplicity and efficiency [1]. This paper presents an optimized FPGA-based UART module implemented using Verilog, designed for low latency, high-speed data transmission, and robust error handling mechanisms [12]. Traditional UART designs suffer from synchronization issues, baud rate mismatches, and inefficient buffering, leading to data corruption and transmission delays [3], [7]. To address these challenges, we propose a novel UART architecture with FIFO buffering, parity-based error detection, and baud rate optimization techniques [11], [14]. The proposed system ensures high reliability in real-time data transmission, making it suitable for IoT, industrial automation, and wireless communication applications [4], [19]. Compared to conventional implementations, our FPGA-based design achieves a 35% improvement in data throughput and a 28% reduction in latency [6], [9]. We also integrate an adaptive baud rate controller that dynamically adjusts based on the system clock frequency, reducing clock mismatches [10], [16]. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, validated on an FPGA prototype with varying baud rates ranging from 9600 to 115200 bps [8], [18]. Performance analysis confirms that our design outperforms existing UART implementations in terms of efficiency, scalability, and power consumption [5], [15]. This research contributes significantly to high-performance FPGA-based communication protocols [2], [13].

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FPGA, UART, Serial Communication, Verilog, Baud Rate Optimization, Error Detection, Low-Latency Design.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Feminism, Gender Roles, Patriarchy, Identity, Social Realism, Women's Autonomy, Self-Discovery, Cultural Constraints etc.

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This study focuses on the biomass and its parameters of the four plant species, namely Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Mangifera indica and Madhuca longifolia, in the Ambikapur region of Chhattisgarh, India. It also investigates potential for biomass production, growth parametric as well as carbon sequestration prospects of such species. Tectona grandis showed the highest growth and biomass yield, implying the possibility of using this species for biomass production and carbon sequestration programmes. Importance of these species for environmental sustainability and social development speaking in the region.

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Biomass, Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Mangifera indica, Madhuca longifolia

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Soil erosion is a severe environmental problem that leads to the deterioration of arable land, poor agricultural production, and susceptibility to natural disasters such as floods and landslides. Early detection and continuous monitoring of soil erosion are essential for effective land management and sustainable development. In this study, we propose a machine learning-based soil erosion detection technique using the Gradient Boosting algorithm. Gradient Boosting is a powerful ensemble learning method that creates predictive models by ensembling a number of weak learners to achieve high accuracy and robustness. The proposed system integrates multisource environmental data, including satellite imagery, topographic attributes, rainfall intensity, soil texture, and vegetation indices, to train a gradient boosting classifier model to distinguish between erosion-prone and stable regions. The model's performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score measures, demonstrating the model's effectiveness in handling complex, non-linear relationships in environmental datasets.

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Coastal Erosion, Artificial Intelligence, Erosion Prediction, GIS-based modelling , Machine Learning

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Birth Certificate Generation using Blockchain presents the design and implementation of a digital birth certificate generation system that automates and secures the process of birth certificate issuance. The system leverages modern technologies such as blockchain, cryptographic security, and cloud-based databases to streamline and safeguard data handling, making it resilient against tampering and fraud. Through a robust identity verification process and real-time data integration with health institutions, the system enables accurate recording of birth data and rapid certificate issuance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Blockchain platforms, smart contracts, birth certificate generation, systematic literature review, security and transparency, fraud prevention, ethereum, automatic certificate generation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Dehadi Korwa of Bagicha, Chhattisgarh, India, this study looks at mortality rates. The study found that a number of factors, many related to socio-economic status or health, contributed to the high rate of mortality. The analysis looks at access to and effectiveness of healthcare, as well as how to improve health outcomes for this vulnerable group.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Dehadi Korwa, mortality rate, tribal health, Chhattisgarh, healthcare access, socio-economic factors

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Egg Incubator Poultry Farming Microcontroller-based Incubator Arduino Uno Temperature and Humidity Control PID Control Forced-Air Circulation Cost-Effective Design Small-Scale Farming Hatchability Rate DIY Incubator Low Power Consumption Automation in Poultry Affordable Incubation Systems Rural Agriculture Technology

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Background: - Cannabis is the third most popular substance used in the world, and its use has been rising. The research is undertaken to examine the impact of cannabis addiction on a person's physical, mental, and emotional stability. This review identifies gaps in the literature and the findings from earlier research, which will also suggest subjects that require more thorough and advanced research. Method: - A systematic review has been done by following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria on research from 2020-2025. Researches were extracted from PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases. MMAT (Mixed Method Assessment Tool) 2018, tool was used to critically examine the manuscripts. Conclusion: - Out of 110 articles identified, 7 articles were included in the final review. It is evident from the analysis that smoking cigarettes and using cannabis can have a detrimental effect on one's family, profession, and well-being. However, additional research can be done to examine the effects based on other factors, such as lifestyles, members of particular groups, and geographical circumstances.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: "cannabis", "cigarettes" "well being", "career" and "family".

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper explores the concept of real-time image filtering in video streams, focusing on enhancing visual communication during live interactions. Real-time image filtering allows users to apply various effects--such as black-and-white or cartoonish filters--instantly during video calls, creating an engaging and dynamic experience. By capturing live video feeds from users' cameras, the application processes each frame to apply selected filters, ensuring that changes are displayed without noticeable delay. This interactivity fosters spontaneity and creativity, enabling users to switch filters on the fly and share their experiences on social media platforms. The project aims to develop a user-friendly application that not only enriches personal interactions but also encourages self-expression in a fun and visually appealing manner. Ultimately, these frame processing, opencv, webRTC and FlaskAPI technology enhances the way we communicate, making digital interactions more lively and enjoyable.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Video stream, Image filters, OpenCV, Frame processing, webRTC, FlaskAPI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition