Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Nutrition plays a crucial role in the overall performance of athletes, including Kabaddi players. Proper dietary intake enhances endurance, strength, agility, and recovery, which are vital for optimal performance. This article examines the nutritional practices of college Kabaddi players and their impact on performance. It also highlights the importance of macronutrients, micronutrients, hydration, and meal timing in athletic success.

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Video-Assisted Refereeing (VAR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Sensor-Based Tracking and Sports Technology

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To achieve the purpose of this study, 20 men Kho Kho players were randomly selected as subjects from the St. Xavier's college, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as group 'A' ladder training (n=10) and group 'B' acted as control group (n=10). Group 'A' underwent ladder training for five days per week and each session lasted for an hour for eight week. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The "Illinois Agility Test" (seconds) was used to measure agility were selected as variables. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior and immediately after the training program. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent't' test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05 level. It was concluded that the ladder training group had shown significantly improved in agility. However the control group had not shown any significant improvement on agility

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Kho Kho Players, Men, Agility, Ladder Training

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To achieve the purpose of this study, 20 men basketball players were randomly selected as subjects from the St. Xavier's college, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as group 'A' yogic breathing practices (n=10) and group 'B' acted as control group (n=10). Group 'A' underwent yogic breathing practices for five days per week and each session lasted for an hour for eight week. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The "vital capacity" in liters was used to measure spirometer were selected as variables. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior and immediately after the training program. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent't' test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05 level. It was concluded that the yogic breathing practices group had shown significantly improved in vital capacity. However the control group had not shown any significant improvement on vital capacity.

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Yogic, Breathing, Vital Capacity, Basketball Players

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Footwork Drills, Balance, Quickness, Basketball Players

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Kabaddi, a high-intensity contact sport, has seen significant changes with the introduction of specialized mats, replacing traditional soil-based surfaces. This study examines the impact of kabaddi mat matches on players' performance and skill development. By analysing player performance data, injury rates, and training adaptability, this research aims to provide insights into the advantages and challenges of mat-based kabaddi. The findings suggest that mat-based matches improve agility, reduce injuries, and enhance strategic gameplay, making them an essential aspect of modern kabaddi training.

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Kabaddi, Mat Matches, Performance, Skill Improvement

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Football is one of the most popular and physically demanding sports worldwide. Due to its high-intensity nature, football players are prone to various types of injuries, ranging from minor strains to severe fractures and concussions. This paper explores the common types of football-related injuries, their causes, preventive strategies, and rehabilitation techniques to ensure optimal recovery and sustained player performance.

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Football, Sports Injuries, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Injury Management

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Kabaddi is a high-intensity contact sport requiring a combination of strength, agility, and tactical skill. Among the key offensive techniques in Kabaddi are toe touches and running hand touches, crucial for successful raids. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured, skill-specific training program on improving these two raiding skills among Kabaddi players. A sample of 30 male players aged 20-23 years was divided into an experimental group (n=15) receiving skill-specific training and a control group (n=15) following regular training. The training lasted for 8 weeks. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in both toe touches and running hand touches in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the efficacy of focused training protocols in enhancing specific raiding techniques in Kabaddi.

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Footwork Drills, Running Hand Touch, Toe Touch, Kabaddi Players

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This paper examines the biomechanical demands of fast bowling in cricket and their correlation with injury prevalence among bowlers. By analyzing joint kinetics, muscle activity, and repetitive motion, we highlight risk factors contributing to common injuries such as lumbar stress fractures and shoulder impingements. The study integrates existing biomechanical research with injury reports to propose preventive strategies and training protocols aimed at reducing injury rates and enhancing performance.

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Football, Sports Injuries, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Injury Management

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Physical fitness is a crucial component of an individual's overall well-being, encompassing not only physical health but also social, emotional, and mental fitness. It is a fundamental requirement for daily life, broadly defined as the ability to perform routine tasks efficiently without undue fatigue. Strength endurance plays a vital role in all sports movements, whether fast or slow, as athletes must perform under varying levels of fatigue. Agility, a key athletic trait, is a combination of strength, reaction time, speed, power, and coordination. It is essential for movements such as dodging, zigzag running, sudden stops and starts, and rapid changes in body position. Sandbag training is a high-intensity, time-efficient, and versatile training method that involves performing a series of exercises in quick succession with minimal rest between sets. This training is particularly beneficial for athletes, as it enhances physical fitness variables critical to performance. In sports like kabaddi, for instance, explosive power a combination of strength and speed is necessary for optimal performance. Similarly, sandbag exercises have been shown to significantly improve key physical fitness attributes in Kabaddi players. The study aimed to examine the effects of sandbag training on selected physical fitness variables among Kabaddi players. To achieve this, thirty male Kabaddi players, aged between 21 and 24 years, were selected as subjects. They were students of the Department of Physical Education, at St. John's College of Physical Education, Veeravanallur, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu. The participants of the study patriate into two equal different groups with holding of fifteen each: a sandbag training group and a control group. The sandbag training group followed a structured regimen, performing three sets per exercise per session at an intensity of 60% to 80%, with a progressive increase in load over the training period. Strength endurance and agility were chosen as the criterion variables, assessed using sit-ups and the shuttle run test, respectively. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine significant differences between the groups. The results indicated a significant improvement in strength endurance and agility among the sandbag training group compared to the control group. These findings suggest that sandbag exercises are highly effective in enhancing the physical fitness of Kabaddi players, particularly in terms of endurance and agility.

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Sand bag training, Physical Fitness, Strength Endurance, Agility

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Fitness Training, 100m running performance, long jump performance and 1500m running performance

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The fast growth of wireless communication technologies, such as mobile networks, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, satellite communications, and new 5G/6G infrastructures, has led to a huge demand for limited radio frequency spectrum resources. Conventional solutions for spectrum management depend on fixed allocation policies and manual monitoring methods which often cannot sufficiently cope with the complexity and dynamicity of modern wireless environments. To cope up with these challenges, this study proposes an intelligent spectrum management framework by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data analytics for efficient spectrum monitoring, analysis and allocation. The proposed system collects and process huge amount of real-time and historical data from multiple communications. Advanced data preprocessing and analytics techniques are used to identify the spectrum usage patterns and to detect interference and channel occupancy. Machine learning algorithms are used to predict future spectrum demand, classify usage behaviour and optimise resource allocation decisions. In addition, a web-based monitoring platform is built to give regulatory bodies and network operators realtime dashboards, predictive analytics, automated reporting and decision-support functionalities. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework enhances the spectrum utilisation efficiency, increases the accuracy of interference detection, and enables proactive spectrum management. The results indicate that the integration of AI and Big Data technologies can realise intelligent and adaptive spectrum governance, which can reduce the complexity of operation and maximise resource utilisation. This approach is a scalable and data-driven solution for next generation wireless communication systems and regulatory spectrum management applications.

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Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, Spectrum Management, Machine Learning, Wireless Communications.

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Bouddha Dharma is based on the foundation of man and mind. It has done away with the superstition of God, soul, infallibility, sacrifices, worship, ceremonies, rites and rituals. Instead it discovers analyses and reasons the existence of facts, truths and knowledge. The doctrine of Nama-rupa is the logical negation of soul. Salvation is for man, not for soul, it is here and now and not after death. Truth is tested by perception and inference. This world is declared to be true and not illusion. Bouddha Dharma is a Dharma of faith and philosophy propagated by Gautama Buddha. It is the philosophy of life in the apparent sense. Sacrifice, loving-kindness and compassion, and wisdom are the three essential value of his life. The Dhammapada helps to understand the subject of Bouddha Dharma and the philosophical realization of the Gautama Buddha. Dhammapada is the compilation of religion principles. Bouddha Dharma is basically a principled Dharma. That principled Dharma has been described in the Dhammapada texts.

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Dharma, Dhamma, Nirvana, Prajna, Dukkha

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Dr. Ambedkar's concept has been used as a source of understanding the Dharma in humanistic perspective and a religious framework has been formed on the basis of his unique thoughts. We try to discuss his experience related to Dharma and then gradually reach his theory of Dharma; ultimately we prove that Dr. Ambedkar's theory is a unique idea of Dharma. He has presented a new interpretation of the current theory of Dharma and has actually struggled till the last day of his life for its application.

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Dharma, Dhamma, Karuna, Nirvana, Neo-Buddhism, Varna Vyavasta, Buddhist Socialism, Navayana, Hunanism, Equality

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Alternative fuel, Beema bamboo, cement kilns, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value, ash composition, biomass co-firing, decarbonization

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Homestay tourism has emerged as an important strategy for promoting sustainable rural development in Uttarakhand. The state's scenic landscapes, religious destinations, and rich cultural heritage have attracted a growing number of domestic and international tourists seeking authentic local experiences. This study examines the economic impact of homestay tourism on rural livelihoods during 2024-25. The paper explores how homestays contribute to household income, employment generation, women's empowerment, entrepreneurship, and the preservation of local culture. It also discusses the challenges faced by homestay operators, including inadequate infrastructure, seasonal demand, limited marketing, and skill gaps. The study concludes that homestay tourism has become a significant source of rural economic diversification and recommends policy interventions to strengthen its long-term sustainability.

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Homestay tourism, Rural livelihoods, Sustainable tourism, Uttarakhand, Rural development, Local economy

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 Abstract

Swayam Sahayata Samuhon Ki Gramin Mahilaon Ke Samajik Sanskritik Sashaktikaran Evam Nirnay Lene Ki Kshamata Men Bhumika Ek Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan

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Swayam Sahayata Samuhon Ki Gramin Mahilaon Ke Samajik Sanskritik Sashaktikaran Evam Nirnay Lene Ki Kshamata Men Bhumika Ek Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan

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This paper explores the process of replacing manualized and error-prone network configuration approaches with a sound automated governance model in one of the tier-one telecommunication companies. In the past, telecom environments of large scale size has been faced with chaos of manual updates, configuration drift, and high turnover of human caused outages. The current study is based on a detailed data sample that has 426 discrete network change events observed within a period of 12 months. The paper adopts an architectural mixed methodology where Python-based orchestration engines, Ansible configuration management and purposeful telemetry are used to validate in real-time. The study shows a drastic decrease in the mean time to implement changes and huge increase in first-time success rates by having an end-to-end automated pipeline. The results indicate that automated governance does not only make operations leaner, but also leaves a verifiable audit trail which is required in state compliance. In the present paper, the architectural change, the implementation of automated precheck and post-check procedures, and the performance indicators they bring about are described as confirming the transition to an autonomous network operator.

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Network Automation, Telecom Governance, Configuration Management, Change Orchestration, Operational Efficiency.

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This article traces the long agrarian history of Sikkim from the feudal structures of the Namgyal monarchy through colonial reordering under British political officers, the peasant uprisings of the 1940s, and the successive waves of land legislation that followed integration into the Indian Union in 1975. Drawing on primary archival sources, census records, legislative texts, and the works authored by Subba, Chakrabarti, Vandelhelsken, and others, the article advances three critical arguments. First, Sikkim's pre-colonial agrarian order was not a simple despotism but a layered system of delegated sovereignty in which ethnic identity, religious privilege, and spatial distance from the palace capital shaped the conditions of peasant exploitation in complex ways. Second, colonial intervention under the East India Company and subsequent British political officers did not dismantle this feudalism but instrumentalized and partially reconfigured it, substituting regulated extraction for unregulated tribute while opening the territory to Nepalese migrant labour that fundamentally transformed the ethnic composition and agrarian class structure of the state. Third, post-independence and post-merger land reforms, despite their legislative ambition, remained structurally incomplete because ceiling legislation was confined to agricultural land and did not touch the vast non-agricultural holdings of the former 'kazis' (landed elites), leaving the social foundations of the old, landed elite largely intact. The article concludes by situating Sikkim's agrarian trajectory within broader debates on the relationship between colonial property regimes, ethnic pluralism, and the limits of post-colonial land reform in the South Asian Himalayan borderlands.

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Sikkim, agrarian history, feudalism, land reform, British colonialism, peasant resistance, post-merger legislation.

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??????? ??????????? ??????

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A study of the problem of child labour in the unorganised sector of India.

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A study of the problem of child labour in the unorganised sector of India.

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