Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

This paper details the development and construction of a cycloidal gearbox designed to deliver high torque within compact mechanical systems. Cycloidal drives are known for their low backlash, high torque capacity, and space efficiency, making them well-suited for use in robotics and industrial automation. The project encompassed CAD design, finite element analysis (FEA), and the physical fabrication of a prototype single-stage cycloidal gearbox. Key performance metrics including gear ratio, torque output, and efficiency were measured and compared with theoretical predictions. The completed assembly confirmed the viability of producing cost-effective, high-performance cycloidal drives for a range of engineering applications.

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 Keywords

FEA, CAD Design, Cycloidal Gearbox, Fabrication, High torque transmission, Gearbox design, Efficiency

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This study aims to detect lung cancer at its early stages and evaluate the accuracy of various machine learning models used in this process. Through an extensive review of existing literature, it was observed that some classification algorithms yield lower accuracy, while others perform better but still fall short of achieving near-perfect results. One of the major challenges is the high implementation cost and low accuracy, often due to the improper handling of DICOM images. In medical imaging, several types of scans are available, but CT (Computed Tomography) images are preferred due to their reduced noise levels. Deep learning has emerged as the most effective approach for tasks like lung nodule detection, classification, feature extraction, and predicting the stage of lung cancer. The proposed system initially applies image processing methods to isolate the lung region. Segmentation is carried out using the K-Means clustering algorithm. After segmentation, features are extracted and classified using multiple machine learning techniques. The efficiency of these methods is assessed based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and classification time.

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Structural Co-occurrence Matrix (SCM), Classifier, Dataset, ROC Curve, Malignant Nodule, Benign Nodule

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This study explores the complex and far-reaching impact of colonialism and Christianity on the Rengma Naga, a distinct Indigenous community in Northeast India. It critically examines the profound transitions in their socio-political and cultural landscape brought about by these twin forces of historical change. With a focus on the Rengma's traditional political institutions, the paper traces how pre-colonial governance structures, rooted in customary laws and community consensus, began to evolve and decline with the advent of British colonial rule and the introduction of Christianity. These external influences not only redefined authority and decision-making within Rengma society but also catalyzed a broader shift toward modern political institutions. While colonial administration often undermined indigenous governance through indirect rule and restructuring of territorial boundaries, the arrival of Christianity brought new educational and moral frameworks that further accelerated cultural transformation. As traditional beliefs and rituals were gradually replaced, many Rengma practices once central to communal life were sidelined or reinterpreted through Christian norms. This dual intervention--administrative and spiritual--reshaped the identity and cohesion of the community in ways that continue to reverberate today. Rather than viewing these changes as linear or purely disruptive, the study adopts a nuanced lens that considers both loss and adaptation. It foregrounds the agency of the Rengma in navigating these shifts, illustrating how elements of tradition have persisted or transformed within new contexts. By drawing on oral histories, archival records, and ethnographic insights, the article contributes to broader debates on colonial encounter, religious conversion, and indigenous resilience in the Northeast.

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 Keywords

Rengma Naga, Colonialism, Christianity, Western Education, Traditional political Institution, Modern political institutions.

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The project has been developed with the goal of enhancing online security by identifying and mitigating phishing threats. Phishing attacks have been identified as a major security concern, and traditional methods of detection have proven insufficient in handling sophisticated attacks. In this project, machine learning models have been employed to analyze URLs and classify them as either legitimate or phishing. Various features extracted from URLs, such as the presence of suspicious keywords, domain age, and the structure of the URL, have been considered for accurate classification. Datasets containing labeled URLs have been used for training and testing the models, with performance metrics evaluated to ensure optimal detection rates. The models have been optimized and validated using standard evaluation techniques, and their efficiency in real world scenarios has been demonstrated. By implementing this approach, the risks associated with phishing websites have been significantly reduced, and the reliability of the proposed solution has been confirmed

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 Keywords

Phishing Detection Online Security URL Classification Machine Learning Cybersecurity URL Features Suspicious Keywords Domain Age Phishing URLs Legitimate URLs Feature Extraction Model Evaluation Classification Models Threat Mitigation Detection Accuracy Dataset Labeling Real-world Application URL Structure Analysis Security Enhancement Phishing Prevention

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The study reveals that the opportunities driven dimension has a significant influence on the perceived marketing performance (PMP) of SMME entrepreneurs. Proactiveness and continuous innovation dimensions also have a significant impact on SMME units' PMP. However, the influence of customer intensity and risk-taking dimensions is not significant. The resource leverage dimension has a significant influence on SMME units' PMP. The study assumes that EM's dimension effect on the production and marketing performance of SMEs is moderated by gender. Women entrepreneurs have a higher influence on the opportunities-driven dimension than men, while proactiveness and continuous innovation dimensions have a significant difference. The study also finds that customer intensity and risk-taking dimensions have less significant influence on SMME performance.

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 Keywords

Perceived Marketing Performance, Entrepreneurial Marketing, Continuous Innovation

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Credit card fraud poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and financial institutions globally. The ever-evolving complexity of fraudulent techniques needs the expansion of innovative and vigorous detection systems. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have occurred as controlling tools in this domain, capable of identifying complex shapes and irregularities indicative of fraudulent transactions. This paper provides a complete impression of credit card fraud detection using ML techniques, discovering various algorithms, data preprocessing methods, performance valuation metrics, and tasks related with structure current fraud detection systems. We delve into the strengths and boundaries of different ML approaches and discuss future directions for investigate in this dangerous area.

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Credit Card Fraud Detection, Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Classification, Imbalanced Data, Fraud Prevention

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One way to do this is to determine the students' perceptions and their expectations of the educational environment. Students' perceptions and expectations can be a good basis for reform and improvement of the quality of the educational environment. There is a direct relationship between the learning of students and their perceptions of the educational environment. The research approach was quantitative in nature. 50 nursing students who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected using non probability convenient sampling technique. Interview method and rating scale was used to collect data.The study findings revealed that majority of the students had high level of expectation about their education, professionals and facilities in that, most of them were also satisfied with their education pattern, professionals and facilities.

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expectation. satisfaction

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India's rapid urbanization has necessitated a paradigm shift in urban mobility, leading to the rise of metro rail systems as key components of sustainable transport infrastructure. This paper examines the multifaceted impacts of metro rail development across economic, social, environmental, and spatial dimensions in Indian cities. Drawing from policy frameworks like the National Urban Transport Policy (2006) and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), the analysis explores how metros contribute to inclusive urban growth, reduce dependence on personal vehicles, and facilitate land value appreciation. Case studies from Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, and Hyderabad provide real-world evidence of metro rail projects transforming urban landscapes, boosting economic productivity, and promoting social equity. The study further investigates how metro infrastructure influences property markets, commuter behavior, and urban planning practices. Despite their potential, challenges persist in terms of project viability, financing models, and multimodal integration. By synthesizing findings from diverse sources, this research emphasizes metro rail systems as catalytic agents for sustainable urban transformation and offers insights for future policy alignment.

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Metro Rail, Urban Mobility, Sustainable Development, Economic Impact, Social Equity, Transit-Oriented Development

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The South Indian state of Kerala has preserved an extensive literary tradition from the 12th century onward, with Malayalam poetry evolving under the influence of various philosophical and cultural movements. Among these, Sufism played a significant role in shaping Malayalam poetry's thematic and aesthetic dimensions, much as it did in other Indian literary traditions. Sufi poetry in Malayalam, predominantly composed by Sufi mystics, is distinguished by its unique thematic and stylistic features, making it a standout genre in Malayalam poetry. This study investigates how the poet's mystical (Sufi) identity influences the poetics of Malayalam Sufi literature, contributing to the formation of a unique literary genre. The central research question guiding this inquiry is: How does the service or prophetic personality of Sufi poets shape the philosophical and poetic dimensions of Malayalam Sufi poetry, distinguishing it from works by non-mystical poets? This paper hypothesizes that the authors of these works were Sufis whose mystical experiences and prophetic inclinations deeply informed their literary output, enriching the philosophical depth and stylistic particularities of their poetry, a contribution that deserves appreciation. By examining the interplay between the poet's mystical identity and poetic expression, this research aims to illuminate how Sufi thought alters literary aesthetics and fosters a distinct genre within Malayalam literature.

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Malayalam Sufi poetry, mystical identity, literary imagination, philosophical

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The study reveals a positive relationship between opportunity-driven proactiveness, customer intensity, and innovation-focused marketing performance in SMEs. Proactiveness leads to better marketing outcomes, while customer intensity is a significant predictor of performance. Innovation-focused efforts also positively impact perceived production performance. Resource leveraging does not significantly influence perceived production performance, and overall performance does not show a significant relationship with marketing performance. Risk-taking has a marginally significant effect, while resource leveraging and value creation do not significantly influence marketing performance. The most influential factors for marketing performance are opportunities driven, proactiveness, customer intensity, and innovation, with risk-taking, resource leveraging, and value creation showing less influence.

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Entrepreneurial Marketing, Proactiveness, Innovation orientation

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This paper presents the design and implementation of an AIdriven voice-controlled hexapod robot, integrating natural language processing and real-time control for enhanced human-robot interaction. The hexapod robot, with its six-legged locomotion, offers superior stability and mobility over uneven terrain, making it ideal for exploratory, rescue, and surveillance applications. The system utilizes a speech recognition module powered by deep learning models to accurately interpret voice commands and translate them into coordinated robotic movements via inverse kinematics algorithms. An onboard microcontroller manages real time actuation, while wireless communication allows seamless remote control and monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate the robot's capability to respond to a variety of natural voice commands with high accuracy and minimal latency, showcasing its potential in both indoor and outdoor autonomous operations. The integration of AI voice interfaces with multi-legged robotics opens up new possibilities in intuitive, hands-free control mechanisms for complex robotic platforms.

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Hexapod Robot, Voice Control, Artificial-Intelligence, Speech Recognition, Inverse Kinematics, Real-Time Control, Human-Robot Interaction, Mobile Robotics

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Cybercrime has emerged as one of the most significant challenges in the digital age, threatening individuals, businesses, and national security. With the rapid expansion of internet use and digital transactions in India, incidents of cybercrime -- including hacking, data theft, cyberstalking, and online fraud -- have surged. This article explores the legal landscape governing cybercrime in India, with a focus on the Information Technology Act, 2000 and its subsequent amendments. It examines the effectiveness of existing legal provisions, the role of law enforcement agencies, and the procedural challenges in prosecuting cyber offenses..Cybersecurity in India is governed by a complex legal framework designed to protect information infrastructure, secure data, and mitigate cyber threats. The increasing digitalization across sectors has amplified the need for robust cybersecurity laws. The legal framework is still evolving and continuous steps have been taken by the authorities to promulgate legislations as and when required as evidenced in the last decade. In this paper, we examine the evolving cybersecurity legal framework in India and highlight the major problems and challenges. We explore the major legislation that deals with cybercrimes, data privacy and protection. We find that the present legal framework is still sub-optimal with a host of issues relating to coverage, awareness and implementation. Keywords: Cyber Security,Data Privacy, Information

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Cyber and data protection legal framework

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 Abstract

Culture plays a pivotal role in the development of any country, and the culture of a nation represents its values, goals, practices and shared beliefs. For a country like India, which is always known for its cultural diversity, it has been totally a precious and valuable thing from ages. Since times immemorial, India has always been famous for its cultural diversity because, in India, languages, beliefs, religions, customs and traditional values differ from place to place and from people to people. Followers of different religions like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and Buddhist etc. all share the same space, but the members of each of these different religions and cultures share a common identity of being Indian. All of them respect each other's religion without interfering into others values, traditions and customs because they all believe in the notion of Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam. Therefore, 'Unity in Diversity', these are not mere words but something that are highly applicable to a country like India, which is incredibly rich in cultural values. Everything from cultures and values to customs and traditions are special in this Land of Gods and that is the uniqueness of Indian culture. In this connection, the present paper is a study of Arundhati Roy's Booker Prize winner The God of Small Things, which commendably highlights the multicultural aspects of India.

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Society, Culture, Multiculturalism, Hybridity, Chutnification

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Background: Neem extract, which has antifungal and antibacterial qualities that aid in healing and soothing itchy scalps and preventing dandruff, is included in the formulated shampoo. Bhringraj extract boosts blood circulation to the scalp and roots, encouraging hair growth. Reetha extract is utilized as a foaming agent in the shampoo; it can be used as a hair cleanser and also aids in removing lice from the hair. Milk is an excellent natural moisturizer and conditioner for hair. Aim: The goal is to formulate and evaluate an herbal shampoo with all of its properties using natural ingredients, focusing on effectiveness and safety. Methods: Extracts of Azadirachta indica, Eclipta prostrata, Sapindus mukorossi, and powders of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia concinna, cow milk, honey, and distilled water were used in the formulation and subjected to Physical appearance, Determination of PH, Determination of solid content percentage, wetting time, Cleansing action, Foaming ability and foam stability, Stability study, Conditioning attributes, Skin irritation test, Density, Dirt dispersion test, Particle size determination. Conclusion: The evaluation parameters met the criteria and were within the acceptance range. Result: The prepared herbal shampoo and conditioner were found to be in the specified pH range, have good cleansing action, good wetting time, good stability, good density, good foam formation, desirable conditioning properties and, no skin irritation, no dirt dispersion.

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Azadirachta indica, Eclipta prostrata, Sapindus mukorossi, evaluation, herbal shampoo, Conditioner.

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Alcoholism is a chronic, curable illness that has a major effect on one's physical and mental well-being. By combining data from research on the connection between alcohol use disorder (AUD), psychosis, and overall health outcomes, this review seeks to close that gap. Ten of the 85 studies that were found through a thorough search of major databases met the inclusion requirements. The results show a substantial correlation between internalizing psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, and severe alcohol use. Early onset, masculine gender, low educational attainment, and socioeconomic adversity are important risk factors. Male young adults turned out to be a high-risk demographic, underscoring the significance of focused preventative and intervention measures. The use of self-reported data and the absence of long-term research are among the limitations. Future research should focus on longitudinal outcomes and more diverse populations to improve clinical responses and public health strategies.

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"alcohol", "psychosis", "general health"

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The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), initiated under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, marked a significant chapter in India's struggle for independence, witnessing widespread participation across various strata of society. This paper explores the often-overlooked contributions of women in the Bundelkhand sub-regions an area steeped in historical and cultural richness. Through a comprehensive study based on archival research, oral histories, and secondary literature, the paper highlights the multifaceted roles played by women, ranging from active participation in protests and boycotts to mobilizing communities and sustaining the nationalist fervor at the grassroots level. The research examines the socio-cultural difficulties that influenced and sometimes limited their participation, while also highlighting their resilience and agency. This research elucidates regional narratives, so enhancing the history of women's contributions to India's liberation fight and underscoring the importance of local movements in the context of national resistance activities.

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Non-Cooperation Movement, Women's Participation, Bundelkhand, Indian Freedom Struggle, Regional History, Gender and Nationalism, Grassroots Mobilization, Colonial India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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It is an app which provides all kind of vehicle services required for the customer.This app is also useful for the people in the middle of the travelling also.The main moto of this app is to create the work to the people who are working for vehicle services but not getting sufficient money.This app provides them the work if they are available near to the customer.This app is mainly used for the people who travel for the long distances.They may do not know about the vehicle services near by them and the petrol bumps near them.So that this app shows about the vehicle services near to the customer.This is also more efficient for the people to use.This app includes all the information for the vehicle services required for the people. Advantages: 1.This helps the people to find the services for repair. the vehicles in the sudden 2.This also helps the members who are working in the vehicle service sector. 3.This helps the customers in the middle of their travelling also. 4.It provides all kind of the vehicle services such as sudden breakdown,low fuel,battery,and etc. 5.This is also more convient for the customers to use

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Vehicle Service App Emergency Vehicle Repair On-Road Assistance Nearby Mechanic Finder Petrol and Diesel Delivery Breakdown Assistance Battery Jumpstart Service Towing Services App Long Distance Travel Support 24/7 Vehicle Help Vehicle Repair Locator Fuel Delivery App Auto Service Booking Real-time Mechanic Tracking Vehicle Maintenance App Roadside Assistance App Mechanic Job Finder Nearby Petrol Pump Locator User-Friendly Vehicle Help App Convenient Car/Bike Services

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Mob Lynching is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. Mob Lynching is the act which involves a group (or mob) taking collective action. The mob bypasses the legal process, acting as the judge, jury, and executioner. The individual or group being targeted is often accused of a crime or socially condemned action, without substantial proof. The consequences of mob lynching include violence, public disorder, and violation of human rights. Often, mob lynching is motivated by allegations of theft, religious or caste-based discrimination, or personal vengeance. Victims are usually subjected to physical violence, leading to severe injuries or death. A Supreme Court bench, headed by former Chief Justice Deepak Misra, termed incidents of mob lynching in India as 'horrendous acts of mobocracy' and observed that individual citizens cannot take law into their hands. The bench, while directing Parliament to draft a new legislation to effectively deal with incidents of mob lynching, told the Centre and state governments to take preventive measures to control the spread of messages on social media platforms which can incite a mob to lynch. Still a question arises in my mind, can it be controlled in any way?

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Mob, Lynching, Judicial activism, Punitive Measures.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In today's fast-paced urban lifestyle, traditional fueling methods often cause inconvenience due to long queues and restricted operating hours at fuel stations. On-Demand Fuel Delivery (ODFD) systems offer a transformative alternative by bringing fuel directly to users' vehicles at any location. This paper presents the design and development of an ODFD system integrating IoT, GPS tracking, and secure digital payments. Using a combination of mobile application interfaces and backend logistics optimization, the proposed model enhances user convenience, safety, and operational efficiency. This solution also supports sustainability efforts by optimizing fuel distribution and reducing unnecessary vehicular movement. In addition, the system offers scalable integration with existing fuel logistics frameworks, reducing the operational burden on fuel stations. The use of predictive analytics enables the anticipation of peak demand zones, ensuring timely service. Real-time monitoring further boosts safety through alerts for anomalies like fuel leakage. The model supports both B2B and B2C use cases, extending applicability to fleet management as well as individual users. With secure transactions and regulatory compliance, the proposed solution aims to revolutionize last-mile fuel delivery.

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 Keywords

Fuel Delivery App , Smart Fuel Distribution , GPS Tracking ,Mobile Application Development, Real-Time Tracking Route Optimization, Secure Payment Integration ,Cloud Data Management ,Predictive Maintenance ,Fuel Supply Chain ,Safety Protocols in Fuel Delivery ,Customer Satisfaction, Logistics and Transportation ,Smart Fueling Station ,Energy Efficiency ,Sustainable Fuel Delivery Solutions

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Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj ji had developed and introduced a unique concept in Indian classical Jugalbandi music called Jasarangi Jugalbandi which involves a jugalbandi between a male and a female artist. Each artist performs a different Raag in two different scales but in their natural pitches. This concept revives the ancient technique of moorchana, where the Shadaj- Madhyam or Shadaj- Pancham samvad prevalent between the tonal reference notes of the two Raags play a pivotal role. The two Raags sung as an integrated performance maintain their own identity yet are in unison. Every Raag has a different emotional landscape which conveys its mood and is called the Bhaav, which is unique for every Raag and is showcased by the artist through intricate ornamentations and adherence to proper Raag grammar. The continuous and emotive rendition of notes of any Raag play an essential role in depicting the Bhaav of a Raag, termed Naad Kadi or Swar Lagav. During the performance of Jasrangi Jugalbandi the use of Naad Kadi plays a very important role to create the unique Bhaavs of both the Raags. Jasrangi Jugalbandi thus results in a complimentary performance where two distinct emotional landscapes of two Raags merge to evoke a third unified mood. This paper explores the importance and significance of Raag Bhaav in the performance of Jasrangi Jugalbandi Gayan.

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Jasrangi Jugalbandi Gayan, Moorchana, Raag Bhaav.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition