Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Air pollution from automobile exhaust, particularly due to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), has become a major concern in urban areas. These fine particles cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, making emission control a top priority. ELECTRA CLEAN is an innovative device that uses Electrostatic Precipitation (ESP) to filter out particulate matter from exhaust gases. Unlike conventional filters, ESP technology charges particles and collects them on oppositely charged plates. Designed to be compact, self-cleaning, energy-efficient, and easy to retrofit, ELECTRA CLEAN is ideal for cars, two-wheelers, diesel generators, and more. Experimental results show up to 70% reduction in PM emissions, confirming its effectiveness and potential in real-world applications

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POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE ,ELECTRA CLEAN.

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The increasing use of smartphones among children has raised concerns about its impact on their physical, cognitive and emotional well-being. While smartphones offer convenience, communication and access to information, excessive screen time has been linked to various health risks, including obesity, sleep disturbances, postural issues, cognitive impairments and behavioural disorders such as ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Exposure to blue light and violent or addictive content further exacerbates these issues, affecting children's academic performance, mental health and social interactions. From an Ayurvedic perspective, smartphone addiction is associated with Manas Dosha imbalances, particularly Rajoguna and Tamoguna, affecting cognitive functions and emotional regulation. Ayurvedic interventions such as Satvavajaya Chikitsa (psychotherapy), Medhya Rasayana (cognitive-enhancing herbal remedies), Padamshika Karma (gradual withdrawal), and Yoga therapy offer natural solutions for managing addiction. These approaches emphasize mindful regulation, self-discipline, and cognitive enhancement to counteract the negative effects of excessive gadget use. Preventive measures, including parental guidance, regulated screen time, and lifestyle modifications, are crucial to mitigating the adverse effects of smartphone overuse. Integrating Ayurvedic principles with modern interventions provides a holistic strategy for promoting healthy digital habits among children.

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Behavioural issues, Neurological disorders, Ayurveda, Acharrasayana, Smartphone Addiction.

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This study examines the impact of Continuous Training, Development, and Education (CTDE) on enhancing the professional competence of teachers in public schools. A sample size of 200 respondents was surveyed to assess how regular professional development programs contribute to teachers' skills, knowledge, and overall effectiveness in the classroom. The study utilizes SPSS software for statistical analysis, employing Chi-square tests to test hypotheses and regression analysis to examine the relationship between CTDE and professional competence. Through a comprehensive analysis, the research highlights the benefits of CTDE in improving teaching methods, classroom management, and the integration of modern technologies. The study also identifies the challenges faced by teachers and the importance of tailored training programs that address specific needs. The findings suggest that ongoing professional development plays a crucial role in fostering a more competent and confident teaching workforce, ultimately leading to better educational outcomes. This research advocates for the continued implementation of CTDE initiatives to strengthen the quality of education in public schools.

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 Keywords

Continuous Training, Professional Development, Teacher Competence, Public School, Education quality, Teacher performance

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Nowadays, the world has witnessed a drastic change towards modern technology and how much it has advanced, even the specialized companies are undergoing through a major transformation in the field of information technology, specifically in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paradigm shift or IoT refers to the integration of physical objects with the internet and digital technologies through the addition of hardware and software, enabling these objects to become smarter and easier to work with. It allows them to communicate with one another and interact effortlessly with other people, supporting the various aspects of everyday life. As a result, it supports the new forms of interaction between humans and devices and even includes inter device communication among each other --which ultimately revolutionizes traditional lifestyles into something that's more seamless and high techdespite the major progress , this evolution does have several obstacles . Before achieving the full benefits of Iot we have to overcome the technical, social and ethical issues. The key purpose of this review paper is to offer readers an in-depth analysis from both technological and societal viewpoints. It includes exploring the key challenges and concerns that are linked to IoT, along with its interpretation providing a clear description of iot and architectural structure. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes range of sensors and actuators that are involved in IoT systems and their role in fostering smart communication. The paper highlights the most critical applications areas in Iot. The purpose of this study is to provide the readers with more profound understanding of Iot and its impact on the real world

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Internet of things (IoT), IoT Ecosystem , Smart Communication, Sensors, Actuators, System integration, Network interface

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The PH-Metric stability constant of binary & ternary complexes of antisuril with bivalent metal & Adipic acid in aqueous solution has been determined. The ionic strength was kept constant by Sodium nitrate. The stability constant of ternary complexes have been quantitively compared with those of corresponding binary complexes in terms of the parameter ?logK. In constitution of previous work (*).we hereby report coordination behavior of Allopurinol elements belonging to transition metal

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METAL LIGAND STABILITY CONSTANT OF ANTISURIL AND SOME METAL IONS IN AQUEOS MEDIA.

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Parental , Community, Involvement, Government,Primary Schools, Khawai District

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Structured Query Language (SQL) is essential for managing relational databases, yet many non-technical users struggle to write accurate queries. Our project, End-to-End Text-to-SQL System: Leveraging LLMs for Automated SQL Query Generation, addresses this challenge by using Large Language Models (LLMs) to translate natural language inputs into SQL statements. Trained on datasets like WikiSQL, these models learn to generate precise queries across diverse schemas. The system features a user-friendly web interface, enabling users to retrieve data effortlessly without SQL expertise. We evaluate multiple LLMs based on accuracy, efficiency, and execution time to select the best performer. This approach enhances database accessibility, minimizes query errors, and boosts productivity. Future work includes supporting complex queries, schema adaptation, and conversational refinement.

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Text-to-SQL, Large Language Models, WikiSQL, SQL

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Abstract Liberalization policies pushed for deregulation, privatization, and globalization. These changes changed agriculture by focusing on high-value foods, advancing technology, and expanding the export and agro-processing sectors. Even with these improvements, problems like unstable global prices, small farmers not being able to get enough loans, and gaps in technology still exist. India's high-value flower exports and use of genetically modified crops both went up from 2001 to 2010. From 2011 to 2020, the country focused on sustainability, digital agriculture, and growing methods that are resistant to climate change. In recent years, new technologies like AI and drones have changed the way farming is done. However, problems like shrinking landholdings and a lack of water are still very important. The agro-export industry has been strong, but it has to deal with competition, problems with technology, and limited infrastructure. Adopting new technologies, improving public-private partnerships, increasing export surpluses, encouraging the corporatization of agriculture, and pushing for global subsidy reforms are some of the suggestions made to make countries more competitive. For the sector to grow in the long run, it is also important to use sustainable methods and invest in technologies that can handle changes in climate. This research looks at the new trends in Indian agriculture since it became more open to foreign investment. It talks about improvements in gardening, food processing, and digital integration, as well as the problems that come with globalization and differences in technology. In addition, it talks about new government programs and the future of Indian farmland.

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Economic Liberalisation, Indian Agriculture, Corporatisation of Agriculture,

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Software bugs are a critical challenge in the development lifecycle, impacting product quality, user satisfaction, and maintenance costs. Traditional bug prediction models often focus on static code metrics or historical bug data, without considering the developer-centric context. This paper proposes a Developer-centered bug prediction model that leverages both code-level features and developer-specific behavioral patterns to enhance prediction accuracy. The model integrates features such as code complexity, change history, developer expertise, and commit frequency, using advanced machine learning techniques like ensemble learning and deep neural networks. We validate our approach on real-world datasets from open-source repositories, demonstrating significant improvements over conventional models in terms of precision, recall, and F1-score. The results suggest that incorporating developer-related factors provides a more nuanced understanding of bug-prone code, enabling more targeted and effective bug management strategies.

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Developer-Centric Analysis, Change Scattering, Code Quality Assessment, Predictive modeling, Logistic Regression, Cross-Validation

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This research examines the convergence of Blue Victorianism, gender dynamics, and water symbolism in two lesser-studied yet thematically significant Victorian novels: The Octoroon (1861) by William Gilmore Simms, also known as Mayne Reid, and The Odd Women (1893) by George Gissing. Engaging with interdisciplinary critical frameworks--including blue Victorian and ecocriticism the study argues that water in these texts functions not merely as a setting but as an active symbolic force that reflects and shapes the conditions of women's lives in Victorian society. The concept of Blue Victorianism, encompassing affective states such as melancholy, nostalgia, and aesthetic estrangement, is employed to examine how fluid spaces such as rivers, oceans, and coastal landscapes become metaphors for female subjectivity, social instability, and resistance to normative gender roles. In The Octoroon, the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean emerge as charged and paradoxical spaces--sites where ideologies of race, gender, and colonialism intersect. The novel's mixed-race heroine, Zoe, is positioned at the confluence of freedom and constraint, where water signifies both escape and fatal entrapment. In contrast, The Odd Women presents water in more domestic and introspective forms: coastal fog, rain, and reflective seascapes that parallel the emotional and social displacement of unmarried, economically precarious women. In both novels, water mediates themes of marginality, transition, and emotional isolation, rendering it central to the construction of gendered space and narrative movement. By offering a comparative reading of these two novels through the lens of water symbolism and Blue Victorian aesthetics, this study contributes to broader scholarly conversations surrounding gendered spatiality, ecofeminist criticism, and Victorian representations of emotional and social transgression. However, it argues that water operates as a transformative and often destabilising narrative force--simultaneously marking boundaries and enabling resistance--within the gendered imaginaries of nineteenth-century fiction.

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Blue Victorianism, gender, water symbolism, Victorian fiction, The Octoroon, The Odd Women, ecocriticism, feminist theory, maritime space.

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Abstract: Mathematics achievement is a critical component of academic success, often influenced by multiple factors, including intelligence, gender, and school type. This study examines the relationship between intelligence and mathematics achievement among secondary school students in Lucknow, with a particular focus on how school type (boys-only, girls-only, and co-educational) affects performance differences between male and female students. A quantitative research design was employed, involving a sample of students from six different schools representing different educational environments. Intelligence and mathematics achievement were assessed using standardized tests, and data were analysed through statistics, correlation analysis, and comparative techniques. The results suggest a strong positive correlation between intelligence and mathematics achievement, confirming that students with higher intelligence scores tend to perform better in mathematics. However, intelligence alone was not the sole determinant of success. The results also reveal gender-based differences in mathematics performance, with girls outperforming boys across all intelligence levels. Additionally, students from girls-only and co-educational schools scored higher on average compared to those from boys-only schools, suggesting that a structured and supportive learning environment plays a crucial role in academic performance. The study's findings challenge traditional gender stereotypes and highlight the importance of effective teaching strategies, personalized learning interventions, and gender-sensitive education policies. While intelligence remains a significant factor in mathematics achievement, the study emphasizes the role of external influences such as school environment, motivation, and instructional quality. The research underscores the need for inclusive and equitable educational approaches to improve mathematics learning outcomes for all students.

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Mathematics achievement, Intelligence, Gender differences, Academic performance, Learning environment

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 Abstract

Dilli gharane ke Ustad Latif Ahmed Khan Sahab Ka jeewan - parichay

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Dilli gharane ke Ustad Latif Ahmed Khan Sahab Ka jeewan - parichay

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The ancient Indian texts Thirukkural, Vidura Niti, and Arthashastra provide timeless wisdom on leadership, governance, and ethics, shaping principles that remain relevant in modern society. These texts offer diverse yet complementary perspectives on ethical leadership, political strategy, and economic governance, making them invaluable for understanding both historical and contemporary governance models. Thirukkural, authored by Thiruvalluvar, places a strong emphasis on morality, justice, and righteousness in governance. It highlights the importance of a leader's integrity, fairness, and commitment to the well-being of the people. The text argues that a just ruler fosters societal harmony and economic prosperity by upholding ethical principles and making decisions based on dharma (righteousness). Vidura Niti, extracted from the Mahabharata, serves as a guide for ethical rulership, decision-making, and statecraft. Vidura, the wise counselor, advises rulers on the importance of wisdom, humility, and self-discipline in governance. His teachings stress fairness, accountability, and the dangers of greed and arrogance, warning that unethical leadership leads to instability and downfall. Arthashastra, written by Kautilya (Chanakya), provides a pragmatic approach to administration, diplomacy, military strategy, and economic policies. Unlike Thirukkural and Vidura Niti, which focus on moral virtues, Arthashastra emphasizes realpolitik--strategic governance that balances ethics with practical necessity. It offers detailed insights into law enforcement, taxation, wealth management, and national security, making it a comprehensive guide for statecraft. This article explores the relevance of these ancient texts in modern governance and leadership, comparing their principles with contemporary ethical frameworks such as transformational leadership, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and sustainable governance. By evaluating their contributions, this study highlights the enduring impact of Indian knowledge systems on ethical statecraft and policymaking in the 21st century.

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Thirukkural, Vidura Niti, Arthashastra, ethics, governance, leadership, Indian philosophy

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This project report entitled to "An Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with granite powder in concrete". The main object of This experimental study is to analyse and investigates the feasibility of utilizing granite powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. With the growing concerns over the environmental impact of cement manufacturing and the need for sustainable construction materials, granite powder--an industrial by-product from the granite cutting and polishing process--presents a promising alternative. The study involved preparing concrete mixes with varying percentages of granite powder (ranging from 0% to 30%) as a partial replacement for cement. Tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and durability of the concrete at different curing periods. The results indicate that the inclusion of granite powder enhances the strength properties of concrete up to an optimal replacement level, beyond which the performance slightly declines. Additionally, granite powder contributed to improved sustainability and cost-effectiveness without compromising the structural integrity. This research supports the potential application of granite powder in green concrete technology and promotes the efficient management of industrial waste.

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Granite powder,Cement replacement,Concrete properties,Mechanical proporties.

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The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of deepfakes--synthetic media in which a person's likeness is convincingly replaced with another's. While these AI-generated manipulations have potential applications in entertainment and education, they also pose significant risks to privacy, misinformation, and digital security. To combat this growing threat, AI-driven deepfake detection systems have been developed, leveraging machine learning, computer vision, and neural networks. This paper explores the current state of AI technologies in detecting deepfakes, including the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and transformer-based models. Techniques such as facial landmark analysis, inconsistencies in blinking patterns, and frequency domain artifacts are examined. Moreover, the paper highlights the role of large datasets, adversarial training, and explainable AI in improving detection accuracy. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in generalizing detection models across diverse datasets and evolving deepfake techniques. The ongoing arms race between deepfake generation and detection necessitates continued innovation and collaboration across academia, industry, and policy-making spheres.

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1.Deepfake Detection 2.Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3.Machine Learning 4.Computer Vision 5.Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 6.Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) 7.Transformer Models 8.Facial Landmark Analysis 9.Synthetic Media 10.Adversarial Training 11.Digital Forensics 12.Deep Learning 13.Misinformation Detection 14.Video Manipulation 15.Explainable AI (XAI)

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Twenty first century is facing many changes in the environmental issues like consequences from pollution, bio waste, e-waste, techno waste etc. which are badly affecting natural resources, negative effect on human life and health and negative effect on society. Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) combines environmental aspects with HRM policies and practices to facilitates sustainability. Green HRM is the use of HRM policies to promote the sustainable use of resources within the organizations and promotes the cause of environmental sustainability. The objective of this study is to understand the concept of green human resource management and to explore the green human resource management practices of organizations based on the existing literature. The major areas of the study is to find out various the problems faced by organizations in successful implementation of Green HRM Practices and finally, the paper suggests initiatives for Green HRM for Green organizations.

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Human Resource Management, Green HRM, Environment Sustainability, Organization,

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In critical situations like battlefields, disaster zones, rural areas, and medical emergencies, doctors and healthcare workers may not always be able to reach patients immediately. This project introduces a remote-controlled health monitoring and medicine delivery system that allows medical personnel to assess a patient's condition and provide necessary aid from a distance. The system uses an ESP32-CAM for live video streaming, enabling health workers to remotely navigate the chassis and collect patients vitals using a web interface. It is equipped with a pulse oximeter and a temperature sensor to measure oxygen levels, heart rate, and body temperature. A machine learning model running on the ESP32 analyzes the collected data and classifies the patient's condition as Good, Bad, or Critical, allowing for faster medical decisions and prioritization of critical cases to alert doctors via telegram. Along with tracking, this system can also deliver essential medicines to patients in remote or high-risk areas. Its lightweight and mobile design ensures easy deployment in hospitals, military camps, and disaster relief operations, making it a valuable tool for telemedicine and emergency healthcare.

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Remote Patient Monitoring, ESP32-CAM, Vital Signs, Pulse Oximeter, Temperature Sensor, Machine Learning, Edge Impulse, Telemedicine, Emergency Healthcare, IoT-based Healthcare, Wireless Health Tracking, Telegram Alert System, Embedded Systems, Mobile Robotic Chassis.

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A metallothionein Type II gene was previously isolated from Leucaena leucocephala, a leguminous species and cloned into pET28a(+) vector and moved into E. coli BL21 strain for protein expression. 0.1mM IPTG was used for induction of enhanced expression and total protein content was loaded onto 12% SDS gel. Purification was done using NI-NTA Affinity Column Chromatography and loaded onto 18% SDS gel. In the former, slight increase in band intensity was seen between 5-10 kDa whereas in the purified samples, bands were observed at 7-8 kDa which is congruent to the fact that the predicted molecular weight of the Leucaena MTII protein is 7.6 kDa. Different concentrations of Cu, Cd and As were used to analyze the efficiency of recombinant BL21 cells in combating heavy metal toxicity. OD values taken at intervals of 3, 5 and 7 hours and overnight shows marked decrease in growth rate of control non-recombinant cells whereas growth rate in the recombinant cells are consistently same for all. These findings can lead to the conclusion that heterologous expression of MTII gene from Leucaena in other living systems is highly effective in protection against heavy metal toxicity.

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Metallothionein, heavy metal toxicity, cloning, protein expression.

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Menstrual hygiene is a crucial aspect of every girl and woman's life, yet awareness about menstruation, the physical and physiological changes during puberty, and the proper practices for menstrual management remains limited. To address this issue, a pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was implemented. The study was conducted on 120 girl students from classes 6th, 7th, and 8th at Desh Bhagat Global School, Mandi Gobindgarh, located in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. A two-stage sampling method was used. First, the school was selected through a convenient sampling technique. In the second stage, 120 participants were chosen from the selected school using the same method. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess the participants' knowledge of menstrual hygiene. The findings revealed that, in the post-test, 62% of the girls demonstrated an average level of knowledge, 25% showed a high level of understanding, and 13% had a low level of awareness about menstrual hygiene. A comparison of pre-test and post-test results showed a significant improvement in knowledge. The mean score increased from 10.54 in the pre-test to 21.84 in the post-test, indicating a statistically significant difference at the p<0.05 level. This result suggests that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the participants' knowledge of menstrual hygiene. Overall, the study concludes that educational interventions, particularly those using visual aids, can play a key role in improving menstrual hygiene awareness among adolescent girls.

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Video assisted teaching program, Knowledge, Menstrual Hygiene, Menarche Girls.

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Sign language is a crucial mode of communication for individuals with hearing and speech impairments. However, the gap between sign language users and non-sign language speakers creates communication barriers in daily life. This project aims to bridge this gap by developing a system that converts sign language gestures into text and speech using computer vision. The system utilizes a real-time camera feed to capture hand gestures, which are then processed using deep learning techniques for accurate classification. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and advanced machine learning models are employed to recognize and interpret gestures, ensuring high precision. The captured gestures are mapped to corresponding words or phrases, which are then converted into text and speech output, enabling effective communication. The proposed system eliminates the need for additional hardware, relying solely on a standard camera and software-based processing. By leveraging OpenCV and deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow or PyTorch, the system can recognize dynamic and static gestures

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Real-time Sign Language Translation, Computer Vision, Deep Learning, Gesture Recognition, Text-to-Speech (TTS) Conversion, American Sign Language (ASL).

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