Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

This study presents the chemical synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. Iron salts (FeCl? and FeSO?) were reacted under controlled pH and temperature to obtain nanoscale magnetite (Fe?O?) particles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, while SEM revealed a spherical morphology with an average particle size below 50 nm. FTIR spectra validated the presence of Fe-O bonds, and VSM analysis showed superparamagnetic behavior. These results demonstrate the suitability of the co-precipitation method for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles with potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles, synthesis, co-precipitation, SEM, XRD, FTIR, magnetic properties

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Big Data refers to the massive volume of structured and unstructured data that is generated at high velocity from various sources. With the digitalization of industries, Big Data has become a pivotal component in modern computing, analytics, and decision-making. This study focuses on the principles of Big Data, its characteristics, processing techniques, and wide-ranging applications across sectors like healthcare, finance, e-commerce, and transportation. Big Data technologies like Hadoop and Spark have enabled real-time analytics and predictive modeling, facilitating data-driven strategies and innovations. This paper explores the ecosystem of Big Data and how it empowers businesses and research with deeper insights.

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Big Data, Volume, Hadoop, Apache Spark, Data Lakes, Data Mining, Data Analytics, Cloud Computing

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This paper explores how open economy policies have reshaped international relations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Since the 1980s, liberalization reforms have boosted trade and foreign investment but also deepened inequalities and environmental pressures. Case studies of Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Caribbean nations reveal varied outcomes and growing geopolitical complexity, especially with China's rising influence. The paper calls for inclusive, sustainable strategies and stronger regional cooperation to navigate a multipolar global order.

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Open Economy, Trade Liberalization, FDI, Latin America, Geopolitics, Regional Integration, Sustainable Development

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Abstract Inadequate agriculture production laid at the heart of India's development problems in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century's. The rural sector, comprising agriculture and ancillary activities such as animal husbandry, forestry and fishing was the foundation of the colonial economy. It employed about three-quarters of the workforce and produced well over half of national income between the 1860s and 1940s. However, there were also sever productivity constraints, linked to the problems of labor utilization, as well as an endemic scarcity of capital and a lack of investment in irrigation and other capital inputs, creating in turn a shortage of productive land. World Wars are also responsible for the scarcity of agricultural production in India. Governmental measures, such as grant of subsidies for sinking wells, interest free takkavi loans for purchase of seeds, manures etc., were adopted by the Government for the encouragement of agriculture. This paper focuses on the measures taken by the Indian Government for the development of Indian Agriculture.

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Keywords Agricultural Finance, Cooperative Societies, Agricultural Development Programmes, Irrigation etc.,

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Daru is analysed as a descriptive poem about characters in a play. It is assumed to have derived from Dhruva songs, which are musical compositions about different elements of nature. Chapter 32 in Natya Sastra mentions about Dhruva songs.

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Dhruva, Daru.

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Plant diseases significantly impact crop yield and food security worldwide, making their early detection a priority in sustainable agriculture. Manual identification of plant diseases is often inaccurate, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. In recent years, deep learning particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)--has emerged as a powerful tool for image-based disease detection and classification. This review consolidates insights from recent studies and surveys to present a comprehensive understanding of methodologies, including CNN and transfer learning techniques, datasets used, comparative performances, current challenges, and opportunities for future development. The integration of artificial intelligence with precision agriculture holds the potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of plant health, thereby enhancing crop quality and yield. . To detect plant diseases, we are utilizing image processing with a Convolution neural network (CNN). A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a form of artificial neural network that is specifically intended to process pixel input and is used in image.

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CNN

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The present study explores the digital marketing strategies in the B2C automobile industry concerning the possible influences on purchasing decisions. As the automotive market continues its evolutionary journey, understanding consumer behaviour and the role of digital channels therein has become a very critical requirement for marketers and stakeholders alike. This study seeks to establish the degree by which a multi-digit marketing strategy, for example, social media advertising, online review, and e-mail marketing, impacts the decision-making of car buyer. This study used a mixed-methods approach in which the survey part put emphasis on quantitative data sets initially, then qualitative analysis through the consumers' interviews on the mentioned phenomenon. This research study's findings have provided insightful outcomes regarding changes within the automobile industry and increased the relevance of digital touch points for the customer journey. Digital marketing not only impacts brand awareness and consideration but also plays an essential role in the final purchasing decision stage, when information on the web and through social proof becomes increasingly important in the consumer's decision-making process. Such factors require detailed analysis so that the keys of successful techniques in digital marketing, for the automobile sector, can be found out those keys may also be the message personalization, mobile optimizations, coordination between online marketing, and other offline marketing practices. That insight can guide automobile manufacturers and dealerships in making more targeted and impactful digital campaigns that improve customer engagement and push out sales.

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Digital Marketing Consumer Behavior Buying Decisions Online Reviews, Social Media Advertising etc.

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This study explores job satisfaction among employees working in private spinning mills in Erode District. It identifies key factors influencing employee morale, such as working conditions, compensation, job security, and relationships with management. Using primary data from 110 respondents, the study applies percentage analysis, Likert scale, and ranking methods to assess satisfaction levels. Results indicate moderate satisfaction with work conditions and high satisfaction with job security, while dissatisfaction was noted in compensation. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for enhancing employee engagement, retention, and productivity through improved HR practices and workplace policies.

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Working conditions, Job satisfaction, Spinning mills.

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The resurgence of international tourism in the post-pandemic era has underscored its critical role in global economic recovery and its significant influence on financial markets. This study explores the impact of tourism trends on the stock market performance of tourism-dependent sectors, including airlines, hospitality, and luxury goods, with a focus on countries heavily reliant on tourism revenue. Using the latest data from the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Bank, the research employs a mixed-method approach that combines regression analysis, event studies, and descriptive statistics to investigate the relationship between seasonal and economic fluctuations in tourism and sectoral stock performance. The analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between tourism activity and the financial performance of these sectors. Seasonal peaks in international tourist arrivals are closely associated with increased stock returns, while global shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant declines, followed by gradual recovery. Case studies of tourism-dependent economies, including Greece, Thailand, and the Maldives, highlight the sensitivity of their financial markets to tourism trends, demonstrating both vulnerabilities and opportunities for investors and policymakers. The findings underscore the cyclical nature of tourism-driven stocks, offering valuable insights for investors seeking to optimize portfolio diversification and risk management. Furthermore, the research highlights the need for policymakers in tourism-dependent economies to implement stabilizing measures during economic downturns and to promote diversification to mitigate sectoral risks. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the intersection between tourism and financial markets, providing a timely perspective on the dynamic relationship between these two critical components of the global economy.

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Financial Markets, Tourism Impact, Tourism Dependent Industries.

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A smarter farm innovative gadget powered by Arduino microcontroller and mobile app technology is a key part of contemporary agriculture in the modern world the system innovation comes in handy during times of crisis when individuals engage in home gardening as a means to supplement food availability or as a method of promoting mental and physical wellness application of these technologies is to facilitate best farming practice by monitoring soil ph and moisture levels and offering accurate and reliable information to farmers qualitative and experimental approach was employed with an iterative waterfall strategy in the accomplishment of both system and user requirements arduino microcontroller was employed as the central point for hardware and software integration pivotal features such as ph probes humidity sensors and the esp8266 wifi module supported real-time data collection the development environment consisted of embedded studio c nodejs embedded and db browser for sql to build a secure and interactive mobile application the system named pantone demonstrated scalability and sagacity in offering insightful agricultural information agricultural sustainability is typically compromised by intensive cropping which depletes soil nutrients as a consequence of this an electrochemical sensor was utilized to track the ph and significant nutrients in the form of particularly nitrogen phosphorus and potassium by acquiring ions from solution soils Arduino-based integrated circuits successfully identify deficiency in nutrients compared to conventional methods the proposed algorithm found to be precise with improved recall precision and f-score with minimal training farmers can simply access and handle soil data through cloud services with the assistance of the iotsna-cr device which increases productivity and reduces the cost of nutrient management.

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IOT Devices using Arduino Board, pH sensor, LCD, Cloud Computing.

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In today's job market, managing large volumes of applications using manual recruitment processes leads to inefficiency, unconscious bias, and the risk of making poor hiring decisions. This paper proposes a comprehensive Applicant Tracking System (ATS) that uses a modular architecture to address every stage of the recruitment process, from job posting and candidate evaluation to onboarding, employee management, and performance analytics. Our system significantly improves hiring efficiency and transparency by leveraging machine learning for resume parsing and ranking, as well as integrating features like employee CRUD operations and performance dashboards. The system is built on a strong technology stack (MERN) and uses Agile methodology for scalable and adaptive development. Real-time experimental results validate our system's usability, modularity, and extensibility.

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Applicant Tracking System, Resume Parsing, Hiring Automation, Performance Management, Machine Learning

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In today's digital world, personalized marketing is a crucial tool for businesses to engage with customers. By utilizing data of customer data, preferences, and behaviors, companies can deliver highly tailored messages and offers. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data are enabling businesses to gain a deeper understanding of their customer base, creating more relevant and impactful experiences. However, in same side of its benefits, personalized marketing raises concerns related to data privacy and the security of personal information. This study examines customer perceptions and satisfaction with personalized marketing in Coimbatore. It highlights that while location-based offers and personalized email promotions are regarded as the most effective, concerns regarding irrelevant or too frequent messages and privacy risks persist. The findings suggest that for personalized marketing to be successful, businesses must prioritize transparency in data usage, ensure relevance in messaging, and respect customer preferences. These insights can assist businesses in enhancing their personalized marketing strategies while preserving customer trust and satisfaction.

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Personalized Marketing, Customer Perception, Customer Satisfaction

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This study looks at how happy customers are with luxury cars in Coimbatore. It tries to understand what factors like brand, comfort, performance, and after-sales service matter most to customers. By collecting opinions from luxury car owners in Coimbatore, the study aims to find out what they like and what they feel could be improved. The results can help car companies better understand their customers and improve their services in the future.

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Luxury cars, Car owners, Customer satisfaction

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In the demanding environment of higher education, academic and work-related stress has become a ubiquitous challenge for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) students. This research aims to investigate the impact of such stress on students' immune health through a structured survey-based analysis. The study utilized a 20-question questionnaire administered to 80 students from diverse academic backgrounds. The questions explored stress frequency, physical symptoms, illness occurrence, lifestyle factors (such as diet, sleep, and exercise), and coping strategies. Findings reveal that over 75% of students experience stress sometimes or frequently, with academic pressure identified as the primary cause. Common stress-induced symptoms include sleep disturbances, fatigue, and digestive issues--all of which are indicative of compromised immune function. Alarmingly, 92% of students reported falling sick at least once per semester, and 66% acknowledged a direct connection between stress and their illnesses. The analysis also found that poor lifestyle choices, such as inadequate sleep, low physical activity, and unbalanced diets, further exacerbate stress and weaken immunity. A gender-sensitive lens indicated that female students tend to report higher stress levels and are more likely to seek emotional support, whereas male students often internalise stress, leading to underreporting and fewer help-seeking behaviours. Moreover, while most students recognise the harmful effects of stress on immunity, only a small proportion engage in proactive coping mechanisms or seek professional help. The study concludes that work-related stress significantly undermines immune health among UG and PG students, thereby affecting their academic performance and overall well-being. These findings support the need for comprehensive, gender-sensitive institutional policies focused on mental health, lifestyle education, and accessible stress management programs. By addressing stress holistically, educational institutions can foster healthier and more resilient student populations.

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Academic Stress, Immune Function, UG-PG Students, Lifestyle and Immunity, Mental Health, Higher Education India

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Construction project managers often deal with complex decision-making challenges shaped by a mix of regulatory demands, environmental concerns, and socio-economic factors. This study takes a closer look at these challenges through a case study of The Grove project in Nachinola, Goa. A structured questionnaire was circulated among 93 industry professionals--including architects, engineers, consultants, and contractors--to assess risks across ten key categories, such as financial, technical, operational, political, environmental, and social. The results showed that water-related operational risk (average rating: 4.48), environmental risk (4.13), and management-related risk (3.96) ranked as the most critical areas of concern. To address these challenges, several mitigation strategies were employed. These included the use of water-efficient laterite stones, installation of groundwater recharge systems, adoption of solar energy solutions, and implementation of project management software to streamline operations. Social risks were managed through active community involvement, while transparent project processes helped reduce political risks. Overall, the study emphasizes the value of context-specific risk mitigation measures to support better decision-making and promote sustainability in construction--especially in environmentally sensitive areas like Goa.

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Construction Management, Risk Assessment, Sustainable Practices, Water Management

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This study presents "Delicious Discoveries," a web-based application developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to enhance global recipe access in the digital age. The platform features a responsive, user-friendly interface compatible with various devices. Key functionalities include reverse image search for recipe identification, an AI-powered chatbot for interactive discovery, ingredient-based search for efficient pantry use, multilingual support, and PDF recipe downloads for offline access. These features collectively offer an inclusive and engaging experience for users with diverse culinary interests and skill levels.

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Recipe Discovery, Reverse Image Search, Ingredient-Based Search, Multilingual Web Application

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This project analyzes the financial performance of Avenue Supermarts Ltd. (D-Mart) over a five-year period using key financial ratios. It assesses the company's liquidity, profitability, and efficiency to determine its financial health and operational strength. The study focuses on ratios such as current ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, stock turnover ratio, and fixed asset turnover ratio, which reflect D-Mart's ability to manage short-term obligations, generate profits, control costs, and utilize assets effectively. The findings show strong liquidity and efficient inventory management, though fluctuations in profitability and operating costs highlight areas for improvement. The study concludes that D-Mart maintains financial stability with scope for enhanced performance through better cost control and strategic planning.

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Liquidity, Profitability, Efficiency

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This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of an IGBC-certified residential building (NAVKAR Project) and same building as a conventional building in Pune, India. It analyses sustainability aspects such as energy performance, water conservation, materials usage, indoor environmental quality, and cost efficiency. The findings affirm that green buildings, though initially cost-intensive, offer superior long-term returns in terms of utility savings, reduced environmental footprint, and improved occupant health. This research contributes to policymaking, urban planning, and real estate investment decisions aimed at promoting sustainable development in Indian cities.

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Green Building, IGBC Certification, Sustainable Architecture, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation, Pune, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Environmental Impact.

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An Analytical Study of the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools for Cognitive and Inclusive Education and New Methods of Assessment Under the New Education Policy (2020)

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An Analytical Study of the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools for Cognitive and Inclusive Education and New Methods of Assessment Under the New Education Policy (2020)

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This project is a web-based system that uses the cutting-edge AI models YOLOv8 and YOLOv11 to help detect kidney stones in real-time. A user-friendly web interface allows users to upload medical images, such as CT scans. The image is analyzed by the system, which then uses bounding boxes to highlight any kidney stones that are found. The results are displayed clearly with labels and confidence scores. Tailwind CSS is used to style the interface for a responsive and contemporary appearance. The system also makes useful recommendations in three areas medical, food, and exercise based on the detection. Both patients and healthcare professionals are intended to benefit from these suggestions. All things considered, this platform integrates AI and healthcare in an easy-to-use manner for clinical and educational applications.

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YOLOv8, YOLOv11, Tailwind CSS, Kidney stone, Bounding Box.

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