Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Due to their high efficiency, dependability, and low maintenance requirements, brushless DC (BLDC) motors are utilized extensively in industrial automation, electric vehicles, and consumer electronics. However, undetected faults in these motors, such as phase imbalance, bearing wear, rotor misalignment, or overheating--can lead to system failures and costly downtimes. Utilizing the potent capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, this project proposes an advanced fault detection and identification (FDI) system for BLDC motors. The system continuously monitors key motor parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and vibration using a combination of analog and digital sensors. Real-time signal processing, anomaly detection, and wireless communication all make use of the ESP32. The microcontroller's lightweight machine learning algorithms and threshold-based logic identify fault conditions, ensuring prompt and accurate fault recognition. Detected faults and operational data are transmitted via Wi-Fi or MQTT protocols to a cloud-based IoT dashboard, enabling real-time remote monitoring, data visualization, and timely notifications through web or mobile interfaces. This approach supports predictive maintenance and enhances overall system reliability. Experimental testing on a BLDC motor testbed substantiates the implementation's efficacy in early fault detection, low-latency communication, and seamless IoT platform integration. The project demonstrates the potential for next-generation motor health monitoring solutions by combining smart diagnostics with embedded IoT.

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 Keywords

1. Fault Detection 2. Fault Identification 3. Brushless DC Motors 4. IoT (Internet of Things) 5. Predictive Maintenance

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 Abstract

A robust road network plays a crucial role in accelerating economic growth by connecting remote regions, enhancing access to markets, schools, and healthcare services, and fostering trade and investment in less developed areas. Roads also enable efficient intermodal transportation by linking key infrastructure such as airports, railway stations, and seaports. However, conventional bituminous surfacing of flexible pavements is energy-intensive, involving the production of bituminous binder from crude oil, drying of aggregates, and manufacturing of the asphalt mix at a hot mix plant (HMP). Hot mix recycling offers an efficient alternative by blending reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) with new aggregates and, in some cases, recycling agents to produce hot mix asphalt. When properly designed, these recycled mixtures can match or even exceed the performance of conventional asphalt mixes. Recycling or rejuvenating agents--organic compounds selected for their chemical and physical properties--are used to restore the aged asphalt to its desired specifications.

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Hot mix plant (HMP), Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Hot in-place recycling (HIR), Cold in-place recycling (CIR), Hot in-plant recycling (HIP), Cold in-plant recycling (CIP), Full depth reclamation (FDR)

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This paper critically examines the phenomenon of media trial, highlighting how the media, in its role as the fourth pillar of democracy, often oversteps its boundaries and undermines the judicial process. Through detailed analysis and case studies like the Jessica Lal and Priyadarshini Mattoo trials, it reveals how excessive media coverage and premature judgments can distort public opinion, jeopardize fair trials, and violate individual rights such as the presumption of innocence. The paper underscores the ethical dilemmas and constitutional tensions between freedom of speech and the right to a fair trial, exploring the limitations of current regulatory mechanisms. While acknowledging the media's role in exposing injustice and catalyzing legal reform, the study warns against its transformation into a "public court" that undermines judicial neutrality. It concludes with a call for a balanced approach--preserving press freedom while ensuring due process, protecting civil liberties, and upholding the sanctity of the legal system.

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 Keywords

Media Trial, Freedom of Press, Right to Fair Trial, Judicial Interference, Public Opinion and Justice

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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We find the notion of the triangle in Indian literature for the first time, perhaps, in the Vedas. The terms used are trirasri in the Rigveda and tribhuja in the Atharvaveda. Sulba-sutras were also familiar with important types of triangle - mostly the right-angled triangle. We have discussed here the rules of Bhaskaracharya and Brahmagupta for finding the segment and altitude of the triangles and critically reviewed the rules in terms of modern mathematics.

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Trirasri, Tribhuja, Sulba-sutra, Segment, Altitude.

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Security is always a main concern in every domain, due to a rise in crime rate in a crowded event or suspicious lonely areas. Abnormal detection and monitoring have major applications of computer vision to tackle various problems. Due to the growing demand for the protection of safety, security, and personal properties, the needs and deployment of video surveillance systems can recognize and interpret the scene, and anomaly events play a vital role in intelligence monitoring. This paper implements an automatic gun detection using open cv. Gun violence has become a major cause of distress in the present society. The lack of proper mechanisms to detect and identify weapons in advance results in the increase of the impact caused by gun-related violence. This concept paper presents a study for concealed weapon detection in real time video using Image Processing and openCV and Hear cascade. The proposed system will perform the notification to the respective department followed by opencv detection models.

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 Keywords

Gun Detection, Weapon Detection, Security

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As cyber threats continue to grow in complexity and frequency, traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) often struggle to keep pace, leading to high false positive rates and missed detections. This dissertation presents an AI-driven approach to optimizing IDS performance by leveraging machine learning and deep learning techniques to enhance detection accuracy, reduce false alarms, and improve adaptability to evolving attack patterns. The study explores multiple AI models, including Random Forest, Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, integrated with advanced optimization techniques such as feature selection and ensemble learning. Using benchmark datasets, the AI-optimized IDS achieved a significant performance improvement compared to traditional systems, with accuracy reaching 95.6%, precision at 94.2%, recall at 96.5%, and an F1 score of 95.3%. The results confirm that AI-enhanced IDS can offer more reliable and intelligent threat detection while minimizing false positives. This research contributes to the growing body of work on intelligent cybersecurity systems and lays the groundwork for future advancements in autonomous and adaptive intrusion detection.

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 Keywords

IDS, intrusion detection system, artificial intelligence

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Ashika's Style Pvt Ltd is a diversified company with operations in the textile, food, and event management industries under different brand names. With expansion, the function of human resources, especially recruitment, becomes vital in maintaining growth and performance. The article examines the recruitment practices being followed across its divisions, assesses the efficiency of existing practices, conducts employees' feedback, and suggests strategic recommendations for improvement.

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Ashika's Style Pvt Ltd , recruitment, organizational values, strategic growth, Textile, Food, Events

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The issue of decriminalization of minor offences in India has gained importance with respect to legal policy reforms, particularly in light of an under-staffed criminal justice system and growing calls for a more alleviative and just justice system. Offences of lesser importance in India, including public annoyance, larceny, begging, vagrancy, and the illegal possession of small amounts of certain drugs, are put under primitive colonial laws such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and other state specific laws. Not only do these put decade-old laws give rise to the demonetization of social scum of the world, but these laws also add to the plethora of resources available for police, courts, and prisons. This paper looks into the rationale and necessity to remove legal penalties for some offence's in India, analyzing how unjustifiable approaches to minor crimes disproportionately impact basic needs such as the urban poor, Dalits, Adivasis, and even the lowly migrant workers. In addition to these, the abstract touches upon socio-legal movements advocating for blueprints of change, inclusive of the Indian Law Commission proposals and recent governmental attempts at IPC rationalization and associated frameworks. Using empirical studies and developed policies, the paper examines the possible advantages of decriminalization, including lower rates of incarceration, decreased expenditures in the justice system, and improved access to rehabilitation and social services. Other actions like community service, administrative sanctions, or diversion programs that can assist in behavioral modification without resorting to incarceration are also scrutinized. Illustrative cases from legal reform-states and lessons learned from other countries aid in imagining the possible outcomes of the modifications. On the other hand, the paper discusses the problems concerning the implementation steps, foremost being the institutional inertia and low level of public education as well as the need for simultaneous investment into social welfare structures. The paper defends its position by saying that decriminalization, within precise boundaries and an all-encompassing approach, promotes greater strife for justice, honor, and economy in the Indian legal system. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the need to clearly define the strategies that balance prevention, responsibility, and social embrace.

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Decriminalization, Minor offences, Portugal drug decriminalization, social justice, public nuisance laws, Petty crimes, criminal justice reform, public policy, civil penalties

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 Abstract

Mucins are a broad family of proteins with multiple functions and characteristics. Snails use mucin proteins in their mucous for several activities including microbial protection, adhesion, and lubrication. Snail Mucin is a complex mixture of Glycoprotein, Hyaluronic acid and Glycollic acid that has emerged as a promising ingredient in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic industries. Recent studies have highlighted its advanced functions, including wound healing, Anti-aging, Skin hydration, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, etc. Snail mucin's unique composition and advanced functions states that it is a promising ingredient for future applications in skincare, wound healing, and regenerative medicine. Future research and development are needed to fully explore its potential and unlock new therapeutic opportunities.

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H.aspersa, Snail mucin, Cosmetic Dermatology, Mollusks, Snail slime, Snail extract.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool in agriculture, offering innovative solutions to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. This study explores the effects of various nanomaterials (NMs), including metal-based nanoparticles (e.g., ZnO, TiO?, and AgNPs), carbon-based nanomaterials, and nano-fertilizers, on the growth and development of major cereal crops such as rice, wheat, and maize. The application of NMs has shown to significantly influence seed germination rates, root and shoot elongation, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and overall biomass production. While certain nanomaterials enhance plant growth by improving nutrient availability and stress tolerance, others may exhibit phytotoxic effects depending on their concentration, particle size, and exposure duration. This review synthesizes current findings, highlighting both the beneficial and adverse impacts of NMs on cereals. It also underscores the importance of optimizing nanomaterial formulation and delivery methods to maximize agricultural benefits while minimizing environmental risks.

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Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Cereals, rice, wheat, maize, plant growth, seed germination, biomass, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, stress tolerance, phytotoxicity, nano-fertilizers, agricultural nanotechnology .

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 Abstract

Personal finance is a skill set that every people should have in their life. It gives financial freedom and financial security for future. It should be indulged in everybody's life style to check their daily expenditure, should know where they are over spending. If everybody asks themselves that, is it really necessary to spend before making any financial decision, they can save a lot of money from unnecessary spending. People with limited income should make their financial plan accordingly and they should have proper budget for every expenditure. It will be better if they are able to maintain monthly budget for their expenses. It will give them a target rather a blue print of their spending. So, this will help to create a clear understanding of their savings. Savings of money is not enough for future financial freedom; it should be invested accordingly for future wealth creation. In this study, college teachers' spending and investing behavior has been studied and it has been found that they are spending maximum portion of their income to satisfy their basic needs followed by medical expenditure. In investment portion, they are choosing secured financial instruments which brings assured return in future which helps them to meet their future obligations after retirement.

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FD, PPF, Mutual Fund, Share Market, Personal Finance, Investment

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OBJECTIVE: This review aims to assess the knowledge on the effects of plastics. METHODS: A search strategy was built to identify the impact of plastic pollution in environment and health in two databases- PubMed & Google Scholar. After applying inclusion exclusion criteria & critical reading, n=20 studies were selected for literature review. RESULT: Majority of the respondents were having high level knowledge about plastic hazards and plastic usage. CONCLUSION: Overall knowledge regarding effects of plastics is good and majority were in favour to strictly enforce the ban on usage of single use plastics. The study observed that plastic bags were frequently used among the single use plastics items as it cost free price.

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Single use plastic, Pollution, Plastic ban

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Fire-Fighting is an extremely dangerous task but still often being carried out by human operators, thus putting human life, invaluable as it is, in a very precarious situation. In Industry oil and many other inflammable materials are used for production and other industrial purposes. Under such conditions the chance of fire accidents is more. So a suitable protective measure to extinguish the fire in case of fire accidents within the workplace should be employed. Today robotics is one of the fastest growing engineering fields and they are designed to remove the human factor from labor and dangerous work. The use of robots is more common today than ever before and Fire extinguisher robot becomes essential to protect the human life. Robot is a device, which performs human task or behave like a human-being. It needs expertise skills and complex programming to design. For designing a fire fighter robot, many sensors and motors were used [4]. The robot can detect and extinguish a fire by itself. Fire Fighting is a very dangerous task, and it involves working in a dangerous environment comprising of dense smoke, oxygen deficient atmosphere and elevated temperatures etc. Most of Fire Fighters suffer serious burn injuries, dense smoke obscures their vision [3]. There are several possibilities of fire in any remote area or in an industry. In worst cases scenario, fire causes heavy loses both financially and by taking lives, robotics is the best possible way to guard human lives, a fire-fighting robot is designed and built with an embedded system The use of robots is one of the alternative mediums for reducing fireman casualties and enhancing fireman capabilities. The robot is designed in such a way that it searches fire and tries to extinguish it. Hence in this work, A Novel Fire Fighting Robot with Arduino is presented.

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 Keywords

Firefighting robot, flame sensor, Arduino Uno, Dc submersible pump

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 Abstract

Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, the 17th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, assumed office in 2019 with a strong electoral mandate and a welfare-centric vision inspired by his father's legacy, Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. His tenure marked a significant shift in governance strategy, emphasizing inclusive development through flagship schemes under the "Navaratnalu" umbrella. Initiatives such as Amma Vodi, YSR Rythu Bharosa, Vidya Deevena, and Arogya Sri have redefined social welfare delivery by utilizing technology-enabled direct benefit transfers (DBT) to reduce corruption and effectively reach marginalized communities. While his government garnered praise for its extensive welfare outreach, it also faced significant challenges--from fiscal stress and industrial slowdown to the controversial threecapital proposal, which sparked widespread protests and legal battles. The COVID-19 pandemic further strained the administration's capacity, revealing gaps in public health infrastructure and economic resilience. This paper examines Jagan Mohan Reddy's governance model by analyzing his achievements, structural challenges, and political controversies. It further explores the broader implications of welfare populism, administrative centralization, and allegations of institutional misuse. Through this lens, the study offers insights into the complexities of contemporary state-level leadership in India and evaluates the sustainability of a welfare-first development model.

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 Keywords

Welfare Governance, YSR Congress, Navaratnalu, Three Capitals, Public Policy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In today's digital era, organizations are increasingly challenged to protect a diverse, remote workforce while still providing seamless access to essential resources. Employees working from various global locations often face risks such as insecure home networks, inconsistent device security measures, and potential insider threats, which make traditional perimeter-based defenses obsolete. In response, the Zero Trust Network Access Management Tool redefines network security by discarding the conventional notion of a trusted perimeter. Instead, it enforces continuous, rigorous authentication for every user and device. By integrating adaptive security policies, real-time threat detection, and granular access controls, the tool not only addresses existing vulnerabilities but also anticipates emerging risks. This comprehensive, agile defense strategy empowers organizations to secure their digital assets effectively while fostering a flexible and productive work environment.

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 Keywords

Zero Trust, Network Security, Remote Work, Access Management, Multi Factor Authentication, Context-Aware Access Control

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 Abstract

Reading comprehension is crucial for engineering students, given the complexity of technical texts, academic research, and problem-solving tasks. However, many students struggle to extract, analyze, and retain information effectively from dense technical materials. This study investigates the SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) method as a structured strategy to enhance reading comprehension among engineering students. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving control and experimental groups of engineering undergraduates. The experimental group received structured SQ3R training, while the control group followed conventional reading strategies. Data collection included pre-test and post-test assessments, comprehension exercises, and qualitative feedback. Results indicate a significant improvement in comprehension accuracy, concept retention, and efficiency in reading technical content among students trained in SQ3R. This study highlights the adaptability of SQ3R for STEM disciplines and its potential to foster self-regulated learning. Findings support integrating evidence-based reading strategies into engineering curricula to improve student engagement with complex academic material.

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SQ3R Method, Reading Comprehension, Engineering Education, Technical Texts, Active Learning

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 Abstract

The process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated Physical Effect of ageing. It is special effects in which changes occurs in the body of women due to growing age such as vision, hearing, skin, muscles and bone change. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge regarding effects of ageing on physical health among women above 45 years in selected community, District Ludhiana, Punjab. A total 100 sample of women above 45 years was selected by non-probability sampling technique. A self-structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of people regarding effects of ageing on physical health among women above 45 years. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics and presented through tables and figure. The knowledge score of people regarding effects of ageing on physical health among women above 45 years was average. The study findings showed that 4% women having good knowledge related to effects of ageing on physical health, 58% women having average knowledge and only 38% women having poor knowledge related to effects of ageing on physical health. The knowledge among women above 45 years regarding effects of ageing on physical health was average. The study can be repeated on the large-scale sample to validate and for better generalization of findings. Comparative study may be conducted to find out the similarities or differences between the knowledge of urban and rural people.

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 Keywords

Knowledge, Physical Effects, ageing, women above 45 years

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

One of the deadliest industrial disasters in history, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984, took thousands of lives and permanently affected the health and ecology of the city. Although the immediate destruction was unparalleled, an equally concerning catastrophe still develops in its wake: the ongoing danger from the hazardous waste still kept in the abandoned Union Carbide factory. More than 300 tonnes of dangerous chemical waste remain untreated over three decades later, leaking into the soil and polluting groundwater, which is the main water source for close by villages. Emphasizing the systematic failures in waste management, business responsibility, and government reaction, this article investigates the environmental and human rights consequences of the continuing pollution. It highlights the lived experiences of impacted people, many of whom battle chronic diseases, congenital abnormalities, and reproductive problems. Prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals causes many illnesses directly; poverty, lack of healthcare access, and bureaucratic indifference exacerbate this problem. The report emphasizes the pressing need for sustained remediation and justice for survivors by means of legal actions, administrative judgments, and community resistance activities. It also looks at how industrial disasters in the Global South are addressed by environmental law, public interest litigation, and international campaigning. Far from being a closed chapter, the Bhopal disaster is a sad reminder of the long-term effects of industrial irresponsibility and the need of environmental justice systems that give human health and dignity top priority. This paper advocates a revived worldwide dedication to corporate accountability, environmental restoration, and the empowerment of impacted communities in decision-making processes by investigating the "toxic shadows" of Bhopal.

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 Keywords

bhopal gas tragedy, environment, Union Carbide, industrial waste

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid rise of the gig economy has brought significant attention to the occupational experiences of food delivery employees. This study aims to examine the impact of occupational stress on the emotional well-being of food delivery employees, with special reference to Coimbatore City. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 160 respondents. The findings reveal that a majority of employees experience moderate to high levels of stress, with factors such as financial insecurity, poor work-life balance, and limited support systems contributing to emotional exhaustion, anxiety, and social isolation. These insights are crucial for policymakers and platform-based companies aiming to create a sustainable and supportive working environment for delivery personnel in urban areas like Coimbatore.

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Food delivery employees, Occupational stress, Emotional well-being, Coimbatore City, Work-life balance, Financial insecurity, Emotional exhaustion, Anxiety, Social isolation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Migraine is one of the most common type of headache worldwide. Mostly it's seen that the pain and associated physical symptoms of migraine are a major concern for its management. What we often overlook is the impact of migraine on a person's daily activities, sleep pattern, and mental health; that substantially affects the quality of life and adds to disability for people with migraine.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Migraine, Neuropsychiatric aspects, Quality of life, Disability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition