Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

The economic decline of France in the 18th century was intricately tied to its aggressive military expenditures, which severely strained the state's finances and laid the groundwork for revolutionary upheaval. Major conflicts such as the war of the Spanish succession (1701-1714), the war of the Austrian succession (1740-1748), the seven years' war (1756-1763), and the American war of independence (1775-1783) cumulatively contributed to an alarming rise in public debt, estimated to have reached 4 billion livres by 1789, which would approximate EUR100 billion in contemporary economic terms. This fiscal crisis was exacerbated by a regressive tax system that exempted the clergy and nobility while overwhelmingly burdening the peasantry and urban poor. Despite the efforts of reformist finance ministers such as Turgot, Necker, and Calonne, attempts at restructuring state finances were systematically blocked by entrenched aristocratic interests. The objective of this study is to investigate the causal connection between war-induced debt, socio-economic instability, and revolutionary sentiment in late 18th-century France. Using a qualitative methodology to historical research, the paper examines primary financial documents, official records, and secondary scholarly analyses. The study focuses on six important questions concerning fiscal mismanagement, unequal taxation based on social class, the reasons behind the failure of reform efforts, and the influence of military funding in sparking revolutionary transformations. The results indicate that the downfall of the French monarchy was not solely due to poor financial management, but rather a consequence of continuous military overextension, feudal privileges, and resistance to economic progress within the institutions. By anchoring the discussion within the broader frameworks of fiscal sociology, political economy, and revolutionary theory, this paper concludes that the revolution of 1789 was fundamentally precipitated by an unsustainable fiscal regime shaped by war, privilege, and failed reform. This case also provides a broader perspective on how unresolved financial crises in autocratic systems can serve as catalysts for political revolution and systemic transformation.

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 Keywords

French Revolution, livres, wars, debt, fiscal, economic collapse

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Tendinitis is a common occupational health issue among housekeeping staff due to repetitive physical tasks and improper ergonomic practices. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme aimed at preventing tendinitis among housekeeping personnel in Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was employed, involving 60 housekeeping staff selected through purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge before and after the intervention. The post-test scores showed a statistically significant improvement, indicating the success of the teaching programme. The study concludes that health education can play a pivotal role in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders like tendinitis

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Tendinitis, Structured Teaching Programme, Housekeeping Staff, Occupational Health

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Skin diseases are among the most common health concerns worldwide, affecting millions of people every year. Early detection plays a crucial role in preventing complications and ensuring timely treatment. This project, titled "Enhancing Healthcare Decision: Image Processing Techniques for Detection of Skin Diseases," aims to build a web-based system for automated skin disease classification using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The front-end of the system is developed using React JS, providing users with an intuitive interface to upload skin lesion images. Flask is used as the backend framework to handle API requests and communicate with the CNN model, which processes the images and predicts the likelihood of various skin diseases. The model is trained on a large dataset of skin lesion images and utilizes advanced image processing techniques to enhance prediction accuracy. Our system aims to assist healthcare professionals by providing quick and reliable diagnostics, reducing the burden on clinical resources. This project demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning in medical applications and highlights the potential of integrating machine learning models with modern web technologies.

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Skin Disease Detection, Convolutional Neural Network, Image Processing, React JS, Flask, Deep Learning, Healthcare Technology, Medical Diagnostic

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The evolution of digital recruitment has significantly transformed the landscape of human resource management, particularly in large multinational corporations like Amazon. This study investigates the impact of digital recruitment processes on employees at Amazon's Chettipalayam warehouse in Coimbatore. With the widespread use of AI-based screening, online assessments, and automated on boarding systems, recruitment has become more efficient but not without challenges. The research aims to understand employee perspectives regarding digital hiring, the difficulties they face, and its effect on job satisfaction and organizational inclusion. The study is based on primary data collected from 80 employees using structured questionnaires and analyzed using statistical tools like percentage analysis, Likert scale, rank correlation, chi-square test, and t-test. Findings show that although digital recruitment improves hiring speed and accessibility, it can lead to digital exclusion, lack of personalized communication, and increased pressure due to algorithm-based evaluations. The study recommends integrating human interaction with digital tools to enhance inclusivity and employee satisfaction.

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Recruitment Process, Human Resource Management, Employees

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This study investigates the attitudes of parents in Coimbatore towards sales promotions of confectionery products for children. It explores the factors that influence parents' purchasing decisions, their purchasing behaviour, and their concerns regarding the impact of sales promotions on children's consumption. A survey of 120 parents was conducted. The findings indicate that while parents are influenced by sales promotions, particularly price-based incentives, they also have significant concerns about the health implications of confectionery products, especially concerning sugar content and dental health. The study concludes that confectionery marketers need to consider these dual influences to develop effective and responsible promotional strategies.

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Confectionery product

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Energy Consumption Forecasting, Deep Learning, LSTM, Transformer, Hybrid Model, XGBoost, Time Series Analysis, JERICHO-E-usage Dataset, Sustainable Energy, Machine Learning

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Abstract-- Effective quality control in luxury leather goods manufacturing requires objective assessment methodologies. This paper introduces an automated leather bag quality analysis system with a three-layer architecture: input for image preprocessing, processing for defect detection, and output for results visualization. By integrating threshold analysis with edge analysis, the system achieves comprehensive defect identification across varying leather textures. Results demonstrate the system's ability to reliably detect material authenticity and surface defects while quantifying quality metrics with high precision. We conclude that approximately 95% of manual inspection inconsistencies can be eliminated through this approach. This methodology offers potential applications beyond leather goods to other natural material products requiring automated quality assessment.

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Keywords: computer vision; defect detection; quality control; image processing; leather manufacturing

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This study explores the evolving landscape of digital food service marketing with a focus on the impact of user reviews and ratings on brand reputation in Zomato, specifically in Coimbatore city. With the increasing reliance on digital platforms and consumer-generated content, reviews and ratings have become a vital part of brand perception and customer decision-making. The study aims to understand customer perceptions, identify key influencing factors, and assess the extent to which online reviews shape restaurant reputation. Data was collected from 125 respondents through structured questionnaires using a combination of exploratory and descriptive research methodologies. The analysis utilizes tools such as simple percentage analysis, ranking, and Likert scale analysis to interpret consumer behavior and their interaction with online reviews. Findings reveal that factors such as star ratings, reward programs, social media engagement, and review authenticity significantly influence customer trust and restaurant selection. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen review credibility, improve brand responsiveness to feedback, and leverage digital marketing strategies to enhance brand reputation in the competitive online food service environment.

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User reviews and ratings, Food delivery, Brand reputation.

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This paper investigates how the European Union evolves its position in global governance along with its expanding control in economic policies and political relations and security management. The EU operates as a distinct supranational body which exercises substantial power through its creation of regulations as well as its diplomatic initiatives and business trade systems. The research investigates how EU foreign policy develops through institutional mechanisms between the European Commission and European Parliament alongside the European Council. The paper dedicates significant attention to analyze how the EU influences trade at the global level and manages climate change and peacekeeping measures. Through multilateralism the EU demonstrates its status as a political leader while utilizing economic power together with normative influence to construct international agreements between nations and organizations. The analysis covers the EU involvement in international security operations that includes its work for crisis management activities along with peacekeeping roles and counterterrorism efforts. Because of its extensive worldwide power, the EU continues to confront internal and external difficulties. Historical events like Brexit along with nationalistic trends and social and economic differences between member nations join with geopolitical tensions against countries like the United States, China and Russia regarding international coordination power of the EU. Foreign policy operations of the EU face difficulties due to the complex processes needed to reach agreement among its 27 member states. The research terminating statement points out that the EU continues being fundamental in international matters yet its worldwide impact requires developing national unity combined with better institutional operations and planetary geopolitical developments. Continuous reforms coupled with strategic partnerships will guarantee the EU's position as a major governing authority on the world stage.

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European Union (EU), global governance,foreign policy, multilateralism, trade policy, security and defense, geopolitical challenges, Brexit ,International diplomacy

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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of personality traits and external factors on the use of Chat GPT, a generative AI tool, among university students. Understanding the psychological and technological factors of AI use is critical for optimizing learning outcomes and increasing digital engagement as it becomes more integrated in higher education. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research takes a quantitative approach, with a standardized questionnaire delivered to university students. The study is based on the Big Five Personality Traits framework and known technology adoption frameworks, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The data will be evaluated using statistical methods such as SPSS to investigate the correlations between personality traits, perceived utility, simplicity of use, and behavioral intent to use Chat GPT. Findings: According to preliminary expectations, personality traits such as openness and conscientiousness are predicted to correlate positively with the perceived usefulness and simplicity of use of Chat GPT. Additionally, social influence and favorable environments are predicted to have a substantial impact on adoption behavior. These findings are intended to emphasize the complex interaction of individual psychological elements and external technical cues in affecting user behavior. Practical Implications: The findings of this study can help educators, developers, and institutions create AI-based instructional tools that are suited to different personality types and user preferences. Institutions may boost student engagement, increase learning efficiency, and promote responsible AI use in academic contexts by matching implementation techniques with student behavior and personality profiles. Originality/Values: This study offers new insights by combining personality psychology with technology adoption frameworks to evaluate Chat GPT usage in higher education. It addresses a significant research vacuum by concentrating on both system-related aspects and user-centric psychological motivations, providing a more comprehensive understanding of AI adoption behavior.

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Personality Traits, ChatGPT Adoption, University Students, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), UTAUT, AI in Education, Big Five Model, AI Tools, Higher Education, and Digital Learning

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KC MOODLE is a Python Django-based Learning Management System (LMS) designed to streamline academic operations and enhance the digital learning experience for institutions. The platform offers a role-based access system featuring three primary user panels: HOD (Head of Department), Teacher, and Student, each with distinct functionalities tailored to their responsibilities. The HOD panel includes robust authentication and authorization mechanisms that support user and group management. Core features include managing announcements, assignments, courses, departments, faculty, and students. It also incorporates a quiz management system, allowing the creation of questions and quizzes and tracking of student answers. The Teacher panel provides a comprehensive dashboard to manage departments, courses, and faculty. Teachers can post announcements, create and evaluate assignments, and upload course materials to support student learning. The Student panel grants access to relevant announcements, assigned assignments, and course materials uploaded by faculty. This ensures that students are consistently updated and have easy access to academic resources. KC MOODLE offers a structured and interactive platform for managing academic workflows, fostering better communication, and enabling seamless information sharing between HODs, teachers, and students.

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Learning Management System (LMS), Django, Role-Based Access Control, Academic Management, Online Education

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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, has opened new frontiers in automation, particularly in inspection and delivery tasks. This project presents the design, development and deployment of a multi-functional drone system that utilizes AI for autonomous navigation, object detection, real-time decision-making and payload delivery. The drone was engineered with a modular architecture, combining a lightweight quadcopter frame with sensors, a high- definition camera and onboard computing units capable of running AI models. Through AI-driven capabilities such as computer vision and predictive analytics, the drone can perform infrastructure inspections identifying defects or anomalies and carry out precise delivery operations with minimal human intervention. Real-time flight data, environmental feedback, and GPS-based path planning ensure accurate and safe mission execution. The system was tested in various scenarios including urban delivery and structural surveillance, demonstrating its potential to improve operational efficiency, reduce risks and support applications in logistics, disaster response and industrial monitoring. This project reflects the growing impact of AI in making aerial robotics smarter, safer, and more scalable for real-world technical, regulatory and operational challenges.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Drones, Autonomous Navigation, Object Detection, Real-time Decision-making, Payload Delivery, Computer Vision, Predictive Analytics, Aerial Robotics.

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Bourbaki studied the concept of locally closed sets in topological spaces. Following this topologists introduced the new notions of locally closed sets by replacing open sets by nearly open sets and generalized open sets and/or by replacing the closed sets by nearly closed sets and generalized closed sets. Levine studied the concept of Q-sets in 1961 and Thangavelu and Rao introduced the notion of q-sets in 2002. Recently, the authors further investigated the properties of q-sets and Q-sets in topology. A. Gowri studied the combined study on the concept Locally Q-sets and its properties in 2019. The aim of this paper is to study new concept of sets in Locally (1,2) Q-sets in Bitopological space and its properties.

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Locally Q-sets,Locally (1,2)Q-sets

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In Ayurveda the health of a child is considered fundamental to the strength and vitality of a nation. Lehana karma which translates to "licking therapy" is an Ayurvedic practice aimed at enhancing the nutrition, immunity and intellect of children.This method involves administering specific formulations to children typically in the form of substances that can be licked or consumed thereby improving their overall health and development.Lehana karma serves both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes during infancy and childhood. It is designed to boost immunity, promote growth and enhance cognitive functions. Various Ayurvedic scholars, known as Acharyas, have described special Lehana formulations to support these objectives. For instance, Acharya Kashyapa emphasized that the well-being of a child is closely linked to the practice of Lehana, highlighting its importance in ensuring a child's health and happiness. The benefits of Lehana karma are manifold. It provides essential nutrients that support physical growth and development, strengthens the immune system to protect against infections and enhances mental faculties,including intellect and speech. By incorporating Lehana into a child's routine, Ayurveda aims to establish a strong foundation for health and well-being, contributing to the overall strength of the nation

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Ayurveda, Lehana karma, Vyadhikshamatv, Lehana yoga , Acharya, Swarnapashana.

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Understanding students' approaches to studying has been an excellent area of research worldwide. Several models and inventories have been developed and modified for this purpose. Many researchers claimed that students' learning approaches may be observed as a reaction to their learning environment. This systematic review aims to focus on the two important contextual factors of learning approach viz. Classroom Learning Environment and Course Experience. Methodology is developed to explore the research area. After rigorous survey, studies that meet inclusion criteria were analysed under different categories and complied in tables. Studies are discussed under the themes like Country/continent, (b) Population, (c) Methodology used (d) Assessment tools, (e) Association among the scales under study, and (f) Other related findings. Future direction of research has been suggested based on the review.

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Approaches to studying, Classroom Learning Environment, Course Experience, Students' Perception.

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This paper assesses the performance of carbon credit systems in realizing global climate change mitigation goals, notably under the auspices of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. It responds to a relevant research deficit relating to the effectiveness of carbon credits in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent effects on climate change. The goals involve investigating the economic advantages that carbon credit schemes can provide to developing nations, for example, generating income and employment, which could improve their acceptance of such schemes. The approach entails a detailed examination of current carbon trading schemes, determining difficulties like implementation of complexities and market failures while evaluating equity issues between developed and developing nations. Key conclusions are that although carbon credit can generate economic growth and sustainability, the main constraints make their effectiveness unlikely without better policy and regulatory instruments. The report focuses on lessons and best practices for future projects to create more efficient and fairer climate measures. The implications highlight the necessity for strong policies to provide favourable conditions for carbon credit trading and to make significant contributions towards worldwide emissions reduction targets.

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Carbon Credits, Climate Change Mitigation, Kyoto Protocol

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The plant Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as the pencil tree or milk bush, is a versatile species with significant medicinal and pharmacological potential. This review explores its phytochemical composition, traditional medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities, highlighting its importance in ethnomedicine and modern research. Euphorbia tirucalli is rich in bioactive compounds, including diterpenes, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which contribute to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Traditionally, it has been used for treating ailments such as warts, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders, and as a remedy for cancer in some cultures.Pharmacological studies reveal its potential as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent, emphasizing its therapeutic relevance. However, the plant's latex contains toxic compounds that require careful handling and controlled usage to mitigate adverse effects. This review also examines recent advancements in the pharmacological evaluation of Euphorbia tirucalli, underscoring the need for further research into its bioactive constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. A comprehensive understanding of this plant's properties could pave the way for the development of novel natural drugs and alternative therapeutic strategies.The medicinal uses of Euphorbia tirucalli are diverse, reflecting its significance in traditional and alternative medicine. The plant is renowned for its application in cancer treatment, where its latex is traditionally used for its perceived anticancer properties. Modern studies have identified its potential to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, particularly through compounds like ingenol mebutate. Additionally, the plant is widely used for treating skin disorders, including warts and other dermatological conditions, where its latex is applied externally. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in managing arthritis, asthma, and bronchitis. In traditional remedies, decoctions made from its stems and leaves are used to relieve respiratory issues and inflammatory conditions.Furthermore, Euphorbia tirucalli demonstrates antimicrobial properties, being effective against a range of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. It is also employed as a pain reliever and is used to alleviate headaches and body pain. In gastrointestinal health, the plant acts as a mild laxative and is used to treat constipation and other digestive disorders. These therapeutic applications highlight the plant's versatility, though caution is necessary due to the toxicity of its latex.

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Phytochemistry, bioactive compounds (diterpenes, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids), medicinal uses,latex toxicity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cultural differences play a crucial role in shaping global marketing strategies, affecting how brands communicate, position themselves, and connect with diverse audiences. As businesses expand internationally, they must consider factors such as language, consumer behavior, social norms, and values to create impactful marketing campaigns. Differences in communication styles, influenced by frameworks like Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, can determine whether advertisements should be direct or subtle, emotional or logical. Additionally, product customization and localization are essential for appealing to different markets--global brands often modify their offerings to align with local tastes and preferences. Companies that fail to consider cultural sensitivities risk alienating potential customers, while those that successfully integrate cultural insights build stronger relationships, increase brand loyalty, and enhance their global competitiveness. By understanding and respecting cultural differences, businesses can develop marketing strategies that resonate with audience's worldwide, fostering sustainable success in international markets. In today's globalized market, cultural differences play a pivotal role in shaping consumer preferences, brand perception, and purchasing behaviors. As businesses expand into international markets, understanding cultural nuances becomes essential for crafting effective marketing strategies. What appeals to consumers in one country might not resonate in another due to variations in traditions, values, language, and communication styles. Successful global marketing requires brands to adapt their messaging, products, and campaigns to align with the cultural expectations of different regions. From colors and symbolism to advertising tone and humor, every aspect of marketing is influenced by cultural context. Failing to recognize these differences can lead to misunderstandings, decreased customer engagement, and even brand rejection..

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Key word : Humor, Rejection, Analysing

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The current study examines the short- term solvency and profitability of India Cements Company Limited which has been examined for its financial health for 2019- 2024. The current ratio, i.e., the company's capacity to satisfy short- term obligations, improved but did not touch best practice, meaning the possibility of liquidity problems. Profitability indicators such as Net Profit Margin and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) have been unstable in the past and have currently dipped into negative values. That reflects cost inefficiency and operating inefficiency. Although the firm has a sufficiently sustainable capital structure, the analysis believes that better cost control and planning are the turning points to greater liquidity and profitability.

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Profitability, current ratio, ROCE.

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The rising concern over climate change and environmental degradation has led to increased global emphasis on sustainable consumption. Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs), due to their high turnover and daily usage, have significant environmental footprints. In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift toward eco-friendly alternatives, particularly in urban hubs like Coimbatore. This study explores consumer attitudes toward fast-moving eco-friendly products, identifying the driving forces behind their choices and the challenges they face. A descriptive research methodology was employed with 132 respondents, using tools such as percentage analysis, frequency, Likert scale, chi-square, ANOVA, and rank correlation. The study finds that consumers are largely motivated by health and environmental benefits but are hindered by high costs, limited availability, and skepticism about product claims. Social media plays a vital role in spreading awareness, and supermarkets remain the dominant purchase point. The study suggests increasing product accessibility, price competitiveness, and transparency to foster greater adoption of sustainable practices.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods, Eco-Friendly Products, Consumer Attitude

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition