Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Herbal plants have been used for their therapeutic properties, and inhibiting the growth of bacteria has gained scientific interest in recent years. They're exploring natural sources, especially medicinal plants, as potential antimicrobial agents. These plants have played a crucial role in traditional medicine practices such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Chinese medicine, especially when it comes to treating infections from various diseases. Regarding their antimicrobial properties, compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids play a crucial role. Medicinal plants have been used for their extracts to fight off bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compounds derived from these plants can effectively target pathogenic fungi, impacting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Ghosh et al., 2022). The reviews cover the antimicrobial properties of 10 specific plants: Mikania glomerata, Saraca asoca, Lantana camara, Vachellia nilotica, Cassia fistula, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale, and Aloe barbadensis. Bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids contribute to these antimicrobial effects. The reviews also delve into the phytochemicals involved, their mechanisms of action, and their applications in treating microbial infections.

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Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Antifungal, medicinal plant, Minimum Inhibitory concentration, Natural antibiotic, and Herbal medicine.

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Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (white cabbage) is a valuable vegetable with diverse nutraceutical benefit. Brassica phytochemicals exert a broad spectrum of health-promoting activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of a cauliflower leaf powder (CLP)-enriched diet to prevent inflammation. This study highlights the potential utility of these compounds in the prevention or amelioration of chronic inflammatory diseases and encourage studies to identify selected member of Brassicaceae family able to provide the right quota of bioactive compounds to be included in dietary intervention. Brassica vegetables have also anti-inflamatory activity that has been known from a long time ago and have been used to different irritations of the human body. While the specific modes of action have not yet been defined, phytochemical research and pharmacological experiments performed over the past few decades on white cabbage juice or extract offer fair evidence for its numerous conventional uses. Study on the phytochemicals of white cabbage has been based on the well-known health promotion of components such as glucosinolates, polyphenols, and various vitamins correlated with anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

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anti-inflammatory; Brassica oleracea, cabbage, herbal ointment, inflammation, Isothiocyanate, Anthocyanin.

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Although sectarian conflict and political division are frequently used to analyze the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the influence of oil politics on the conflict is a lesser-known but no less fascinating aspect. Lebanon's strategic location near oil-rich neighbors and transit routes drew regional and global powers into its civil war. Emerging offshore oil prospects and control over fuel supplies became tools of influence for militias and political elites, deepening sectarian divides and worsening tensions. Regional actors like Syria, Iran, and Saudi Arabia funded factions to advance their agendas, while Cold War superpowers intervened to protect energy interests. This fusion of local conflict and global oil politics prolonged the war and obstructed peace efforts, highlighting how resource competition can intensify instability in geopolitically sensitive regions like Lebanon.

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Middle East geopolitics, Oil Politics, Energy security, Lebanon's sectarian divisions, regional power struggles.

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Particularly in marginalized communities, and proposes global strategies to increase education's empowering potential. Education is a powerful tool for empowerment. It is a fundamental human right with implications for an individual's future. Education plays a catalytic role in the socio-economic development of a nation. It enables the upliftment and transformation of a society by empowering weaker sections to take hold of their circumstances, overcome limitations, and change their life for the better. Education has acquired a place of importance in the development agenda of India. India has toiled to increase its literacy rate from approximately 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2011 (GoI 2011). While there has been a surge in the rate of literacy, it is pertinent to note that opportunities for both education and development have not been distributed evenly across the country. While education enables the oppressed to get empowered and overcome inequalities in society, the process of education has by itself internalised some of these inequalities, thereby reinforcing and reproducing them (Bourdieu and Passeron 1977). Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So that we can't neglect the importance of education in reference to women empowerment and India poised to becoming superpower in recent years. The following strategies can help promote educational empowerment: improve education quality, invest in teacher training, curriculum development, and resources. Schools must create a learning environment that encourages critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.

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Education for empowerment, development Deferent Categories, development of people.

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As immersive technology continues to evolve, its impact on fields like tourism, education, and environmental awareness has become increasingly significant. Terraverse is a Unity-powered simulation project designed to replicate the experience of exploring a national park--virtually. By combining realistic terrain modeling, interactive 3D animal animations, and educational AR pop-ups, the project offers an innovative approach to digital nature exploration. Its goal is not only to entertain but also to educate users about biodiversity and environmental conservation through a highly immersive platform. Virtual tourism has been recognized as a sustainable and inclusive alternative to traditional travel, particularly when physical access is limited [1][9]. Building upon this, Terraverse uses geospatial data to construct accurate landscapes, making the virtual experience grounded in real-world topography [3] [10]. Users can navigate these digital parks using first-person controls or experience them through immersive VR and AR perspectives. As studies have shown, VR enhances emotional and sensory engagement in tourism [2], while AR significantly improves interactive learning and retention [7] [8]. It showcases how emerging digital tools can preserve heritage, promote conservation, and deliver accessible educational experiences--especially for those disconnected from the natural world [12][13].

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Tourism, Augmented Reality , Digital Heritage, Virtual Reality , 3D Simulation, Unity Game Engine, Environmental Education, 3D Simulation

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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are fundamental for protecting innovative and creative outputs; however, conflicts concerning ownership, infringement, and licensing frequently present intricate and costly challenges. While litigation has historically been the dominant method for dispute resolution, arbitration has increasingly emerged as a favoured alternative due to its efficiency, confidentiality, and international enforceability. This paper examines the advantages offered by arbitration over traditional litigation in the context of IPR disputes, including the ability to select expert arbitrators for informed decisions on technical matters such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights. The arbitration process generally offers a faster and more cost-effective route than traditional litigation, thereby minimizing disruptions to business operations. Furthermore, arbitration ensures confidentiality, a particularly crucial aspect for safeguarding trade secrets and proprietary technologies. Its enforceability under international treaties like the New York Convention (1958) makes it particularly well-suited for resolving cross-border disputes. Despite these benefits, arbitration in IPR disputes faces certain challenges. Some jurisdictions impose restrictions on the arbitrability of patent validity disputes, necessitating court adjudication. Enforcement issues can arise when courts decline to recognize arbitral awards based on public policy concerns. The absence of binding precedents in arbitration can lead to inconsistent outcomes and legal uncertainty. Additionally, high costs in complex cases may deter smaller enterprises from choosing arbitration. To enhance the role of arbitration in IPR disputes, legislative reforms are essential to clarify arbitrability and improve enforcement mechanisms. The establishment of specialized IPR arbitration tribunals and the promotion of arbitration clauses in IPR agreements can foster greater consistency. Technological advancements, such as Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), blockchain for IP verification, and AI-driven arbitration, present further opportunities to enhance efficiency. Global trends indicate a growing acceptance of arbitration, particularly in regions like the United States and the European Union, although some areas remain cautious. With ongoing reforms and enhanced international cooperation, arbitration holds significant potential to become the primary method for resolving IPR disputes, ensuring timely, equitable, and effective protection of intellectual property in the digital age.

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Arbitration

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The Indian Ocean is witnessing a significant rise in militarization as both regional and global powers intensify their strategic engagement in the area. China's "String of Pearls" initiative, India's expanding maritime capabilities, and the United States' efforts to uphold freedom of navigation reflect broader geopolitical ambitions. The establishment of military facilities in locations such as Djibouti, the Seychelles, and the Maldives underscores the strategic importance of the region. This study investigates the underlying motivations driving these developments and assesses their potential impact on regional order. However, it remains uncertain--does this escalating military footprint signal enhanced security or a looming contest for dominance.

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Indian Ocean, Militarization, Naval power

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This study examines the similarities and differences between the UAE's Vision 2030 and India's oil diplomacy, two crucial factors affecting the world's energy scenario in the twenty-first century. India, one of the biggest oil users in the world, has made energy security a top priority in its foreign policy, especially when it comes to fortifying its relations with oil-rich countries like the United Arab Emirates. India needs a steady and varied supply of energy to meet its expanding needs and its goals for renewable energy, which makes the UAE an essential partner in this respect. By diversifying its economy into industries like renewable energy, technology, and infrastructure, the UAE, on the other hand, hopes to lessen its reliance on oil and move toward a sustainable and inventive future. This paper examines how India's energy requirements and the UAE's economic change are complimentary, emphasizing the ways in which the two countries may work together on projects including infrastructure development, oil commerce, and collaborative renewable energy initiatives. The study looks at their energy partnership's past and present, with a particular emphasis on strategic agreements and projects related to oil production, exploration, and refining. Along with identifying obstacles like regional geopolitical instability, the changing global energy market, and the intricate transition to renewable energy sources, it also explores possible synergies that could be achieved, especially in technology transfer, renewable energy projects, and strategic oil reserves. These elements may make future collaboration between the two nations more difficult. The paper makes an argument that, in spite of these obstacles, India and the United Arab Emirates have a great deal of potential to strengthen their energy relations and accomplish their shared objectives of sustainable development and energy security. Both countries can improve bilateral ties and help create a more robust and diverse global energy system by overcoming these obstacles and utilizing their unique assets. The study sheds light on how the UAE's Vision 2030 and India's oil diplomacy may work together to forge a framework for sustained cooperation in a constantly evolving energy environment.

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India, UAE, Energy, Cooperation, Challenges

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A birds'-eye-view of some of the factors contributing to rasa in the performance of Kathakali has been presented with typical examples for different rasas such as ???g?ra, h?sya, karu?a, raudra, v?ra, bhay?naka, b?bhatsa, and adbhuta. An overview of various rasa-d???is, abhinayas and other factors in Kathakali, evoking rasa in the sah?dayas (spectators) have been touched upon briefly.

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Ras?bhinaya, Kathakali, ???akkatha, sah?dayas

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The success of project largely depends on proper dispersal system of traffic on either side of MTHL. Therefore, it is very necessary to have a proper dispersal system from the proposed MTHL with the existing road network in the vicinity and connectivity with Mumbai-Pune Expressway. Hence, it is proposed to provide a smooth dispersal system from MTHL road to Mumbai-Pune Expressway. The MTHL road ends at Chirle Junction on NH-348 and there is heavy traffic on NH-348, especially of multi axle container trucks due to JNPT port, hence it is necessary to merge the MTHL traffic smoothly without causing traffic jam either on MTHL or on NH 348.

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traffic analysis

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Abstract: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an information booklet on improving the knowledge of primigravidas regarding foetal well-being measures. A total of 30 primigravidas were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique from Pannadhay Zanana Hospital in Udaipur. The research used a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design, with a structured knowledge questionnaire consisting of 30 items on various foetal well-being measures. The findings revealed a significant increase in knowledge scores post-intervention, with a mean pre-test score of 9.73, which rose to 15.97 after the intervention. The paired t-test analysis showed a significant difference (t = 14.696, p < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of the booklet. However, no significant association was found between demographic variables (age, education, family income, area of residence, and occupation) and pre-test knowledge scores. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained before data collection. The study highlights the potential of educational interventions like information booklets in enhancing maternal knowledge and promoting better foetal health outcomes. It is recommended that similar interventions be integrated into routine antenatal care to support informed decision-making among pregnant women.

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Assess; Effectiveness; Information Booklet; Foetal Well Being Measure; Prim-gravidas

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Review analyses and meta-analyses are essential tools in scientific research, allowing researchers to synthesize and integrate findings from multiple studies to draw more comprehensive conclusions. This paper provides a step-by-step guide on how to conduct a review analysis or meta-analysis, highlighting key considerations, methodologies, and best practices. We demonstrate the application of these methodologies through three case studies in chemistry, physics, and mathematics, showcasing the use of fixed-effect and random- effects models, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses. We also discuss common challenges and solutions, including publication bias and heterogeneity. By following this guide, researchers can ensure that their review analysis or meta-analysis is conducted rigorously and transparently, providing a reliable synthesis of the existing evidence.

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Heterogenity, Meta-regression, sensitivity analysis.

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The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, was formulated to provide an easy exit route to Corporations from the market. It was aimed to protect the interest and rights of creditors by providing them an easy route to recover their money from Corporations by applying for the initiation of the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process against the Corporate Debtor. The easy recovery mechanism has made it possible for Entities to recover debt from Corporations. This research aims to identify existing legal gaps that hinder stakeholders from effectively executing the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP).

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CIRP, Stakeholders, Creditors

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To facilitate seamless IP camera surveillance in public and commercial contexts, this project presents a real-time cigarette identification system for video streams using YOLOv5 combined with RTSP. To effectively detect smoking behaviour, we trained the model on a custom dataset by utilizing YOLOv5's speed and accuracy. The system handles difficult situations like changing lighting and occlusions while processing video frames, applying object detection, and tracking smoking incidents. This scalable system addresses lifestyle-related health hazards and promotes safer settings by supporting applications in public space management, security, and health monitoring.

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IP, YOLO, RTSP Integration

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Fungal infection pose a significant health concern, leading to various skin disorders. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal antifungal lotion using medicinal plants known for their antifungal properties. Selected herb for Psidium guajava (Guava) and Ocimum tenuiflorum ( Tulsi) were incorporated into a lotion base to create a natural effective and skin-friendly antifungal formulation The herbal extracts were prepared using suitable solvents and incorporated into an emulsion bases lotion. The formulated lotion was evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro antifungal activity, phytochemical investigation was tested against common fungal pathogen loke Candida albicans and E.coil using the ager well diffusion method and agar disk diffusion method. The result demonstrated that the polyherbal lotion exhibited significant to standard antifungal agents. Stability studies confirmed that the formulation remained stable over time without phase separation or microbial contamination. The study concludes that the polyherbal antifungal lotion offers a promising alternatives to synthetic antifungal treatments, Providing a safe and effective herbal remedy fungal infection. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate its efficacy and safety for widespread use.

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Antifungal, Herbal lotion, Psidium guajava, Ocimum tenuiflorum,

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This study investigated the potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) for the removal of phosphate from wastewater. The effectiveness of ZnO was evaluated by varying pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Results showed that ZnO achieved significant phosphate removal efficiency across all concentrations tested (50 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 5 mg/L). The optimal conditions for ZnO were determined to be pH 5 and a 15-minute contact time with a adsorbent dosage 2 grams. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the second-order model, while isotherm data aligned with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. FTIR analysis confirmed phosphate adsorption onto the ZnO. The findings suggest that ZnO is a promising and sustainable material for phosphate removal from wastewater.

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Zinc Oxide, Phosphate, Synthetic waste water, FTIR, Adsorption isotherm, Adsorption kinetics.

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Following through on sales, managing travel, monitoring inventories, and getting things done well are all challenges felt by sales representatives, particularly by Nextcare Pharma Company and significantly by the pharmaceutical sector. Through building a real-time operations and sales management platform, this project solves these problems. To boost effectiveness, the site offers inventory tracking, GPS-aided travel booking, real-time sale monitoring, and customizable dashboards. Its mission is to generate more productivity, enhance communications, and offer safe management of information, all of which will eventually enable sales teams to deliver more business results.

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Real-time operations, inventory monitoring, GPS-enabled travel management, and sales tracking.

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Informal money-saving schemes, commonly known as "Chilimba" in Zambia, are community-based financial practices where members pool their savings to achieve individual and collective financial goals. These savings groups, which operate outside formal financial institutions, have become an essential financial tool for small-scale traders who face significant challenges in accessing credit. Despite the widespread use of Chilimba, there has been limited research on its impact on business performance indicators such as revenue generation, sales growth, and profitability. The study sought to assess whether participation in these informal savings schemes contributed to business growth, particularly in urban markets. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected from 104 business owners across Lusaka's CBD, Matero, and Garden Chilulu through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The data analysis employed inferential statistical methods, including regression and correlation analysis, using EViews software to determine the relationship between Chilimba participation and business performance. The findings revealed that participation in Chilimba had a significant positive effect on business growth, with traders reporting increased revenue, higher profit margins, and improved sales turnover. The study also indicated a strong cointegration between Chilimba contributions and financial performance, suggesting that regular participation in these savings groups enabled traders to expand their businesses, manage cash flow effectively, and invest in stock. Additionally, demographic analysis showed that women accounted for 68% of Chilimba participants, with the majority aged between 36 and 45 years, highlighting the scheme's role in enhancing financial inclusion for women entrepreneurs. The study further found that while Chilimba provided significant financial benefits, it was not without risks, including high default rates, lack of formal documentation, and the potential loss of savings due to inflation/economic instability. These challenges raised concerns about the sustainability of informal savings groups, particularly in the absence of regulatory frameworks to protect members' contributions. Despite these risks, Chilimba remained an effective financial alternative, enabling small-scale traders to secure capital, improve business stability, and strengthen social networks within their communities. The study underscored the socioeconomic importance of Chilimba, revealing that many participants used their earnings to support household expenses, education, and healthcare, thereby improving overall livelihood outcomes. The findings emphasized the need for strategic interventions to enhance the efficiency and security of informal savings schemes, including financial literacy programs, improved record-keeping mechanisms, and policy frameworks to integrate these schemes into the broader financial system. The study concluded that Chilimba serves as a financial enabler for small businesses, promoting economic resilience, financial inclusion, and community empowerment in urban markets. The research contributed valuable insights to the discourse on informal finance, small business sustainability, and financial inclusion in Zambia, highlighting the potential of community-driven savings mechanisms in fostering business growth and economic development. These findings provide important implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and development organizations, stressing the necessity of supporting and formalizing informal savings groups to enhance their long-term impact on small enterprises. The study recommended that future research should explore hybrid financial models that integrate informal savings with formal banking services to maximize financial security and sustainability for small-scale traders.

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Chilimba, Cointegration, Business Growth, Informal Money-Savings Scheme, tuNtemba

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Vinegar containing acetic acid acts as acid catalyst in Acetylation of amines. Acetylation of different amines was carried out by using vinegar and acetic anhydride as an acetylating agent. Reaction proceeds under normal reaction condition with the formation of product of high yield. The reaction was carried out at room temperature and under solvent free condition. The present methodology illustrates the efficient acetylation of primary amine by vinegar by means of acetic anhydrides in weakly acidic condition at room temperature. Aromatic Amine and vinegar are mixed in a beaker. Acetic anhydride is added to it. When vinegar comes in contact with amine and acetic anhydride formation of acetylated product takes place. Here vinegar serves as active weak water soluble catalyst. The present methodology illustrates the efficient acetylation of primary amines by vinegar by means of acetic anhydrides under weakly acidic condition at room temperature. The present study offers the new researcher and chemist an alternative method for acetylation of amines. The catalyst does not harm to environment it is eco-friendly and cheaply available.

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Vinegar, acetylation, acetic acid, amines.

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The journey of women entrepreneurs is full of complexities and hurdles in today's society. But still, a huge impact can be seen on entrepreneurial activities, which have a very prominent role of women in uplifting and developing entrepreneurship in society. This study aims to find out the role of family support on the success of women entrepreneurs. It examines the effects of family structure on the success of women entrepreneurs. For the purpose of this study, 30 women entrepreneurs were interviewed and observed. The study came up with several findings, like how motivation and support, society, mental pressure, family structure, etc., are affecting women entrepreneurs and their businesses.

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Woman Entrepreneurs, Family Support, Entrepreneurship

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