Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, making early and accurate diagnosis critically important. In this project, we explore the use of machine learning techniques to predict the likelihood of heart disease in patients based on key clinical and demographic features. The system utilizes supervised learning algorithms trained on the Cleveland Heart Disease dataset, which includes variables such as age, gender, chest pain type, resting blood pressure, cholesterol levels, maximum heart rate, and more. Data preprocessing techniques such as normalization, encoding of categorical features, and handling of missing values were applied to ensure the quality and usability of the data. Various machine learning models including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and XGBoost were implemented and evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC metrics. The experimental results demonstrate that ensemble models like Random Forest and XGBoost offer high predictive accuracy and robustness, making them suitable for medical diagnostic support systems. This work emphasizes the potential of machine learning to assist healthcare professionals in making informed decisions and improving patient outcomes through early diagnosis and intervention.

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A broad category of heart-related conditions, including blocked arteries, irregular heart rhythms, and heart failure, affecting the heart's ability to function properly. o

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The female reproductive tract is a complex and dynamic system responsible for sexual reproduction, menstruation, and childbirth. It comprises the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, which work in harmony to facilitate gamete transport, fertilization, embryogenesis, and parturition. Hormonal fluctuations regulate the tract's function, with the menstrual cycle preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Understanding the female reproductive tract's anatomy, physiology, and pathology is crucial for addressing reproductive health issues, such as infertility, endometriosis, and cervical cancer, and promoting women's overall well-being. Congenital anomalies of the female reproductive tract are developmental defects of mullerian derivates associated with various malformations of the female reproductive system. Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract encompass various structural irregularities that arise during embryonic development. These anomalies may involve the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and vagina, manifesting as deviating from the typical anatomical configuration. These structural irregularities may also contribute to a spectrum of gynecological issues, affecting menstrual health, urinary and bowel function, and overall quality of life for affected individuals. Understanding female genital tract anomalies is paramount in reproductive medicine, gynecology, and obstetrics. These anomalies can profoundly impact reproductive outcomes, influencing fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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Embryogenesis, Congenital anomalies, Female genital tract, Fertility.

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Health education i? a vital component of promoting health and well-being in both rural and urban communitie?. De?pite differing challenge? and opportunitie?, health education can empower individual? with knowledge, ?kill?, and attitude? to make informed deci?ion? about their health. In rural area?, health education can addre?? unique challenge? like limited re?ource? and healthcare acce??, while in urban area?, it can tackle i??ue? like health di?paritie? and life?tyle-related di?ea?e?. By integrating comprehen?ive health education into ?chool? and communitie?, we can improve health outcome?, enhance quality of life, and reduce healthcare co?t?. Thi? ab?tract highlight? the importance of health education in bridging the gap between rural and urban health di?paritie? and promoting overall well-being.

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Education, Skill, Health education, Communitie?, Urban ?chool, Rural ?chool

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YouTube is a video-sharing platform that was created in 2005 by three former PayPal employees: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. It is one of the most popular websites in the world, with over 2 billion monthly active users. On YouTube, users can upload, share, and view videos. The platform features a wide variety of content, including music videos, movie trailers, short films, educational videos, vlogs, and more. Users can also interact with each other by liking, commenting on, and sharing videos. YouTube has become an important tool for content creators and businesses to reach a global audience. Many creators have built successful careers on the platform, with some becoming household names. Additionally, businesses use YouTube to advertise their products and services, often through collaborations with popular YouTubers or by creating their own branded contentYouTube is changing the outlook of the integral world. This video sharing site receives billions of viewers daily, the latest reports show that more than half the viewers are students. "Teens constitute the dominant demographic on YouTube in terms of their viewership, comments, and rating and other feedback mechanisms". The exploration of YouTube videos in recent days are elaborated in review of literature.As such, the platform offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

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A STUDY ON USER BEHAVIOR AND IMPACT OF YOUTUBE VIDEOS WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE CITY

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This project presents a novel hybrid framework integrating Multi- Constrained Joint Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (MC-JNMF) with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to study lung metastasis in soft tissue sarcomas using imaging and genomic data. By jointly analyzing high-dimensional data from medical images (such as CT or MRI scans) and corresponding genomic information, the proposed method seeks to identify critical latent features that contribute to the detection and understanding of lung metastasis. The MCJNMF frameworks integrate multiple constraints to better reflect the biological relationships between the two modalities, while CNNs automatically extract imaging features to improve prediction accuracy. This hybrid approach aims to improve clinical decisionmaking by providing more interpretable models and more accurate predictions regarding lung metastasis development in sarcoma patients. Preliminary results indicate that the integration of imaging and genomic data enhances the model's performance compared to traditional methods.

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CNN,MCJNMf,STS,U-Net,MRI,CT,Cancer

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The process of filing tax return of an assessee through digital or electronic mode is called e-filling. This method aims to substitute and overcome the traditional tax return procedure which create hindrances like stand in long queue, lots of manual paper works, time consuming process etc. The advancement in the technology with high-speed internet connectivity, minimizes the tax compliances in very short period of time with more degree of accuracy compared to previous years. Emerging software advancement in the present era has required huge awareness of its use. The present study concentrates the Facilities, awareness and satisfaction level of the taxpayers regarding e-filling of income tax return. A field survey was conducted at Keonjhar district of Odisha comprising various category of tax payer including men and women. For the above purpose data was collected through structured questionnaire and 280 no. of respondent's response had been received and data are analyzed with the help of various statistical tools like Crosstab technique, Chi-square test etc. The software technology like SPSS and MS Excel also used. The study made a conclusive finding that Gender wise similar response have been received regarding satisfaction on filing IT returns online and variations have been observed on the satisfaction of accessibility & easiness of return filing. Exiting e-filling user satisfied with the modern procedures and new users having lack of awareness regarding this facility.

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E-filing, Satisfaction level. Assessee, Return filing

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Standing how costs change in response to changes in activity levels. It's a crucial aspect of cost analysis, helping businesses make informed decisions about pricing, production, and overall profitability. Cost analysis, in turn, is the study of how costs are incurred and how they relate to different aspects of a business, such as production, sales, and various operational activities.

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Costing, Cost Behaviour, Cost Analysis, Costing factors

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The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution serve as a guiding framework for the governance of the country. Although non-justiciable, these principles provide a roadmap for the state to pursue social, economic, and political justice, thereby striving to balance social welfare and economic growth. This paper explores the role of DPSP in India's constitutional framework, examining their significance in shaping policies that aim to promote the well-being of all citizens, especially the marginalized sections of society. It delves into how these principles influence the formulation of laws and policies concerning education, healthcare, labor rights, and environmental protection. The paper critically analyzes the intersection of DPSP with the Fundamental Rights, exploring the ongoing judicial balancing act between promoting individual freedoms and ensuring social and economic justice. In addition, the paper assesses the practical challenges in implementing these directives within the context of a rapidly growing economy. One of the central themes is the tension between fostering economic growth through liberalization and global integration, while simultaneously ensuring that the benefits of growth are equitably distributed through welfare-oriented policies. The role of the judiciary in interpreting the DPSP and guiding the legislature in balancing these competing demands is also highlighted. By examining landmark cases such as Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) and State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), the paper demonstrates how judicial review has shaped the dynamic relationship between welfare and growth. The paper concludes with a reflection on the need for a nuanced approach that integrates both economic advancement and social justice within India's constitutional framework.

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Directive Principles of State Policy, Social Welfare, Economic Growth, Judicial Review, Constitutional Framework

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Introduction: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common complications of stroke with a prevalence of 55%. It limits the recovery of a patient's motor and cognitive functions and also affects the rehabilitation and quality of life. The present study aims to compare the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Virtual Reality on Post-Stroke Depression. Methods and materials: In this study 20 participants were included and were randomized into two groups. Stroke patients with post-stroke depression between the age group of 21-75 years old of both genders were included. They were allocated to two groups ie. Virtual Reality coupled with conventional physiotherapy (Group A) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation coupled with conventional physiotherapy (Group B) by envelope method. The primary outcome measure was the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the secondary outcome measures were the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results: Statistical analysis showed significant improvement across all measures in both groups. However, participants in the VR group demonstrated greater reductions in depression scores, enhanced cognitive performance, and improved functional independence compared to those receiving tDCS. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Virtual Reality improved post-stroke depression, cognitive function, and activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with post-stroke depression

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Keywords: Post-stroke depression, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Virtual Reality, Subacute and Chronic Stroke.

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Existence of a section of society has always been at severe stake is termed as marginalized group. The upper caste dominant section has successfully controlled the other section by different ways which resulted their suffocation and loss of identity. The term 'subaltern', as Antonio Gramsci coined, refers to those who are outside of the dominant power structures causing them to remain suppressed and treated inferior and low ranked. The term identifies it the cultural hegemony that leads their inability ever since the colonial times. Their voices were muted and unnoticed in terms of social, political, and economic power. The present research attempts to explore 'the subaltern voices' that indicates the voice of suppressed individuals. Here, this term refers to sociological inability due to certain conquering elements rather than biological. The present research paper incorporates marginalized voices of social and cultural domains in Anosh Irani's Dahanu Road (2011). The novel highlights the history of the relation between the landowning Irani and the Warli tribe. The landowner Zairos Irani gets shocked when he comes to know that Ganpat, a member of the Warli tribe, commits suicide in the chickoo orchard. This offers a portrayal of contemporary India dealing with issues of caste, religion, and socio-economic inequality.

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existence, marginalized, dominant, subaltern voices, cultural hegemony, Warli tribe, social inequality

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Traditional power generation methods, particularly those relying on non-renewable sources, have detrimental environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a pressing need for alternative, eco-friendly power generation techniques. This study explores a novel approach to power generation utilizing manual treadmills. A treadmill's rotating shaft can be connected to a generator, enabling the conversion of human motion into electrical energy. This method is entirely pollution-free and can generate approximately 50-60 watts of power per hour. As an individual walks on the manual treadmill, they exert force on its surface, which causes the treadmill's shaft to rotate. This rotational energy is mechanically coupled to a small DC generator, which produces variable output due to the intermittent nature of the force exerted. To stabilize the output, a charge controller is employed, ensuring a constant supply of power. The generated electricity is stored in a battery for later use. This approach offers a sustainable and innovative solution for small-scale power generation.

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Traditional power generation methods, particularly those relying on non-renewable sources, have detrimental environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a pressing need for alternative, eco-friendly power generation techniques. This study explores a novel approach to power generation utilizing manual treadmills. A treadmill's rotating shaft can be connected to a generator, enabling the conversion of human motion into electrical energy. This method is entirely pollution-free and can generate a

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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) plays a crucial role in civil engineering by protecting innovations, structural designs, materials, and construction technologies. With the growing demand for sustainable infrastructure, smart construction, and digitalization, civil engineers are developing new materials, methodologies, and digital tools that require legal protection. This paper explores the various forms of IPR--including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets--and their applications in civil engineering. It also highlights the role of IPR in emerging fields such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design, and smart infrastructure. The paper further discusses key challenges in enforcing IPR in the construction industry, such as patent disputes, international regulatory differences, and ethical considerations. Finally, future prospects are explored, including the potential of block chain technology in intellectual property management and the impact of open-source engineering.

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(Key Words: Smart Construction, Sustainable Infrastructure, AI, BIM).

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Cloud computing is a model used to provide like IT services and resources on demand through Internet. The model offers platform for deployment, convenient access to web services, storage and so on to user or organization to purchase the required services as per their requirements. Load Balancing is a key aspect in the field of cloud computing which works as load distributer among available nodes for processing and avoid the situation in which some node become overloaded while other nodes in network are free or have little work to complete. It is a common issue in cloud computing which affects the performance of the application, Quality of Service (QOS) measures and Service Level Agreement (SLA) document of cloud providers. This Paper presents a literature survey of various existing load balancing methodologies or algorithms in different forms such as static, dynamic, nature inspired in cloud environment which is mainly focused on response time, virtual machine costing, fault tolerance and throughput. This survey will be beneficial for future researchers to review and compare different types of load balancing algorithm and find the insight to identify research gaps as inspiration for new innovations in the field of load balancing in cloud computing.

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Load Balancing, Virtualization, Virtual Machine, Load Balancing Algorithm, Coud Computing

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This study focuses on evaluating the Levels of Service (LOS) for both vehicles at Abhishek Circle in Mysore, a busy intersection with high traffic and pedestrian activity. Data collection through traffic volume survey and traffic flow analysis is conducted. Key challenges identified include heavy vehicle volumes and traffic delays due to inefficient signal timings. Solutions for improving the intersection include optimizing traffic signal and reorganizing traffic lanes to enhance safety and flow for vehicles by designing the traffic signal which leads to reduction in the accident rates in the intersection.

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Traffic lanes, Abhishek circle, Vlos, traffic signals, accdient rates

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Clothing serves several essential functions, including protection, identification, and adornment. Among the methods used to enhance fabrics, printing techniques play a significant role, while conventional techniques like screen printing and block printing are still commonly used. Recently, eco-printing has emerged as a contemporary and sustainable technique that utilizes plant materials to create unique colors and patterns on textiles. Mordants, particularly a few Natural Mordants are critical in this process as they enhance and improve color quality with changes in the natural pigment of the flower & leaf and base colour of the fabric, resulting in unexpected results. This study aims to investigate the effects of pre-mordanting and post-mordanting on the color quality, shape, depth, fastness properties, and overall aesthetics of cotton fabrics printed with natural dyes derived from flowers and leaves. Flower and leaf impression printing, also known as floral impressionism or pounding, is an innovative technique that uses the natural shapes and colors of flowers to create unique prints on fabric. This eco-friendly method involves pressing fresh flowers or leaves into cloth, either by hand or using a hammer for the printing press, to transfer their intricate patterns and vibrant hues. As the textile industry faces scrutiny for its significant environmental impact, adopting sustainable practices like flower & leaf impression printing can revolutionize fabric printing and reduce pollution. Few benefits of Natural Printing, which contribute to both environment and Design Aesthetics are 1. Eco-Friendly Process ,2. Sustainable Fabrics,3. Minimal Waste, 4. Unique Aesthetic,5. Promoting Awareness, 6.Innovative.

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1. Eco-Friendly Process ,2. Sustainable Fabrics,3. Minimal Waste, 4. Unique Aesthetic,5. Promoting Awareness, 6.Innovative, 7.Carbon footprint reduction

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numerous types of cybercrime are organized through the internet.this focuses the phishing attacks the most severe and dangerous cyberattacks on the internet followed by mock sites,to obtain the required data from people in question from other people of marked cybercrimes

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Phishing,cybercrime,mock sites

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In the current era, computer technology has become ubiquitous across diverse domains. The integration of advanced systems, such as artificial intelligence, has introduced novel opportunities, capabilities, and challenges within the educational landscape. AI, through its ability to emulate human cognition in drawing conclusions and making predictions, empowers computer-based tools to offer personalized instruction, assistance, and feedback to both learners and educators. This study explores the influence of AI on education, discussing its key applications and examining the perceived advantages associated with its implementation.

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Ubiquitous, Artificial intelligence, educational landscape, personalized instruction, computer-based tools, human cognition.

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The rapid growth of Financial Technology (FinTech) has been a key driver in enhancing financial inclusion, particularly in rural India. This study investigates the post-pandemic adoption of digital payments in rural India, focusing on behavioural aspects such as savings, credit access, payment/transaction efficiency, and safety. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the reliance on digital solutions, yet there is a gap in understanding the behavioural factors influencing the adoption of FinTech in rural areas. This research employs a mixed-method approach, using stratified and convenience sampling methods to select a sample of 400 respondents from rural villages in Gurugram, Srinagar, Pune, and Hyderabad. Structured questionnaires are used to collect data on digital payment usage, socio-economic factors, and perceptions towards digital financial services. The findings highlight that awareness and knowledge (AAK) significantly impact financial inclusion (FI), with a path coefficient of 0.228, followed by safety (SAF) and credit access (CA), both demonstrating positive contributions. The role of payment technology (PAT) was found to have the weakest effect on financial inclusion, indicating that while technological solutions are important, they must be combined with trust and financial literacy to drive meaningful change. The study confirms that the perceived safety of digital transactions plays a critical role in adoption, particularly in rural settings where digital literacy may be lower. The R-squared value of 0.405 suggests that the independent variables (AAK, CA, PAT, SAF, and TIT) collectively explain 40.5% of the variance in financial inclusion. Furthermore, the research shows that perceived safety and trust in technology are significant determinants in the adoption of digital payments, underlining the importance of secure and trusted digital platforms for enhancing financial inclusion. The study contributes to the understanding of how FinTech platforms influence financial inclusion in rural India, offering insights into how awareness, access to credit, safety, and trust shape adoption behaviors. The findings have important policy implications for improving digital payment systems, ensuring their accessibility and safety, and ultimately driving greater financial inclusion in rural India

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Awareness, Credit Access, Safety, and Trust in Technology

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Great Expectations by Charles Dickens stands as a seminal example of the Bildungsroman--a genre that charts the psychological and moral growth of its protagonist from youth to maturity. This research article examines Pip's evolution from a humble, kind-hearted child into a man confronted with the corrupting influence of wealth and the eventual reclamation of his intrinsic values. Through a close reading of key episodes in the narrative--his initial innocence, the impact of his encounter with Miss Havisham and Estella, his transformation upon inheriting wealth, and the shattering revelation of his benefactor's true identity--the study reveals how Pip's internal journey mirrors broader societal critiques of Victorian class and materialism. This article argues that Pip's maturation is marked not by social ascension but by a deep moral reawakening. Ultimately, Dickens posits that true gentility is a matter of character, rather than wealth or status, challenging the Victorian preoccupation with external markers of success. This paper contributes to the scholarly discourse by framing Pip's journey as a complex interplay between personal transformation and societal critique, emphasizing that the path to self-knowledge and redemption often involves confronting uncomfortable truths about oneself.

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Victorian society, materialism, redemption, transformation, revelation

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