Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Globalisation makes human life closer than in past years, irrespective of geographic barriers. It imposes changes on labourers and trade unions. The supporters of globalisation argued that through higher competition among economies, the best results can be realized. With the emergence of globalisation, trade unions need to perform very crucial and multiple functions. Recent developments have imposed serious challenges on trade unions across the world. The economic policy changes were inaugurated by the government of India during the Prime Ministership of P. V. Narasimha Rao in 1991. Structural changes and economic reforms made positive and negative impacts on labour market. This period witnessed the shrinking of the organised sector and the growth of employment in the informal sector. Regular permanent employees replaced contract workers. All these negatively affected the strength of trade unions. In this situation, trade unions should identify new strategies to cope with the developments which occurred in the economy.

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 Keywords

Globalisation, Economic Reforms, Trade Union, Structural Adjustment.

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Bankura city serves as both the district's the head office town and headquarters. It is situated in the center of the bankura, the region's heart. This is also well connected to other parts of Bankura. This region is controlled by the municipality. This area's physical, social, and other infrastructure is well advanced. Bankura city has developed in many ways as it has grown. The region is well connected by rail and road, making it convenient for residents to travel to other cities, notably Kolkata. There are 189 schools, which include high school, primary school, ICDS school, and junior high. The literacy rate is 78.50 percent (according to on the 2011 census). Furthermore, the healthcare facilities are incredibly modern. Patients from various parts of Bankura district come here for better treatment. Other recreational amenities in the area are similarly well-developed. There are three public libraries, five parks, and nine marketplaces. This region has a high level of physical and social infrastructure development.

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Bankura Municipal Corporation, Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure, Other Infrastructure.

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Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic experiences that occur between the ages of 1 and 17. These experiences are generally negative events. It can affect human health throughout life. They can lead to problems like mental health. Chronic health of psychoactive substance uses conditions and/or disorders. These conditions can be considered or managed throughout a person's life. Objective To identify adverse childhood experiences in teenagers Methodology: This study was conducted in Fr. Angel School, Greater Noida, UP among Class 10 to 12. A purposive sampling technique was used to select participants. Result: this research signifies that there are 10 children out of 70 who have suffered from adverse childhood experience and need care and counseling.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Trauma, Mental Health, Teenagers

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Migration is always an important issue that deliberately gathers attention in the modern era. The migration can be based on the Partition or the climate change. That process of moving one place to another had included many problems and crisis. The cultural dimension also gets hampered due to these displacements. The displacement of place takes away the cultural indigenousness as well as the identity. The novels of Amitav Ghosh always based on the Indian dimension of studying environment and the collapse of literary tradition. His depiction of Indian picture to a global level is another setback in literary history. The book The Hungry Tide (2004) depicts the issue of climate induced migration based on the Bengal delta of Sunderbans. The characters in the novels are the instances of the certain climatic conditions by which affected a certain generation. The similar picture can be seen in the novel Gun Island published in 2019. The book is must like the sequel to The Hungry Tide. The animals and species in both the novels are also equally suffers the climate havoc. The climate induced migration also produced the climate refugees not limited to the humans only it affects the whole surrounding including the animals and forests. Through his essays and non- fictions Ghosh reflected the issues related to climate change and migration. In the paper the image of the displaced and the climate distressed community been reflected based on their pain and pangs. The political supremacy over the environment and native is another matter that is discussed. The post displaced situation and the struggle of a climate refugee through the characters are also addressed.

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 Keywords

Climate Induced Migration, Culture, Refugee, Politics, Anthropocene,

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Savings is wise but investment is profitable. This line explains the importance of savings and investment in our everyday life. Savings provide a cushion for meeting emergency needs. Investment is made by sacrificing current money spending for receiving and earning future benefits . Investment is a wider concept. Indians are well known for their savings habit, irrespective of any profession. The quality of education depends on the competence of a teacher. The efficiency or competence of a teacher is determined by the quality of their life. The quality of their life depends on the economic condition which in turn is determined by the savings and investment pattern .This research studies the savings and investment of private school teachers of Tiruchirappalli District and how they manage the savings and investment pattern.

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Savings, Investment, Returns , Private school teachers

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Investigate the intersection of patent law, genetically modified (GM) technologies, farmers' rights in India, and recommend reforms. Conducted legal research along with case analysis on Monsanto v. Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd and socioeconomic data to determine the impact of intellectual property (IP) structures and monopolistic GM seed franchises on conventional agriculture.

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Agricultural self-determination, GMO, industrial property law, seed ownership, India, farmer's rights, PPVFR, conservation of biodiversity, TRIPS agreements

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The e-healthcare cloud system has shown its potential to improve the quality of healthcare and individuals' quality of life. Unfortunately, security and privacy impede its widespread deployment and application. There are several research works focusing on preserving the privacy of the electronic healthcare record (EHR) data. We first propose a two-layer encryption scheme. To ensure an efficient and fine-grained access control over the EHR data, we design the first-layer encryption, where we devise a specialized access policy for each data attribute in the EHR, and encrypt them individually with high efficiency. To preserve the privacy of role attributes and access policies used in the first-layer encryption, we systematically construct the second- layer encryption We proposed User revocation is commonly supported in such schemes, as users may be subject to group membership changes for various reasons. Previously, the computational overhead for Auto user revocation. We include binary key generation for file storage. File encryption we proposed time enable proposed re encryption.

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Electronic healthcare record (EHR) , Inference Attack-Resistant, Fine Grained Access Control, Three layered encryption.

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AI-powered habit trackers are changing the way we approach personal growth, making it easier and more engaging to stick with positive routines. This research looks at how principles from behavioral psychology--like reinforcement learning, habit loops, and reducing mental effort--can be built into these smart tools to help people stay consistent and motivated. We compare AI-driven habit tracking apps with traditional ones to see how they affect user engagement, motivation, and long-term behavior change. The findings show that AI-enhanced tools are much more effective at helping users stay on track. They do this by offering personalized advice, flexible reminders, and game-like features that keep things interesting. That said, there are still some challenges to address--especially when it comes to data privacy and potential biases in the algorithms. This study also offers a few suggestions for improving how AI is used in these kinds of apps going forward.

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AI-powered habit tracking, behavioral psychology, user adherence, reinforcement learning, gamification

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Real-time exercise monitoring is important to ensure pro per shape, maximize training efficiency and prevent inju ries. In this project, FIT Mentor: AI Fitness Monitoring System, Computer Vision-based Approach, OpenCV and MediaPipe will be used for Skelett-Kypoint detection an d exercise duties. The system analyzes user movements a nd provides immediate feedback on training forms witho ut the need for portable sensors. By integrating dynamic motion analysis with individual iteration counting algori thms, the system closely evaluates training performance. A simple implementation ensures efficient delivery of co nsumer devices and creates accessible fitness solutions. E xperimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the s ystem in real-time exercise and demonstrate the potentia l to improve the accuracy and accessibility of training ses sions.

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AI Fitness Trainer, Smart Workout Tracking, Exercise Monitoring System, Virtual Personal Trainer, Fitness Automation

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 Abstract

Abstract: Chemical thermodynamics and statistical physics are two interconnected fields that provide a comprehensive understanding of energy transformations and molecular behavior. Chemical thermodynamics focuses on macroscopic properties such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy, governing chemical reactions and phase transitions. In contrast, statistical physics explains these macroscopic properties by analyzing the microscopic behavior of molecules, using probability distributions and ensemble theory. The integration of these disciplines allows for more accurate predictions of thermodynamic properties and enhances our understanding of complex chemical systems

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Chemical Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics, Energy Transfer, Molecular Interactions, Thermodynamic Laws, Statistical Mechanics.

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A real-time system for human facial expression and stress recognition leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed framework captures facial cues through live video feed and classifies them into emotional states--such as happiness, sadness, anger, and surprise--while simultaneously estimating stress levels. By integrating spatial feature extraction with temporal dynamics, the model achieves high accuracy and low latency, making it suitable for deployment in edge devices and real-world applications like remote healthcare, adaptive learning, and smart environments. The system is trained on annotated datasets combining facial expression benchmarks and physiological stress indicators. Experimental results demonstrate the model's robustness, outperforming traditional classifiers and achieving real-time performance without sacrificing accuracy. This research advances affective computing by offering a scalable, non-invasive tool for emotional and stress-aware human-computer interaction.

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Real-time recognition, facial expression analysis, stress detection, convolutional neural networks (CNN), affective computing, human-computer interaction, emotion recognition, deep learning, non-invasive monitoring, intelligent systems.

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In relation to increasing environmental problems over the usage of synthetic plastics, the demand for biodegradable and sustainable packaging materials has beneficial application in recent years. The natural, plant-based films are biodegradable, non-toxic, and even edible, making it an ideal candidate for creating eco-friendly packaging solutions. This study virtues developing and characterizing quality of edible packaging films derived from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) mucilage, which is a natural polysaccharide having initial film-forming capabilities. The film formulations carry varying plasticizer concentrations which enhance mechanical and barrier properties regarding production of sustainable packaging film. Okra mucilage is a key component in the development of edible films for food packaging applications. The unique properties of okra such as its ability to retain moisture and form strong, flexible films, make it a viable alternative to conventional packaging materials. The use of Okra mucilage to enhance the film's mechanical strength, barrier properties, and resistance to microbial growth is beneficial and adequate idea to overcome challenges such as improving durability and scaling up production and potential benefits of reducing plastic waste, food preservation, sustainable alternative. This review provides a comprehensive look at how okra mucilage could play a crucial role in the future of sustainable, edible packaging.

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Okra mucilage, edible packaging film, biodegradable material, food packaging.

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The Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative aims to promote self-reliance by encouraging the production and consumption of Indian-made goods. This study examines consumer awareness and perception of the initiative, focusing on their preferences, purchasing behavior, and factors influencing their choices. A survey-based approach is used to collect primary data from consumers across different demographics. The findings highlight the level of awareness among consumers, their inclination toward local products, and the challenges faced in adopting Indian brands over foreign alternatives. The study also explores the role of quality, pricing, and brand trust in shaping consumer decisions. The results provide insights for policymakers and businesses to enhance the effectiveness of the Atmanirbhar Bharat movement and strengthen domestic industries.

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Atmanirbhar Bharat, self-reliance, Consumer awareness, purchasing behavior, economic policies

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The rapid advancement of software development technologies has significantly increased the complexity and scale of modern codebases. As a result, debugging and code comprehension have become more time-consuming and error-prone, particularly for novice programmers. This paper presents a novel AI-powered system designed to provide real-time code debugging, intelligent suggestions, and personalized learning support. Leveraging machine learning models, natural language processing, and static/dynamic code analysis techniques, the proposed assistant can detect common coding errors, offer context-aware recommendations, and explain programming concepts interactively. The system is integrated into popular development environments, enabling seamless and intuitive user interaction. Through extensive testing across various programming languages and real-world scenarios, our tool demonstrates improved debugging efficiency, faster learning curves, and reduced dependency on external documentation. This research contributes to the evolution of intelligent programming assistants, aiming to bridge the gap between coding education and professional development practices.

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Real-time debugging, code suggestions, AI assistant, programming education, intelligent IDE, machine learning, code analysis, software development tools, NLP in programming, developer productivity.

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The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), enacted in December 2019, has emerged as a pivotal and contentious issue within India's political landscape, sparking widespread debate and mobilization across various segments of society. This legislation, which provides a pathway to Indian citizenship for specific religious minorities--namely Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians--from neighboring countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, has been met with both fervent support and vehement opposition. Notably, the CAA's explicit exclusion of Muslims has raised significant concerns regarding its alignment with the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution, which guarantees equality and non-discrimination to all citizens, irrespective of their religious affiliations.

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Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Secularism, Religious Minorities, Political Controversy, Public Mobilization, Constitutional Equality, Discrimination.

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Abstract This article describes the trade and commerce during the early period of the Sangam age. Trade emerged as a result of peoples need and as a part of economic activities. The ancient period trade was based on the Barter system known as Pandamattumurai (exchange of goods and services).Tamilagam had brisk trade relations through inland and external. Sangam works like Agananuru, Maduraikaanji, Manimegalai, Pattinapalai, Purananooru and various inscriptions from Alagarmalai, Pugalur, Mangulam and etc. proves that trade existed with well-established market system. The Sangam times morning and evening markets existed with caravans, security, marts, guilds and the commerce of chamber. In the Inland trade salt and paddy was considered as the medium of exchange, In External trade cotton and sandal as considered as medium of exchange.

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Keywords : Sangam age ,Barter system , Tondi , Musiri , Puhar , Korkai

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The pharmaceutical industry continues to face significant challenges in re-ducing costs and timelines associated with drug discovery and develop-ment. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) appli-cations in molecular modeling, has emerged as a transformative asset. This white paper reviews the technological advancements and challenges in ap-plying AI to drug discovery over the past five years (2018-2023), empha-sizing FDA-approved drug development processes. This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of AI models, detailed case studies from leading pharmaceutical companies, and a discussion on the regulatory frameworks and compliance standards governing AI in pharmaceutical research. In this study, we inves-tigate how molecular modeling accuracy rates have improved and identify key implementation challenges, including data quality, interpretability of results, and integration into existing research workflows. The discussion is tailored for pharmaceutical researchers with an intermediate grasp of ma-chine learning concepts, aiming to bridge the gap between research and prac-tical application

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Molecular Modeling, Drug Discovery, Machine Learning, Data Mining, Computational Chemistry, Predictive Analytics

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The present work was aimed to study the prevalence of salmonella from fresh fruits and vegetables and to determine the effect of some household cleaning methods in controlling Salmonella infection Collection of various fruits i.e. Apple, Mosambi, Pomegranate, Chiku, Guava and vegetables that is Fenugreek, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Bitter gourd, Spinach, Green Sorre from local market of Akola. Isolation an of Salmonella sp. from fresh fruits and vegetables were done. Different household cleaning methods were used to check the decrease of Salmonella load. Effective control measures should be implemented to improve the Microbiological quality of fresh produce .Therefore it is concluded that the tested basic decontaminating agents have the potential to control the no. Similarly household washing can assure the safety during consumption of fresh Fruits and vegetables

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Salmonella, Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Household Washing

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The Intervertebral disc degeneration is a leading cause of spinal disorders, often resulting in chronic back pain and impaired mobility. Accurate and early classification of disc degeneration is critical for timely diagnosis and treatment planning. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based approach utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to automate the classification of spinal disc degeneration from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Our model is trained on a labeled dataset annotated by expert radiologists based on standard grading systems such as the Pfirrmann classification. The proposed CNN architecture is designed to capture complex spatial features and subtle texture variations associated with different stages of disc degeneration. Experimental results demonstrate high classification accuracy, precision, and recall, outperforming traditional image processing and machine learning techniques. This automated system has the potential to assist radiologists in clinical decision-making, reduce diagnostic variability, and improve patient outcomes.

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: Disc Degeneration, Spinal Cord, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), MRI Classification, Deep Learning

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This research explores the use of crushed sand and synthetic fibers to improve the performance of concrete pavements. The study focuses on developing a stronger and more durable pavement material by replacing natural sand with crushed sand and reinforcing it with polypropylene and polyester fibers. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the strength and crack resistance of the modified concrete. Results show that adding fibers significantly enhances the concrete's ability to withstand heavy loads and resist cracking, while crushed sand proves to be an effective alternative to traditional river sand. The findings suggest that this innovative approach could lead to more sustainable and cost-effective road construction, with potential benefits including reduced environmental impact and longer-lasting pavements. The study provides valuable insights for engineers and policymakers looking to implement more resilient infrastructure solutions

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Pavement Quality Concrete, Crushed Sand, Polypropylene Fiber, Polyester Fiber, White Topping, Sustainable Pavement.

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