Volume 13 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Lung cancer remains one of the most life threatening diseases worldwide, with early detection playing a crucial role in improving patient survival rates. Computed Tomography (CT) scans are among the most effective imaging techniques for detecting lung cancer, yet manual interpretation by doctors can be challenging. To address this issue, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed to assist in identifying cancerous cells more accurately. This research evaluates various CAD techniques based on image processing and machine learning, analyzing their performance, limitations, and drawbacks. The study systematically reviews different detection approaches, compares their accuracy levels, and highlights areas for improvement. To enhance diagnostic precision, an improved model is proposed.

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 Keywords

Lung Cancer Detection, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Medical Image Processing, Computed Tomography (CT) Scans, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Haralick Feature Extraction, Fuzzy Clustering, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN), Early Diagnosis, Segmentation, Pattern Recognition.

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The Travel Planning System is a web-based application designed to help budget-conscious travelers organize their trips and manage their expenses efficiently. This platform, similar to travel apps like "Make My Trip," offers a unique feature: it provides personalized trip recommendations based on the user's budget and current location. The system calculates the minimum amount a traveler needs to carry before embarking on their journey, ensuring they are financially prepared. Additionally, in case of an emergency, users can access a special "Save Our Souls" (SOS) feature for immediate help. A core component of the application is the use of a greedy algorithm to determine the shortest and most cost-effective route from the user's starting point to their destination. Users can set specific preferences through the Budget Pre-Analysis Module, which considers various travel requirements such as accommodation, transportation, and sightseeing preferences. The app then calculates the optimal budget and suggests cost-effective travel options.

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Travel Planning System,Save Our Souls,Web-based,Greedy Algorithm,Suggestion

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 Abstract

Abstract -- The main objective of this paper is to predict the possible level of carcinoma. Today Cancer is the worst disease that causes a lot of death. Because in most of the cases, it is incurable. But it is not so the case, if it is detected at earlier stage. So the earlier diagnosis is necessary. However there are so many steps and efforts are needed to predict the occurrence of carcinoma. Data mining is the process of extracting the required information from the huge volume of datasets using various algorithms. In medical field, it leads to lot of researches. Here, we use Knn algorithms, Support vector Machine algorithms and decision tree algorithms that predicts the lung cancer based on simple parameters without much efforts.

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 Keywords

Carcinoma, Data Mining, Support vector machine ,naive bayes,Decision tree

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Holistic learning and value-based education is what the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has to bring changes into the Indian education system. Given importance to the academic, moral, social, and emotional development of a student, the policy seeks to convert the students into responsible ethical citizens, who would be contributors of healthy strings to society. The paper is basically on understanding how value education can achieve this vision and the inclusion of value education into the curriculum, pedagogical strategies, and assessment systems. Now analyzing the key principles as mentioned in NEP 2020 such as multidisciplinary learning, and social-emotional learning (SEL) and ethical decision-making, the paper advocates performance of these components for a full-blown perspective in education. The paper also contains a discourse about the specific faces that would be encountered practically in putting into practice value-based education: readiness among teachers, design of the curriculum, and models of assessment alongside the approaches of policy recommendations to overcome these challenges. The study argues that successful incorporation of value education may demand a partnering approach among educators, policymakers, institutions, and communities. NEP 2020 is a new paradigm shift from education not just about knowledge but rather building character and citizenship. Innovative approaches such as technology-driven learning, experiential education, and community involvement can make it possible to raise a generation of ethical, socially responsible, and compassionate leaders through NEP 2020.

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 Keywords

Holistic Education, Value Education, NEP-2020

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The Smart ICU Patient Monitoring System is a cutting-edge healthcare solution designed to continuously track and monitor vital signs of critically ill patients in intensive care units. This system integrates IoT-based sensors with a Flask web application, enabling real-time data acquisition and visualization. The system captures key health parameters, including ECG, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, and transmits them to a centralized dashboard for medical staff. Critical threshold breaches trigger instant alerts via SMS and voice calls, ensuring timely medical intervention. The system utilizes Raspberry Pi as the primary processing unit and SQLite for efficient data management. The web application provides secure authentication, real-time graphs, printable patient reports, and historical data access. This project highlights the potential of IoT-based remote patient monitoring, ensuring enhanced healthcare services with improved efficiency and accuracy.

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 Keywords

IoT, Patient Monitoring, ICU, Healthcare, Raspberry Pi, Real-time Data, Web Application, SQLite, Sensor Integration, Emergency Alerts

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 Abstract

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Graham Swift's Waterland and John Fowles' The French Lieutenant's Woman, deliberately embrace the idea of history while also challenging historical comprehension, critics have praised both works as exceptional examples of historiographic metafiction. According to Hayden White, every narrativized history is relative, and the historian is inherently impositional. In line with White, Linda Hutcheon describes postmodern historical fiction as the kind of fiction that paradoxically and self-reflexively uses the idea of history while also rejecting its veracity. In light of White and Hutcheon's theories, this paper aims to analyze, compare, and contrast Graham Swift's Waterland and John Fowles' The French Lieutenant's Woman to demonstrate how, despite the problematic nature of the idea of reclaiming the past as it truly was, these novels approach the concept of history in different ways.

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Postmodern historiography, historiographic metafiction, subversion, self-reflexivity.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in various domains, and the field of drug discovery and drug delivery is no exception. This review article aims to provide an overview of the applications of AI in drug discovery and delivery and explore its future prospects. The article begins by introducing the fundamental concepts of AI. Furthermore, the article discusses the AI-powered software or tools including for drug discovery, in nanotechnology and in drug formulation and delivery. Finally, the article presents the future prospects of AI in drug discovery and drug delivery systems.

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AI in drug discovery, AI in drug delivery systems, and AI-powered software or tools.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

To making herbal powder shampoo

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2

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The Digital Gram Panchayat streamlines rural governance by providing an accessible online platform for administrative services. It enables villagers to apply for certificates, pay taxes, and stay informed about government schemes, fostering transparency and efficiency. The system enhances citizen engagement, reduces bureaucratic delays, and ensures real-time tracking of applications, ultimately empowering rural communities with seamless digital governance.

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Digital Governance, Gram Panchayat, E-Governance, Rural Development, Online Public Services, Citizen Engagement, Tax Payment, Digital Administration

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This paper explores the intersection of cybersecurity and international relations, specifically through the lens of the 2007 cyber attack on Estonia. The study investigates how the attack marked a critical point in understanding the role of threats in global politics and security.By examining the attack's causes, impacts, and responses , this paper illustrates the emerging significance of cybersecurity as a component of statecraft and international diplomacy.

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 Keywords

o Cybersecurity o Cyber Warfare o Cyber Threats o Estonia Cyberattack 2007 o International Relations o Cyber Defense o Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) o NATO Cyber Policy o Tallinn Manual o Sovereignty in Cyberspace

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 Abstract

This paper is basically consists of study of gait pattern characteristics of varying height in male and female

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Gait pattern characteristics step length step width

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Plagiarism is becoming a greater issue in academics and digital publications because it is so simple to get and reproduce content online. Traditional methods of detecting plagiarism, like manual comparison and keyword matching, are usually time-consuming and unreliable. An effective machine learning-based method for identifying plagiarism in text data is presented in this research. The system use Natural Language Processing techniques to extract features and eliminate noise from text using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency vectorisation. A Logistic Regression classifier is then trained to distinguish between content that has been plagiarised and that has not using tagged text samples. The model achieves high accuracy, demonstrating effective categorization performance. A web-based interface created with Flask is also part of the project, which makes it simple for users to upload and check content for plagiarism. With potential uses in publishing, content management systems, and educational institutions, this automated technology provides a scalable, accurate, and user-friendly approach to plagiarism detection.

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 Keywords

Plagiarism Detection, Machine Learning, TF-IDF, Support Vector Classifier, Flask Application

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In today's fast-paced world, accessing timely medical care can be challenging due to long wait times, scheduling difficulties, and a lack of proper guidance. The Doctor Appointment System addresses these issues by integrating AI and machine learning to create a more efficient and accessible healthcare experience. It ensures secure access with OTP-based authentication, preventing unauthorized logins. A machine learning-powered disease prediction model helps patients analyze symptoms and gain preliminary insights before consulting a doctor, while an AI-driven chatbot provides instant assistance, answering queries and guiding users through the appointment process. To enhance convenience, the system includes a Nearby Hospital Locator, allowing users to search for hospitals based on their city. An admin-controlled scheduling system manages appointments efficiently, enabling administrators to approve or reject requests based on doctor availability while maintaining a specialist patient limit to avoid overbooking. Additionally, a feedback system allows users to report issues and provide input for continuous improvements. By integrating secure authentication, AI-driven assistance, predictive analytics, and location-based hospital search, this system enhances accessibility, reduces waiting times, and ensures a smooth and organized appointment booking process for both patients and healthcare providers.

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The Doctor Appointment System, Patient Module, Doctor Module, Administrator Module, Disease Classification Algorithm, Machine Learning, RASA Chatbot, Appointment Management, Doctor Recommendation.

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This research undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the social security experiences of retired employees, encompassing a detailed examination of their demographics, social security usage, and challenges encountered. Additionally, it conducts an assessment of government-provided schemes aimed at promoting elderly welfare, alongside a comparative analysis of social security systems in less developed countries. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study seeks to identify key areas for improvement and inform policy recommendations designed to enhance the overall well-being of retired employees.

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retired employees, social security, elderly welfare, government initiatives, comparative analysis.

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 Abstract

The Census 2011, being a nationwide enumeration of households and their characteristics, provides a comprehensive baseline understanding of the housing situation in rural India. It captures crucial data points such as the type of dwelling (pucca, semi-pucca, kutcha), the number of rooms, and the availability of basic amenities. This macro-level data highlights the extent of housing inadequacy across different regions and socio-economic groups. PMAY-G strategically leverages the detailed household-level information within the SECC 2011, a subset of the Census focused on socio-economic indicators, to pinpoint the most deprived families. The deprivation criteria outlined under PMAY-G, such as households with no shelter, living in kutcha houses with specific room limitations, households headed by single women, or those with disabled members, are directly derived from the data collected in SECC 2011. This targeted approach ensures that the benefits of the housing scheme reach those in the greatest need, promoting social equity and inclusive development. The Gram Sabha's involvement in validating the beneficiary lists generated from the SECC 2011 adds a layer of grassroots verification and ensures that local contexts and genuine needs are considered. While the Census 2011 provides the initial framework for identification, the ongoing implementation of PMAY-G and subsequent surveys may reveal evolving housing needs and demographic shifts that future census exercises will further illuminate, creating a continuous feedback loop for refining housing policies.

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 Keywords

pradhan mantri awas yojna,gramin, rural development, housing scheme

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana (PMGAY), launched in 2016 by the Government of India, is a flagship rural housing scheme aimed at providing "Housing for All" by 2028. The target under the PMAY-G was construction of 2.95 crores pakka houses with basic amenities by march 2024, out of which almost all houses have been sanctioned and 2.69 crores houses have been completed till end of the financial year 23-24. The program is implemented under the Ministry of Rural Development and provides financial assistance of INR1.2 lakh for plains and INR1.3 lakh for difficult terrains. PMGAY focuses on social inclusion by giving preference to marginalized groups including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, and women. Beneficiaries are selected based on the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, ensuring transparency and targeting those most in need. One of the key features of the scheme is convergence with other government schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (toilets), Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connection), Saubhagya Yojana (electricity), and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme, enabling a holistic approach to rural development. By empowering rural communities with secure housing and basic amenities, PMGAY plays a critical role in reducing poverty, enhancing dignity, and promoting socio-economic upliftment. The scheme also boosts local employment and construction activities, contributing to rural economic growth. As PMGAY progresses toward its goal of "Housing for All," it continues to represent a major stride in India's mission to ensure sustainable and inclusive rural development.

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 Keywords

Housing scheme, pradhan mantri, yojna, pmay, Indra Awas Yojana, pradhan mantri awas yojana

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Social media marketing has emerged as a transformative force in the digital age, reshaping the way businesses engage with consumers. This study explores the impact of social media marketing on consumer behavior, brand awareness, and business performance. Through a review of recent literature and case studies, the research highlights how platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok provide cost-effective and interactive channels for targeted advertising, customer engagement, and brand loyalty. The findings suggest that businesses leveraging data-driven strategies and user-generated content tend to achieve higher customer retention and improved market reach. However, the study also discusses challenges such as algorithm dependency, privacy concerns, and managing negative feedback. Overall, social media marketing proves to be a vital tool for contemporary marketing, offering both opportunities and risks in an increasingly connected marketplace.

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challenges and barriers , business outcomes

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The objective of this study is to determine the elements that play an important role on consumer's buying behavior. The purpose of this research is to find out the main important factors related with the packaging effect, which are driving the success of a brand. Companies in order to create the right packaging for their products, they must understand the consumer buying process and understanding the role and the impact of packaging as a variable that can influence the purchase decision. So, by understanding what factors influence the buying behavior and what packaging elements are most important help companies making the right decisions about packaging their products. This research will identify the relationship between consumer buying process as the main variable of the study and some independent variables like packaging colour, printed information, packaging material, design of wrapper, printed information, brand image, and innovation and practicality that help consumers in their decision buying process.

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Packaging, Consumer buying behavior, Marketing, Branding, Product design

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The pharmaceutical industry generates a significant amount of waste, ranging from chemical solvents to packaging materials. Effective recycling methods are essential for reducing the environmental impact and achieving sustainable production. This descriptive study aims to explore and evaluate the recycling methods widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Data was gathered through literature reviews, case studies, and industry reports to identify the most prevalent practices and innovations. The study focuses on key areas such as solvent recovery, waste-to-energy conversion, plastic and glass recycling, and management of hazardous materials. Results indicate that solvent recovery through distillation is one of the most commonly employed methods, with high efficiency in cost and waste reduction. Plastic and glass recycling initiatives are also widely adopted, particularly in packaging lines, driven by stricter environmental regulations and corporate sustainability goals. Advanced techniques, such as chemical recycling and bioremediation, are gaining traction for managing complex and hazardous pharmaceutical waste. While these methods contribute significantly to minimizing waste, challenges remain, including high initial costs, regulatory compliance, and the need for specialized infrastructure. The study concludes by recommending integrated waste management systems, cross-industry collaborations, and investment in cutting-edge recycling technologies to further enhance sustainability in the pharmaceutical sector. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, policymakers, and researchers, paving the way for more eco-friendly practices and innovation in waste recycling.

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Pharmaceutical industry, recycling methods,waste management, hazardous waste, packaging recycling, environmental impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition