Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Biochemistry education presents considerable challenges due to the abstract, integrative, and complex nature of its subject matter. Conventional teaching approaches frequently fail to promote in-depth comprehension and long-term memory of biological ideas. In science education, concept mapping, a visual learning technique based on Ausubel's notion of meaningful learning, has become a powerful teaching tool. This comprehensive review explores the theoretical foundations, cognitive benefits, and practical applications of concept mapping in biochemistry learning. It examines how idea maps help with student's understanding, memory, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Empirical research and case studies show how concept mapping improves outcomes for students, while a variety of digital tools and collaborative platforms enhance its accessibility and effectiveness. The review also addresses implementation challenges and proposes best practices and future innovations, including AI integration and interdisciplinary mapping. Concept mapping is positioned not only as a study aid but as a transformative strategy that empowers students to navigate the complexities of biochemistry with confidence and clarity.

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 Keywords

Biochemistry education; Concept mapping; Meaningful learning; Cognitive tools; Visual learning; Student engagement; Knowledge retention; Digital tools in education; Active learning; Problem-solving skills.

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The fusion of AI and synthetic biology is accelerating breakthroughs across various domains, with the potential to reshape industries and solve global challenges. In healthcare, AI tools are enhancing the development of precision medicine by analyzing genetic data to identify targeted therapies for diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. AI-driven bioengineering is also advancing the creation of custom-designed microorganisms capable of producing sustainable biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and bio-based materials. These innovations contribute to the development of green technologies, offering promising solutions for climate change and pollution management. Moreover, AI models help simulate complex biological systems, improving the design of genetically engineered organisms for food production, such as drought-resistant crops or bacteria that enhance soil health. However, these advances also raise significant ethical concerns around genetic privacy, the unintended consequences of creating new life forms, and the ecological impact of releasing engineered organisms into natural environments. The regulatory landscape is also struggling to keep pace with these rapid developments, requiring international collaboration and thoughtful policy-making to ensure responsible innovation. As AI continues to evolve, its role in synthetic biology will undoubtedly lead to new possibilities, but also demand careful consideration of its broader implications for society and the environment.

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Artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, bioengineering, perfection medicine, sustainable power, heritable insulation ethical considerations in biodiversity.

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Abuse of dominance remains a central concern in competition law, serving as a critical safeguard against market distortions caused by firms wielding excessive power. This paper explores the legal and economic dimensions of dominant market positions and the threshold at which competitive behavior turns into abusive conduct. By examining key jurisprudence, regulatory frameworks, and economic theories across various jurisdictions, the study highlights the challenges in identifying and proving abuse, particularly in digital and rapidly evolving markets. It argues for a balanced approach that deters anti-competitive behavior while preserving incentives for innovation and growth. The paper concludes by proposing clearer guidelines and enforcement strategies to address emerging forms of dominance in the global economy.

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Dominance, market position, competitive, regulatory, Jurisdiction, strategies

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Thrift shopping is an economic course of action between youngsters nowadays, as the wants and desires are increasing day by day but the income of consumers are not increasing consistently. Thrift shopping perceives an immediate flash in popularity in the past few years which is a combination of different economic groups, cultural backgrounds and environmental conditions. Thrift shopping has added numerous benefits whereas less no. of drawbacks. In the recent years it has been overviewed by its affordability amongst consumers who are not ready to pick up the expensive clothes rather they want good looking attires at discounted price, thrift shopping is undoubtedly a sustainable alternative as it scale down the pollution. The aim of this research is to study the buying behavior over thrift shopping amidst the youngsters aged between 18- 24years of the Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. This will be done through survey method by interviewing people through a questionnaire. The outcome of this research will be economic accessibility for the consumers as they can save money for their future endeavors.

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Thrift shopping, consumers, buying behavior, survey, affordability

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 Abstract

Minimizing power consumption is a crucial concern in VLSI design. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), a fundamental processor component, performs arithmetic and logical operations, often leading to increased power usage with higher complexity. A major contributor to dynamic power is the clock network, which can be optimized using clock gating to disable inactive blocks. Existing literature offers multiple power reduction techniques within ALUs, but further optimization is achievable by integrating diverse approaches. This project presents a tunable ALU design employing clock gating along with Parallel-In Parallel-Out (PIPO) shift registers and Booth's algorithm. Specific operations are activated based on the input opcode, while others remain idle to minimize power. The ALU supports 8-bit inputs, carry-in, borrow-in, enable signals, and a 2-bit shift input, with a 4:16 decoder enabling 16 operations through a 4-bit opcode. The design evaluates four clock gating techniques: latch-free, latch-based, flip-flop-based, and synthesis-based gating, all integrated with PIPO registers. Each design iteration demonstrates reduced power consumption through selective operation activation and efficient data handling.

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 Keywords

Tunable ALU, Dynamic Power, Clock Gating, RTL Design, PIPO, Booth's Algorithm, Power Optimization

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 Abstract

Child rearing practices plays an important role in the development of child. Working and non-working mothers rear their child in different way. So, working and non-working mothers influencing various aspects of a child's development. Working mothers may rely more on children and may have less time for focused interactions, while non- working mothers may have more opportunities for direct involvement in their child's daily routine and education. Child - rearing practices are investigated in families in which the mother is employed and comparable families in which the mother is not employed. When mothers' motivations and education are considered along with status, associations with child- rearing appear. Mothers who prefer to work but out of a sense of duty do not work report the most problems in child rearing. Children are under firmer control and are given more responsibilities by working mothers then by non-working mothers in groups with high school training. The purpose of the study is to know about child rearing practices of working and non-working mothers. The invigilators want to know how we rear the child for overall development of the child.

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Child-rearing Practices, Working-Mothers, Non-Working Mothers, Child

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Regulated markets are established to bring order, transparency, and fairness to the trade of goods, especially agricultural commodities. However, despite their intended purpose, they face a multitude of challenges that hinder their efficiency and the benefits they promise to stakeholders. This paper explores the major obstacles confronting regulated markets including governance issues, infrastructure inadequacies, price manipulation, and limited access for farmers. Through a review of existing literature and data analysis, this article outlines the key features of regulated markets and presents evidence of their shortcomings.

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Regulated Markets, Agricultural Marketing, Infrastructure, Price Discovery, Farmer Access, Governance.

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With the increasing number of road accidents attributed to driver distraction and drowsiness, intelligent driver monitoring has become a critical focus area in automotive safety systems. This research presents an AI-powered Driver Monitoring System that detects and classifies driver behaviour in real-time using deep learning techniques. The system is trained on a curated dataset comprising 11 driver activity classes, including normal driving (c0), various distracted behaviors (c1-c9), and drowsiness detection (c10). Several architectures were explored to identify the most effective model, including a Simple Dense Network, ResNet50 , and VGG16. The YOLOv8 model achieved the highest standalone test accuracy of 98.46%, making it the optimal choice for real-time Region of Interest (ROI) extraction. Leveraging this, the final proposed architecture integrates YOLOv8 for ROI detection, followed by VGG16 for fine-grained classification of driver actions. This hybrid pipeline combines the speed and localization efficiency of YOLOv8 with the classification strength of VGG16, ensuring high precision in diverse real-world scenarios. The proposed system holds promise for deployment in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and fleet management platforms, contributing to enhanced road safety and proactive intervention against risky driving behavior.

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Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, Distraction Detection, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Convolutional Neural Networks, AI in Transportation, Real-Time Monitoring, Road Safety, Multiclass Classification.

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The structural evaluation and overlay design of flexible pavements are essential for ensuring road performance and prolonging pavement life. The FWD test is a widely adopted, non-destructive method for assessing the structural capacity of flexible pavements by replicating real-world traffic loading conditions. This study outlines a comprehensive approach for evaluating flexible pavements using FWD test and developing effective overlay designs to restore their structural integrity and serviceability. Pavement surface deflections caused by impulse loading are used to back-calculate layer moduli and identify structural weaknesses. The overlay design process is grounded in mechanistic-empirical principles, using the computed moduli and critical strain responses to determine the optimal overlay thickness. The FWD test was developed to address the limitations of the BBD method. Compared to the BBD, the FWD offers several advantages, including faster data collection, greater accuracy, and the ability to simulate dynamic traffic loading conditions. Unlike the BBD test, which uses static loading and manual measurements, the FWD replicates real-time traffic loads, resulting in more reliable and comprehensive evaluations of pavement performance.

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 Keywords

FWD-Falling Wight Deflectometer, BBD-Benkelman Beam Deflectometer, Back-Calculation, Layer Moduli

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This study presents a comprehensive financial performance analysis of ITC Limited over a five-year period (2019-2024), utilizing key financial ratios to evaluate the company's operational efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The analysis is based entirely on secondary data derived from ITC's annual reports and financial statements. Key metrics such as the current ratio, quick ratio, net profit margin, return on capital employed, and various turnover ratios were applied to assess ITC's financial health. The findings reveal that ITC maintains a strong liquidity position, consistently high profitability, and minimal reliance on debt, underscoring its financial stability. The company's efforts in diversifying revenue streams, optimizing resource utilization, and focusing on sustainable growth are evident in its improving financial indicators. This study concludes that ITC is well-positioned for future growth and resilience, with strategic initiatives aligning with evolving market and environmental demands.

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Key words: Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, ITC Limited, Liquidity Ratios.

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Employer branding has become a critical strategy for financial institutions seeking to attract and retain top talent in a competitive job market. This study examines the impact of employer branding on talent acquisition, focusing on key factors such as corporate reputation, workplace culture, career growth opportunities, and compensation. Using a combination of primary and secondary data, the study explores how employer branding influences job seekers' perceptions and recruitment outcomes. Statistical tools such as factor analysis, regression analysis, and correlation analysis are used to assess the relationship between employer branding elements and talent acquisition effectiveness. The findings suggest that a strong employer brand enhances an institution's ability to attract skilled professionals, improves employee retention, and strengthens organizational competitiveness. The study also highlights challenges such as changing workforce expectations and evolving industry trends that impact branding effectiveness. The research provides valuable insights for financial institutions to refine their employer branding strategies and improve their recruitment efforts.

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Employer Branding, Talent Acquisition, Financial Institutions and Corporate Reputation

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 Abstract

: Constipation is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal comorbidities seen in children with cerebral palsy (CP), significantly affecting their health, daily functioning, and quality of life. Traditional management relies heavily on pharmacological interventions, but these may cause side effects and often do not address underlying neuromuscular dysfunctions. Physiotherapy provides a non-invasive, holistic approach to enhance bowel motility and support gastrointestinal health in these children. This narrative review explores the role of various physiotherapy modalities, including abdominal massage, connective tissue manipulation, stretching exercises, osteopathic treatment, structured physiotherapy programs, and electrotherapy techniques such as TENS and interferential current (IFC), in managing chronic constipation in children with CP. Recent studies demonstrate encouraging outcomes, emphasizing the need for physiotherapy integration into multidisciplinary constipation management strategies. Future research focusing on standardized protocols and larger trials is essential to establish strong clinical guidelines.

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Cerebral palsy, constipation, physiotherapy, abdominal massage, stretching exercises, electrical stimulation, pediatric rehabilitation

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The excessive use of pesticides in agriculture poses serious health risks to consumers and affects food safety. This project proposes an IoT-based solution for monitoring pesticide levels in fruits and vegetables in realtime. The system integrates sensor technology, machine learning, and cloud computing to detect and analyse pesticide residues. The IoT-enabled sensors collect chemical composition data from the produce, which is then processed using a machine learning algorithm to determine pesticide concentration levels. The data is transmitted to a cloud-based platform for storage, analysis, and visualization, providing real-time alerts to farmers, vendors, and consumers. This solution enhances food safety, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and ensures regulatory compliance by enabling continuous monitoring and early detection of harmful pesticide residues.

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IoT, Pesticide Monitoring, Food Safety, Smart Agriculture, Wireless Sensors, Machine Learning, Cloud Computing, Precision Farming, Real-time Monitoring

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The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) continues to be one of the most contentious and sensitive issues in the legal and socio-political scenario of India. This research paper examines the history, constitutional necessity, and current relevance of the implementation of a UCC in India. It examines the paradox between personal laws based on religious traditions and the necessity of a uniform code of civil laws that promote equality, secularism, and national integration. The study also examines judicial interpretations, popular views, and legislative attempts towards the UCC. By weighing arguments in favour of and against the code, the paper tries to present a balanced picture of the viability, challenges, and possible road map to its implementation. Finally, the research determines the necessity of finding a balance between individual rights and collective identities in a pluralistic society.

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Uniform Civil code , HAMA , Constitution, Marriage, Adoption , Inheritance, etc

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This paper revisits the study of international relations (IR) by juxtaposing selected Western and non-Western theoretical frameworks. It focuses on Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism on the Western side, and on Chinese Tianxia, Muhammad Ayoob's Third World (Subaltern) Realism, and Islamic governance principles on the non-Western side. After outlining each theory's core assumptions in the literature review, the paper adopts a comparative analytical approach to highlight contrasts in worldviews, actors, moral norms, and sources of order. The methodology is qualitative and theoretical, involving critical literature analysis and conceptual comparison. The comparative analysis shows, for example, that Western Realism's state-centric, power-political view contrasts sharply with Tianxia's universal-harmony vision, while Islamic thought emphasizes a moral community of believers guided by justice. By critically examining these diverse perspectives, the paper demonstrates that incorporating non-Western concepts enriches IR theory and addresses criticisms of Eurocentrisme-ir.infoe-ir.info. The discussion interprets these findings in light of recent scholarship, and the conclusion summarizes the implications for a more globally inclusive IR discourse.

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International Relations Theory, Western Theories, Non Western Theories, Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Tianxia, Islamic Principles, Third World Realism.

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A pre- experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of adolescent girls regarding prevention of acquired immuno deficiency syndrome in selected higher senior secondary school, Distt. Hisar (Haryana) Majority of adolescent girls were in the age 16-17 years. 63.3% of adolescent girls are from class 11th. Most of adolescent girls are Hindu & belongs to medium class family. In pre-test level of knowledge of adolescent girls showed that 68.3% of adolescent girls were having poor knowledge, 31.7% of population was average of knowledge and 0% of population was having good knowledge. In pre-test level of knowledge of adolescent girls showed that 68.3% of adolescent girls were having poor knowledge, 31.7% of adolescent girls were average of knowledge and 0% of adolescent girlswere having good knowledge. In post-test, Level of peoples in the post test showed that 45% of adolescent girls were having good knowledge regarding prevention of HIV/AIDS and 55% of the adolescent girls were having average knowledge and 0% adolescent girls were having poor knowledge regarding prevention of HIV/AIDS.

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experimental, Assess, Association, knowledge , Population ,dysmenoerrhea, school . Immunodeficiency, prevention.

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This research paper explores the astronomical and cultural significance of the Nebra Sky Disk, discovered in 1999 on the summit of the Mittelberg hill near Nebra, in central Germany. The Nebra Sky Disk, considered the oldest known accurate depiction of celestial phenomena, reveals a remarkably sophisticated understanding of the sun, moon, stars, and their relationship to human timekeeping during the Bronze Age. Its arrangement of celestial elements--particularly the depiction of the crescent moon alongside a cluster of stars, likely the Pleiades--provides the earliest visual evidence of advanced astronomical observation. Subsequent Babylonian inscriptions, dated later than the Nebra Sky Disk, explain the significance of such celestial alignments: when the crescent moon and the Pleiades appear together in a particular configuration, it signals the need to insert an extra month into the lunar calendar to realign it with the solar year. This practice of calendrical adjustment, known as intercalation, is a crucial principle that ensured the accuracy of ancient lunar-solar calendars. A similar logic underpins the Hindu lunar calendar's Adhik Masa, where an additional month is introduced approximately every three years to synchronise the lunar months with the solar cycle. By comparing the Nebra Sky Disk's symbolism with Babylonian calendrical inscriptions and the Indian system of Adhik Masa, this paper suggests a deeper, shared ancestral cultural origin. The consistent appearance of this astronomical knowledge across geographically distant civilisations strongly suggests that these cultures did not evolve in isolation but may trace back to a common source of ancient human understanding. The convergence of astronomical practices highlights the possibility that early human societies, regardless of their location, were connected by a unified pursuit to harmonise human life with the rhythms of the cosmos. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of how astronomical wisdom shaped cultural and religious practices across diverse civilisations.

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Nebra Sky Disk, Adhik Masa, Ancient Astronomy, Lunar-Solar Calendars, Intercalation, Pleiades, Shared Ancestral Culture, Cultural Astronomy, Synchronisation of Lunar and Solar Cycles, Bronze Age Civilisations

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Osteoporosis is a disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide, causing an estimated 8.9 million fractures annually. One occurs every three seconds. Accurate early detection is essential to avoid further complications. Conventional approaches rarely succeed in reflecting the complex patterns of bone loss. This paper presents a novel hybrid artificial intelligence framework that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for improved osteoporosis prediction from knee radiographs. CNNs extract rich multi-level visual features, GANs augment and adapt real-world data, ViTs capture global relationships, and GNNs model structural bone connectivity. A weighted attention fusion mechanism takes into account the diagnostic relevance of these fused features and dynamically combines them. Tested on 1,650 hand-labeled X-rays, the model reached 94.3% classification accuracy and a 15.2% increase in Grade 1 sensitivity above expert consensus. It estimated 3-year fracture risk with 91.2% accuracy. Bayesian uncertainty estimation improves the transparency of model outputs, which underpins clinical trust in the outputs. This hybrid approach represents an important step forward for AI-powered osteoporosis diagnosis, providing expert-level performance and potential for wide-scale implementation across different healthcare environments.

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Deep Learning, CNN, GAN, Vision Transformer, Medical Imaging, Kellgren-Lawrence Classification.

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This paper responds to increasing healthcare demands by creating a Real-Time Health Analytics System with ESP32 microcontrollers and different parametric sensor to keep the track of important health paramters like blood pressure, oxygen level, temperature of body, etc. This helps patients to control their health with real-time information, emergency notifications, and customized advice, while clinicians receive early intervention features.

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- Heart Rate Monitoring, Healthcare IoT, Remote Patient Monitoring, Health Data Analytics, Cloud-Based Health Monitoring.

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The car market today requires more than just advertisements about what a car has or how much it costs to establish strong connections with consumers. Car purchasers now want to experience a bond with the brand and see value past just the use of the car. Experiential marketing, which includes things like test drives, virtual reality, and brand events, is a good way to establish strong ties. Such events attempt to make a large impact that goes beyond normal ads. This paper examines past studies to see how these hands-on attempts alter what consumers think, recall about the brand, and choose to buy in the car market. It also looks at how these methods help with maintaining consumers, and making them remain loyal to the brand for a long time. Results show that when consumers experience, feel, and identify with the brand, it significantly mold how they recall and see the brand, and remain loyal, which then sways their purchasing choices. The paper concludes by stating that experiential marketing is essential for auto brands that want to stand out and maintain strong connections with their consumers. Tips for actual use and ideas for more study are given.

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 Keywords

Keywords: experiential marketing, brand loyalty, automotive industry, customer experience, consumer behaviour, brand perception

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