Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Skin diseases, which affect millions of individuals worldwide, pose a significant health risk if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early detection of skin diseases such as melanoma, eczema, and psoriasis is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown remarkable promise in automating the diagnosis of skin diseases through image analysis. This paper presents a CNN-based approach to detect and classify various skin conditions from clinical images. The proposed system uses a deep convolutional architecture to extract meaningful features from high-resolution skin images and classify them into different categories. The model is trained on a large dataset of labeled images, incorporating both dermatological knowledge and neural network capabilities. The results demonstrate that the CNN model achieves high accuracy and efficiency in detecting skin diseases, outperforming traditional image processing techniques and providing a potential tool for assisting dermatologists in clinical settings

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Skin disease detection, Convolutional neural network, Multimodel learning, Deep learning, Image classification

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background and Aim: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition marked by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation. It is increasingly prevalent, particularly in India, and influenced by factors such as diet, stress, lifestyle, and obesity. While conventional treatments like antacids and proton pump inhibitors offer temporary relief, they may not be ideal for long-term use due to potential side effects. Homeopathy, focusing on treating the root cause and restoring balance, offers an alternative approach. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the homeopathic remedy Nux vomica in managing GERD. Method: A clinical study was conducted on 30 GERD patients selected through simple random sampling from OPD/IPD, peripheral OPDs, and health camps. Diagnosis was confirmed using a standardized GERD questionnaire. Detailed case histories were recorded, and Nux vomica was prescribed based on symptom similarity. Symptom scores were noted before and after treatment using the same questionnaire to assess changes. Results: Out of 30 patients, 23 showed significant improvement in symptoms, including reduced heartburn, regurgitation, and decreased dependence on antacids. Seven patients did not show notable changes. The findings suggest a promising role of Nux vomica in alleviating GERD symptoms. Conclusion: The study indicates that Nux vomica may be effective in managing GERD, offering a natural alternative with fewer side effects. Larger, controlled studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore its broader therapeutic potential

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD, Nux vomica, GERD questionnaire, Homeopathy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Public opinion serves as a crucial mechanism for gauging the needs and desires of society. In a democratic republic like India, understanding the sentiments of citizens is vital for effective governance. Legislators have the responsibility to enact laws that reflect these public needs, ensuring that the legislation is not only acceptable but also supported by the populace. When legislators take public opinion into account, they can craft laws that resonate with citizens and are more likely to gain acceptance. There are numerous instances in history where legislation was rejected because it failed to consider public sentiment, leading to the withdrawal of such laws. This highlights the importance of public opinion in the legislative process. In this research paper, the focus will be on defining public opinion and its significance, drawing upon insights from various jurists. Additionally, the paper will explore the relevance of public opinion within the context of democracy and the legal framework. The advantages and disadvantages of public opinion in shaping a democratic government will also be discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of its impact on governance. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the main issue of non-recognition of public opinion while making nay policy. In this paper the research the researcher use the doctrinal method of research for collecting data and also analyze various reports as a secondary data for validate the facts of this paper.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Public Opinion, Democracy, Legislation, Government, Advantages.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Traditional vehicles often exhibit understeer or oversteer, which cannot be automatically corrected by conventional steering systems. This limits the vehicle's ability to maintain neutral steering under various driving conditions. The introduction of a four-wheel steering (4WS) system aims to overcome these challenges by improving maneuverability and achieving near-neutral steering. In scenarios such as low-speed cornering, navigating through heavy traffic, or parking in tight spaces, vehicles with longer wheelbases face difficulty due to a larger turning radius. By integrating a 4WS mechanism, the turning radius can be significantly reduced, enhancing the vehicle's agility and control. This project focuses on designing and implementing a mechanical four-wheel steering system that allows the rear wheels to turn in coordination with the front wheels. Depending on the driving condition, the rear wheels can steer either in the same direction or opposite to the front wheels, improving vehicle handling, stability, and parking convenience. Although traditional mechanical 4WS systems are complex and not widely used, some advanced models like the Honda Prelude and Nissan Skyline GT-R have adopted them with success. Our proposed system introduces a simplified, three-mode interchangeable 4WS mechanism that transmits the steering input to the rear wheels, replicating the front-wheel steering action. The system is developed to provide better control and minimize turning effort, particularly in constrained environments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Efficiency, radius, vehicular, steering, mechanism, equipped, parking.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the present times, the intelligence quotient of students has increased through better technology and medical methods, but if seen critically today, it seems to have an adverse effect on the self-control learning of students. The main reason for this is the devaluation of the practice of self-study in the current generation. Such literature comes under self-study which helps to express our existence. Such clues are obtained from such literature, which can provide new direction in the state of development of our consciousness. That is, self-study is a method of knowing oneself. It is the art of studying life. Therefore, self-study is that which is neither done to kill time nor to increase intellectual knowledge. Although it appears like study, its effect does not end only on the intellect, but through the intellect, it starts affecting all the dimensions of life. This makes it clear that self-study is not reading or study and is not their synonym. Reading, information collection and study are limited only to intellectual development. Whereas self-study is a deep process of grooming and polishing one's understanding, direction and perspective of life. Under this research, the researcher has to study the effect of self-study on secondary level students and present its positive benefits to the public so that the present generation can benefit from it.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Self-control learning, devaluation, self-study, self-teaching, good literature.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article provides a detailed overview of the techniques and methods used to solve higher-order ordinary differential equations having coefficients that remain constant. The article begins by introducing the general form of higher order differential equations and explaining the concept of constant coefficients. Next, the article presents the characteristic of equation and its roots, which are used to determine the nature of the solutions. The article then goes on to discuss the three possible cases: distinct and real roots, complex conjugate roots, and repeated roots, and present the general solution for each case, including examples to illustrate the application of the method. The article concludes with a brief discussion of applications of higher-order differential equations in engineering and physics. The aim of this article is to provide a clear and concise guide for students and researchers interested in this important topic.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Third-order differential equations, Constant coefficients, Homogeneous linear equations,Real and distinct roots, Complex conjugate roots, Repeated roots .

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Dry Line Marking Machines are an essential tool in various industries, including road construction, sports fields, warehouses, and factories. These machines help in ensuring the precise application of lines and markings on different surfaces, enhancing safety, organization, and efficiency. This research explores the features, types, applications, advantages, limitations, and technological advancements of manual line marking machines. Additionally, it investigates the factors influencing the adoption of such machines and their role in improving accuracy and productivity in their respective fields.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Infrastructure, Ergonomics, precision, essential, Weather Dependency

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Chandradhar Sharma Guleri's short story Usne Kaha Tha (1915) is often hailed as the first modern Hindi short story. It explores themes of love, memory, promise, and martyrdom in the backdrop of colonial India and the First World War. This paper attempts a critical interpretation of Usne Kaha Tha through the interconnected lenses of memory, emotional obligation, and sacrificial heroism. By examining the protagonist's personal journey from romantic longing to selfless sacrifice, the paper underscores how memory becomes a moral compass, the promise a moral burden, and martyrdom a fulfillment of both love and duty. Drawing upon historical, literary, and psychological perspectives, this study places Guleri's work in a broader cultural and literary context.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Memory, Promise, Martyrdom, Ethics, Duty, Sacrifice, Love

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Open Box Delivery (OBD) has emerged as a customer-centric solution in e-commerce, offering buyers the opportunity to inspect products before acceptance. This study investigates how OBD impacts consumer trust, particularly with regard to product authenticity, reduced returns, and overall satisfaction. The research involved 125 respondents from India, focusing on their perceptions, experiences, and expectations related to OBD. Findings reveal that OBD builds trust by reducing uncertainty and offering transparency, especially for high-value products. Recommendations include improving awareness, enhancing return policies, and training delivery personnel.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Open Box Delivery, Consumer Trust, E-Commerce, Online Shopping, Customer Experience.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

By emphasizing marginalized kids and fusing themes of identity, civic duty, and teenage problems, Jason Reynolds' Spider-Man and G. Willow Wilson's Ms. Marvel: No Normal rethink conventional superhero narratives. By providing more inclusive representations based on cultural specificity and emotional authenticity, both works challenge the long-standing dominance of white male protagonists in superhero literature. Reynolds explores the emotional struggles of Miles, a young Black and Puerto Rican youngster negotiating systemic racism and imposter syndrome, using a reflective literary style. Wilson, on the other side, depicts Kamala Khan, a Pakistani-American Muslim adolescent, juggling faith, familial expectations, and the quest for self-identity in the medium of graphic novels. Both heroes face unique yet widely relevant difficulties that redefine heroism beyond superpowers. While Kamala balances cultural and religious demands, Miles struggles with social hurdles. Their experiences highlight the value of accepting one's heritage while pursuing an independent career. The superhero paradigm has changed, moving away from the lone savior and toward one based on empathy, community, and resiliency. The notion that heroism entails integrity and the bravery to defend one's beliefs, not only physical power or ability, is further supported by their familial and community relationships. These characters' influence on representation and identity development accounts for their larger prominence. Miles addresses topics of race, class, and institutional injustice, giving Black and Latino youth a crucial voice. For Muslim and immigrant communities, Kamala marks a turning point in popular literature. When taken as a whole, these tales demonstrate how superhero fiction has developed to feature nuanced, realistic representations that encourage readers to accept who they are and take charge of their own lives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Identity, adolescence, responsibility, community, family, determination.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study explores the intricate relationship between intellectual property (IP) law and its influence on innovation within the technology sector. By analysing legal frameworks and their enforcement, this research aims to uncover how IP laws either stimulate or stifle technological advancements. Through a comprehensive analysis of case studies and empirical data, the study also examines the potential consequences of overly restrictive IP laws on competition and market dynamics. Furthermore, it proposes recommendations for policymakers to strike a balance between protecting intellectual property rights and fostering innovation in the rapidly evolving tech industry. This research also takes into account the global nature of the technology sector and analyses the impact of international IP laws on innovation. It explores the challenges faced by multinational companies in navigating different legal systems and the potential for harmonization of IP laws across borders. Additionally, the study considers the role of open-source software and collaborative innovation models in driving technological advancements and explores ways to incentivize and protect these types of innovation. Overall, this research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders in shaping IP laws that promote innovation while also protecting intellectual property rights. By examining case studies and conducting interviews with industry experts, this research seeks to identify best practices and potential solutions for addressing the complexities of intellectual property rights in a globalized economy. Furthermore, the study will analyse the impact of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, on IP laws and explore potential strategies for adapting legal frameworks to accommodate these advancements. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding intellectual property rights and foster a more conducive environment for innovation on a global scale. By examining case studies from various industries and jurisdictions, this research aims to provide valuable insights into how different countries are approaching intellectual property rights in the age of globalization. Additionally, the study will assess the effectiveness of existing international treaties and agreements in protecting IP rights and explore possibilities for strengthening and harmonizing these frameworks. The findings of this research will not only benefit policymakers and legal professionals but also help businesses navigate the complex landscape of intellectual property in the global economy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intellectual Property Law, Innovation, Technology Industry, Legal Frameworks, Patent System.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A Smart Bus Ticketing System leverages technology to streamline the ticketing process for public transportation. It typically includes features like mobile applications or smart cards for cashless payments, real-time tracking of buses, and user-friendly interfaces for booking and scheduling trips. These systems reduce the hassle of traditional ticketing methods, improve operational efficiency, and enhance passenger convenience. Additionally, they provide valuable data insights for managing routes and optimizing services. Smart ticketing fosters a more connected and efficient transportation ecosystem.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart Bus Ticketing, Arduino Mega, Touchscreen Interface, Bluetooth Communication, IR Sensor, Android App, Voice Command, Public Transport Automation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Cataracts, characterized by the clouding of the eye's natural lens, remain a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Advancements in surgical techniques and intraocular lens (IOL) technologies have significantly improved patient outcomes. This review delves into the etiology, clinical manifestations, and contemporary management strategies of cataracts, emphasizing recent innovations in surgical procedures and IOL designs.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cataract, cataract Management

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

One of the key indicators of the condition linked to skin colour and pigmentation is Pandutva. The imbalance of Bhrajaka Pitta and Rakta, which are chiefly responsible for the body's natural colour, leads to the emergence of Pandu. Acharya Charak has referred to the term "Vaivarnaya" in this context. Pandu Rog, a disease characterized by alterations in colour, is classified as one of the "Varnopalakshita Roga" in Ayurveda. This condition is distinguished by variations in skin colour, such as white (Shweta), yellowish (Peeta), and greenish (Harita). Considering the similarities in clinical manifestations, there may be a correlation between Ayurveda Pandu disease and the anemia described in Modern Medical Science.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ayurveda, Bhrajaka Pitta, Pandu, Anemia and Rakta .

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The natural qualities, perceived safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines have contributed to their increasing popularity. This study's goal was to prepare, test, and assess the medicinal qualities of vegetable oils using extracts from two plants with established uses in conventional medicine: bael (Aegle marmelos) and parijat (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis). Santi syrup was used in accordance with standard protocols, and it was assessed for a number of physicochemical parameters, such as pH, viscosity, specific gravity, and microbial load, before being subjected to in vitro and in vivo studies of the syrup's pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective effects. The findings demonstrated the herb syrup's strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gastroprotective properties, which are ascribed to the combined actions of the bioactive substances found in the plant extracts. A potential therapeutic application of the syrup is suggested by this information regarding the herbal formulation in pathological disorders associated with inflammation, microbial infections, oxidative stress, and stomach ulcers.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal Syrup, Bael (Aegle Marmelos), Parijat (Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis), Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammato.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Midday Meal Programme (MDMP) is one of the largest school-based nutritional initiatives in the world, aiming to enhance child nutrition and educational outcomes. This study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding the Midday Meal Programme among teachers working in selected government schools of Abohar, Punjab. A descriptive research design with purposive sampling was adopted, involving 100 school teachers. A structured knowledge questionnaire assessed awareness levels. Findings revealed that 40% of teachers had very good knowledge, 29% had good knowledge, and 31% had average knowledge. A significant association was found between knowledge levels and variables such as age, qualification, years of experience, and type of school (p<0.05). However, no significant association was observed with gender and religion. The study emphasizes the importance of regular awareness and training initiatives for school teachers, as their role is crucial in the successful implementation of the Midday Meal Scheme.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Midday Meal Programme, Knowledge, Government Schools

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOD) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in women of reproductive age. Knowledge of adolescents is a very powerful tool, and the best way to prevent PCOD in future. Healthy life style during adolescence period can prevent the incidence of PCOD and its complications during the adulthood to some extent. A pre experimental study was conducted in 2023, to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding PCOD among adolescent girls at St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda. One group pre test- post test research design was used for the study and thirty samples were selected by using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire. The study findings revealed that, before the planned teaching programme, only 3.4% adolescents had good knowledge, 60% had average knowledge and the remaining 36.6% had below average knowledge and after the planned teaching programme 6.6% had excellent knowledge and the remaining 93.4% had good knowledge. The mean post test knowledge score 84.6% with standard deviation 1.73 is higher than mean pre-test knowledge score 70% with standard deviation 2.3. The paired t test results showed that, the calculated t value 5.130 is higher than tabulated t value 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance with 29 df, so the research hypothesis H1 is accepted. The chi- square test revealed that there was no significant association between the pre-test knowledge and the selected demographic variables among the adolescent girls.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Adolescent girls

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper explores sustainable tourism practices in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), a state in India renowned for its cultural, historical, and religious significance. With growing tourism numbers, the state face challenges related to environmental degradation and resource depletion, particularly in key destinations such as the Taj Mahal, Varanasi, Ayodhya, and Dudhwa National Park. The research highlights various eco-friendly initiatives undertaken by the state, including the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ), which restricts pollution around the Taj Mahal, and the Namami Gange Program, focused on cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganges River. Additionally, the paper discusses government policies, such as the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Policy (2023), which promotes investments in sustainable tourism infrastructure through subsidies and public-private partnerships. Despite these efforts, challenges such as overtourism, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient enforcement of environmental regulations continue to hamper the effectiveness of sustainable tourism initiatives. The paper concludes with recommendations for stronger governance, enhanced tourist awareness, and greater community participation to achieve long-term sustainability in U.P.'s tourism sector.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable tourism, Uttar Pradesh, eco-friendly initiatives, Taj Trapezium Zone, Namami Gange, public-private partnerships, overtourism, cultural heritage, community-based tourism.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper examines the historical evolution of women's status in Indian society across different periods and evaluates the ongoing necessity for women's empowerment initiatives in contemporary India. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and significant progress in educational and professional spheres, this research argues that persistent patriarchal attitudes, awareness gaps, and socio-economic disparities continue to necessitate

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Women's Empowerment in India: Past and Present

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Pedal Powered Clothes Washer is a low cost machine made up of easily and readily available scrap parts in daily life. It is a machine which generates power through human pedaling and with the drive mechanism, converts the pedaling motion into required rotary motion of the washing drum. Its innovation lies in its simple design, use of inexpensive parts, very low repairing and maintenance cost, affordability to each member of the society and it does not affect the environment. Our team intends to directly address the problems faced in washing clothes, and thus have developed a new design for easy effort in washing, rinsing and drying clothes. The Pedal Powered Clothes Washer is a completely new concept, which in its one laundry cycle does washing, rinsing and drying of clothes similar to that of an automatic washing machine available in the market.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pedal powered washing machine.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition