Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

AI-powered visual content moderation systems play a crucial role in maintaining digital safety and integrity. These systems employ advanced machine learning, computer vision, and deep learning algorithms to analyze and filter images and videos based on predefined standards. By recognizing objects, scenes, and facial expressions, AI moderators can detect explicit, harmful, or misleading content. Additionally, metadata and text extraction aid in understanding contextual elements within multimedia files. While AI moderation offers efficiency and scalability, it faces challenges such as bias, false positives, and contextual misinterpretation. Ethical concerns, including privacy and censorship, necessitate continuous refinement and human oversight to ensure fairness and accuracy in automated moderation. As AI technology evolves, integrating improved models and diverse datasets will help create more responsible and adaptable content moderation frameworks.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) ,Content Moderation ,Visual Analysis ,Image Recognition ,Machine Learning (ML)

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One of the most profound impacts of technology on corporate law is the automation of routine legal processes. Tools such as contract management software, legal research platforms, and document automation systems have streamlined various functions, allowing legal teams to operate more efficiently

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Block chain, due diligence, billable, Natural language processing, Artificial intelligence

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Diabetes Mellitus is among the critical diseases and many people are suffering from this disease. Age, obesity, lack of exercise, hereditary diabetes, lifestyle, bad diet, high blood pressure, etc., can cause Diabetes Mellitus. People with diabetes have a high risk of diseases like heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, eye problem, nerve damage, etc. Current practice in hospital is to collect required information for diabetes diagnosis through various tests and appropriate treatment is provided based on diagnosis. Big Data Analytics plays an significant role in healthcare industries. Healthcare industries have large volume databases. Using big data analytics one can study huge datasets and find hidden information, hidden patterns to discover knowledge from the data and predict outcomes accordingly. In existing method, the classification and prediction accuracy is not so high. In this paper, we have proposed a diabetes prediction model for better classification of diabetes which includes few external factors responsible for diabetes along with regular factors like Glucose, BMI, Age, Insulin, etc. Classification accuracy is boosted with the new dataset compared to the existing dataset. Further, a pipeline model for diabetes prediction was imposed, intended to improve classification accuracy.

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 Keywords

Diabetes Prediction, Machine Learning, Predictive Modeling, Disease Diagnosis, Type 2 Diabetes, Risk Factor Analysis, Data Mining, Classification Algorithms, Feature Selection, Model Evaluation, Predictive Analytics, Early Detection, Healthcare Informatics, Medical Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare.

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation that can improve the limb's motor function by remote modifications in the central motor system. Bilateral Arm training (BAT) involves use of the affected arm which is in association with the unaffected arm that initiate interlimb coupling, which mitigates interhemispheric inhibition and in turn helps improving affected limb function. The current paper presents the protocol for conducting research into the efficacy of Transcranial Direct current stimulation and Bilateral Arm Training on neurological upper limb impairments. A single blind randomized clinical trial will be conducted involving Transcranial Direct current stimulation and Bilateral Arm Training on 20 individuals with neurological upper limb impairments. The group A intervention consists of Bihemispheric stimulation of 1 mA for 20 minutes while group B will receive Bilateral arm training along with convention therapy in both the groups for a total duration of 50 minutes. Participants of the assigned group will receive 10 sessions of treatment over 2 weeks. Outcomes used will be subjective Pre and post-treatment assessments will be done using Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Fugyl Meyer assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE).

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tDCS, stroke, bilateral arm training, neurological upper limb impairments

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The village-fringe mangroves of the Sundarbans serve as crucial bio-shields against storms, surges, and erosion. However, long-term unsustainable resource use and hydro-geomorphic changes have degraded these ecosystems. Cyclone Bulbul (9th November 2019), with 119 km/h winds, caused widespread damage. This study analyses its impact on vegetation and canopy gaps across five village-fringe sites in the south-western Sundarbans using Landsat-8 data. Dense canopies were severely degraded, especially in North-Bakkhali and Shikarpur, while Dwarikanagar saw lesser impact but signs of vegetation decline. The findings highlight the urgent need for periodic, site-specific monitoring and sustainable management to restore and protect the ecological health of these vulnerable mangrove zones.

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Sundarbans, Cyclone Bulbul, mangroves, canopy gap formation, vegetation dynamics, coastal erosion, sustainable management, ecosystem restoration.

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Index Terms - Flat plate solar collector, CFD, Ansys Fluent, solar radiation, collector efficiency,

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This study explores the impact of flexible work policies on women's career development in the Indian corporate sector. It investigates how perceived flexibility influences job satisfaction, career progression, promotion likelihood, and workforce retention among women in desk-based roles. Using a structured questionnaire, data was collected from 120 respondents across multiple industries. A quantitative research design was chosen to ensure objective analysis of multiple variables using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study is grounded in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and Conservation of Resources (COR) theory to examine how flexibility as a resource influences motivation and long-term career investment. Hypothesis testing was conducted using linear regression, independent samples t-test, mediation analysis, chi-square, and logistic regression. The findings suggest that flexible work significantly enhances job satisfaction and perceived career growth, mediated by work-life balance. However, flexibility does not show significant statistical correlation with actual promotions or retention intent. These results suggest that while flexibility is a valuable resource, structural barriers still affect career advancement. The paper provides insights for policy-makers and HR professionals to develop more inclusive workplace policies.

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Flexible work policies, women's career growth, work-life balance, job satisfaction, promotion, retention, JD-R model, COR theory, Indian corporate sector, remote work, hybrid work, gender equity, workplace flexibility, organizational support, career progression.

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The internet has become an integral part of modern life, revolutionizing how individuals communicate, transact, learn, and conduct business. However, this digital transformation has also led to the emergence of serious cyber threats, including hacking, identity theft, phishing scams, cyberbullying, data breaches, and the spread of misinformation. In response to these growing challenges, countries worldwide, including India, have developed comprehensive legal frameworks known as cyberlaws to regulate digital conduct and ensure user safety. This paper explores the critical role of cyberlaws and emphasizes the urgent need for public awareness in the current digital landscape. India's primary legal framework for governing cyberspace is the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), which defines cyber offenses and prescribes penalties. The paper outlines essential sections under the IT Act that deal with hacking (Sections 43 and 66), identity theft (Sections 66C and 72), phishing and online fraud (Section 66D), cyberstalking and harassment (Sections 66E and 354D), and cyberterrorism (Section 66F). These laws not only criminalize malicious activities but also empower individuals to protect themselves and seek legal remedies. Additionally, provisions like Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act allow electronic records such as emails and messages to be used as admissible evidence in court, highlighting the growing importance of digital documentation in legal proceedings. The paper further examines the evolution of data protection norms with the introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the relevance of Sections 43A and 72A of the IT Act, which mandate responsible handling of sensitive personal data. It also discusses the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, aiming to establish a Data Protection Authority and extend greater control to users over their digital information. In addition to cybercrimes, the paper explores the significance of Intellectual Property (IP) laws, which protect digital creations such as music, art, software, and designs. Raising awareness about IP rights helps prevent unintentional infringements, fosters innovation, and ensures recognition for creators. The study also focuses on the widespread issue of online financial fraud, including phishing, UPI scams, and fake investment schemes. By highlighting legal recourses and promoting digital literacy, individuals--especially vulnerable groups--can be better equipped to protect their finances. Lastly, the paper addresses social media misuse, a growing concern in the digital age. Cyberbullying, identity theft, misinformation, and online defamation are prevalent on these platforms, necessitating user education and ethical digital behavior.

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Cyberlaws

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In the dynamic field of civil engineering, concrete remains an indomitable material choice due to its versatile properties suited for myriad construction applications--from monumental infrastructure projects to intricate architectural designs. The quest for optimizing this ubiquitous resource's performance has led researchers to focus on refining mix design practices and strategically employing admixtures in concrete formulations. This paper delves into the intricacies of modern concrete mix design, with a specific emphasis on evaluating various admixture types available today--including superplasticizers, air-entraining agents, retarding agents, and accelerators. We begin by providing a historical perspective on the evolution of concrete technology, highlighting how advancements in admixture chemistry have revolutionized material performance parameters over time. This backdrop sets the stage for our investigation into contemporary mix design practices where judicious selection of both base materials and strategic additions like admixtures plays a pivotal role in achieving desired outcomes such as workability at placement, strength development post-curing, resistance to environmental degradation factors (e.g., freeze-thaw cycles), and cost efficiency considerations. To elucidate our research objectives clearly, we outline specific questions pertaining to the identification of suitable admixtures based on project requirements--ranging from enhancing workability for complex architectural elements versus prioritizing durability in aggressive environments such as marine or chloride-rich conditions. Our methodology involves a thorough experimental approach wherein different admixture types are tested under controlled laboratory settings against predefined criteria set by design objectives, including both fresh and hardened state properties of the concrete mixes thus generated. Key findings from our study suggest that judicious application of selected admixtures can significantly enhance material performance parameters--demonstrating significant potential for cost-effective solution formulations tailored to specific project needs rather than relying on one-size-fits-all approaches common in traditional mix design practices. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into the practical applications and benefits associated with strategic use of admixtures within concrete mix designs globally, thereby contributing towards more informed decision-making processes for engineers involved in material selection and project management within the construction industry.

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 Keywords

Concrete mix design, Admixture chemistry, Superplasticizers, Air entraining agents, Retarding agents, Accelerators, Material optimization

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This paper presents the design and implementation of a drone-based system intended for real-time event monitoring, management, and audio surveillance. The system integrates a Pixhawk 6C flight controller, a Wi-Fi camera, and a wireless speaker to deliver aerial video surveillance and real-time public audio announcements. Operated via Mission Planner software, the drone supports manual, semi-autonomous, and autonomous modes of flight. The results demonstrate significant improvements in event safety, communication efficiency, and surveillance effectiveness. The project was successfully executed and completed, showing potential for deployment in academic, public, and emergency response scenarios.

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Drone, Pixhawk, Surveillance, Audio Broadcasting, Mission Planner, Event Monitoring, Autonomous System

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 Abstract

Unrequited love has long been a subject of profound exploration in literature, with poets Rabindranath Tagore and Rainer Maria Rilke offering distinctive yet complementary perspectives on the emotional and spiritual dimensions of this theme. This article delves into the treatment of unrequited love in the poetry of both Tagore and Rilke, highlighting how each poet explores the emotional and spiritual growth that arises from longing. Tagore approaches unrequited love as a path to divine grace, emphasizing love's transformative power in uniting the soul with the infinite. His works suggest that even unfulfilled desire can be an expression of spiritual devotion and a means of transcending worldly attachments. In contrast, Rilke's treatment of unrequited love reflects his existential philosophy, where longing and solitude serve as catalysts for self-realization and artistic expression. For Rilke, emotional pain becomes a tool for inner growth, enabling the individual to engage more deeply with life and art. Through a comparative analysis, this article highlights the cultural and philosophical differences between the Indian spiritual tradition of Tagore and the Western existentialism of Rilke. Ultimately, both poets affirm that unrequited love, rather than diminishing the self, leads to profound emotional and spiritual evolution. By examining their works, modern readers are offered insights into reframing their own experiences of longing and emotional solitude as opportunities for personal and creative growth.

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Unrequited love, Rabindranath Tagore, Rainer Maria Rilke, spiritual grace, existential solitude, self-realization, comparative literature, longing.

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Abstract--The industrial revolution and technological advancement started in the 18th century have a lot to boast for its success in many aspects of human life like reduction in infant mortality rate, human life expectancy, education, health, global food production etc. But the development and gains have many flip sides also. It is not sustainable in long run. It is undermining the ability of the environment and ecosystem, disturbing the fine balance of nature on the planet which is threatening the lives of many species on earth. The main cause of Environmental problems is excessive emission of Green House Gases (GHG) like CO2, NO2, SO2, CO etc. due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet the energy demand of human beings and reduction in forest cover. The sustainability debate started in the 1960s with the beginning of a modern environmental movement. Urbanization which is a hallmark of Industrialization creates a huge demand for modern building construction material as modern building construction techniques use processed building materials like cement, steel, tiles, aluminium, glass, and bricks etc. which are produced in the construction industry. As per estimate building and construction together consumes around 36% of global final energy. The building sector is growing at a very high rate and it is estimated that over the next 40 years, the world is expected to build 230 billion m2 in new construction. (UN, Global status report 2017) adding to the existing 235 billion m2 in 2016. This growth will push energy demand to a very high level from the construction sector itself, globally. The building and construction industry accounts for about 40% of energy rated CO2 emissions. The experts and policymakers started a debate on how to reduce the energy demand and how to reduce the adverse impact of the built environment without compromising its functionality. The experts started a discussion on methods and means of construction to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts on the environment and make the building sector more sustainable. This gave birth to the "Green Building Concept". The built environment should be planned, designed and constructed in such a way that its adverse impact and influence on natural eco-cycles are minimal.

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Eco-friendly, Green Building, Industrial revolution, Eco-Cycle

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The ability of computer vision technology to recognize objects and impediments, especially in inclement weather, is essential for improving Autonomous Vehicles' (AVs') environmental perception in intelligent transportation systems. Object-detecting systems, which are crucial to modern safety protocols, monitoring infrastructure, and intelligent transportation, face significant challenges under adverse weather conditions. AVs rely mostly on image processing algorithms for guidance and decision-making, which make use of a variety of onboard visual sensors. Even in bad weather, it is crucial to make sure that important components like cars, pedestrians, and road lanes are consistently identified. In addition to offering a thorough analysis of the literature on Object Detection (OD) in inclement weather, this paper explores the constantly changing field of AV architecture, the difficulties faced by automated vehicles in inclement weather, the fundamentals of OD, and the landscape of conventional and deep learning (DL) approaches for OD within the context of AVs. These methods are crucial for improving AVs' ability to identify and react to items in their environment. By successfully connecting these approaches with the developing area of AVs, this study explores earlier studies that used both standard and DL methodologies for the detection of cars, pedestrians, and road lanes. Additionally, this study provides a thorough examination of the datasets frequently used in AV research, emphasizing the identification of critical components in many environmental situations before summarizing the evaluation matrix. We anticipate that this review will aid researchers in better understanding this field of study.

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Intelligent transportation system; autonomous vehicles; object detection; deep learning; Traditional approaches

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Chicken feathers, a significant waste product of the poultry industry, are increasingly recognized as a sustainable source of keratin, a protein with high tensile strength and biodegradability. Traditional keratin extraction methods, relying on harsh chemicals, pose environmental concerns. This abstract explores recent advancements in green extraction technologies, including enzymatic treatments and deep eutectic solvents, which offer reduced environmental impact while preserving keratin's functional properties. Extracted keratin exhibits versatility across biomedicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and materials science. In biomedicine, its biocompatibility makes it suitable for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Cosmetics utilize keratin's conditioning abilities, while agriculture benefits from its use in slow-release fertilizers. Material science explores its potential in bioplastics and environmental remediation. This review examines the efficiency, scalability, and environmental costs of green extraction technologies compared to traditional methods. It also explores innovative applications of feather-based keratin and identifies commercialization successes and ongoing challenges. By promoting sustainable waste-to-resource strategies, this study aims to contribute to circular bioeconomy models, minimizing environmental contamination and generating value-added products from poultry waste.

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Chicken feather, keratin, green extraction technologies, circular bioeconomy

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The increasingly dynamic cyber security threat landscape requires more, smarter processing of large volumes of digital data. Traditional, sequential analysis methods simply can't offer real-time answers to modern security's demands. In response to this, this study introduces a secure, parallelized paradigm of data analysis tailored for use in cybersecurity. The system manages master operations--such as sorting of files, extracting metadata, scanning for malicious content, and wise file analysis with the aid of large language models (LLMs). Driven by a particularly crafted parallel computation environment, it handles bulk files efficiently, enhancing threat detection at speed, streamlining resource consumption, and making more stable threat intelligence. Our results show significant increases in processing speed, earlier threat detection, and increased preparedness for cyber forensics, which means that this framework is a valuable tool for incident response teams and digital investigators.

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Cybersecurity, Parallel Computing, Data Segregation, Metadata Extraction, Threat Detection, Large Language Models (LLM), Digital Forensics

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Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a traditional medicinal fruit with significant gastrointestinal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. This study focuses on the formulation of an instant health drink powder comprising bael fruit powder, dextrose, ascorbic acid, citric acid, magnesium carbonate, flavoring agents, and preservatives. Aegle marmelos (L belonging to family Rutaceae is one of the most useful medicinal plants of India. Various parts of Bel like leaves, roots, stems, fruit, and bark are composed of different phytochemicals like alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. The product is designed for easy reconstitution in water and enhanced with functional ingredients to improve taste, stability, and health benefits. The final formulation provides nutritional support, hydration, and antioxidant activity, suitable for all age groups.

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Bael powder, nutraceutical, instant drink, pharmacological activity, formulation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Stress is a universal element and individuals in every walk of life have to face it. The employees working in different organizations have to deal with stress. Especially Bankers are under a great deal of stress due to many antecedents of stress. At this juncture, an attempt is being made to analyze the stress level of bank employees. So, this study intended to identify the causes of stress among bank employees and to study how these factors effect on employee health.

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Stress, Occupational stress, Banking Industry

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which established the three-tier Panchayati Raj system in India, marked a transformative step in local governance and women empowerment. By mandating one-third reservation for women in elected positions, this amendment opened new avenues for rural women to participate in political decision-making processes. Himachal Pradesh, known for its socio-economic progress relative to other Indian states, has effectively implemented this mandate, subsequently raising the reservation to 50%. This paper aims to examine the impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) on women's empowerment in Himachal Pradesh. It assesses the nature of their participation, socio-political influence, and the barriers hindering qualitative leadership. Drawing upon secondary data sources and scholarly studies, this research analyzes how the reservation policy has translated into social mobility, economic independence, and leadership development for women, especially in rural areas. The paper also discusses the complementary role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), training initiatives, and policy amendments. The study reveals both achievements and persisting challenges. While women's representation in PRIs has significantly increased, issues like proxy leadership, patriarchal attitudes, limited training, and socio-cultural constraints still limit their functional autonomy. Evidence suggests that combining capacity building with participatory governance models and integrating women's collectives with PRIs can foster more sustainable empowerment. The paper argues that Panchayati Raj in Himachal Pradesh has led to notable changes in gender relations at the grassroots, yet full empowerment demands consistent institutional support and social reform. The study proposes actionable strategies to strengthen women's roles within local governance structures and advocates for inclusive, gender-sensitive policy interventions.

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Women, Empowerment, Progress, Panchayati Raj,73rd Amendment

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease affecting millions worldwide, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Unani medicine, an ancient healing system originating from Greco-Arabic traditions, offers a holistic approach to manage OA symptoms. This paper provides a comprehensive review of Unani therapeutics for OA, encompassing historical background, etiology according to Unani philosophy, diagnostic principles, and evidence-based treatment modalities. Through an analysis of recent scientific studies and traditional Unani texts, this review evaluates the efficacy and safety of commonly used Unani interventions, including herbal formulations, dietary recommendations, lifestyle modifications, and physical therapies. Additionally, challenges and future directions in integrating Unani medicine with conventional approaches for OA management are discussed.

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Unani medicine, osteoarthritis, Waja-ul-Mafasil, traditional medicine, herbal therapy, Ilaj bil-Tadbeer, anti-inflammatory agents, regimenal therapy, joint disorders, complementary and alternative medicine.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the last decade, blockchain technology has come into being and has gained a lot of traction in many sectors, including banking, government, energy, health, etc. This paper provides a detailed analysis of blockchain technologies in the medical field. Indeed, in this field, on-going research is advancing rapidly. We have therefore produced many state-of-the-art use cases using blockchain technology, such as the sharing of electronic medical records, remote access for patients, the supply chain of medicines, etc. In the healthcare sector, stakeholders need interoperability, security, authenticity, transparency and seamless transactions. The Internet-based blockchain technology promises to enable peer-to-peer and interoperable use of current health data using a patient-centred approach that excludes third parties. Applications for managing and exchanging safe, transparent and immutable systematic fraud audit trails can be created with this technology. In order to identify key challenges faced by different health stakeholders and to analyse the features of blockchain technology that could solve identified problems, the present study analyses existing literature. We also concentrated on finding the limitations of the approaches studied and finally discussed some open research concerns and potential areas of research. However, future studies must be focused on the concerns and disadvantages of this technology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Blockchain, Smart contracts, PHR (Personal Health Records), healthcare, access control.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition