Volume 8 | Issue 2

 Abstract

A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensors that can transfer information obtained from a monitored field over wireless networks. The data is routed via many nodes and connects to other networks such as wireless Ethernet via a gateway.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are self-configured, infrastructure-free wireless networks that detect physical or environmental factors such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, mobility, or pollution and collaboratively transmit their data via the network to a central location or sink. The main aim of this study is to discuss the New Multipath Routing Approach for Energy Efficient in Wireless Sensor Networks. In this work the recommended Multipath routing scheme consists of 3 measures as multipath construction phase, maintenance of optimum energy road and also the energy usage design to enhance the energy efficiency in the sensor networks.The study work involves enhanced multipath routing-based routing, authentication as well as scheduling-based approach to create the wireless sensor networks safer with the least energy usage. A new Multipath Routing Approach (NMRA) is actually created for raising the energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. The multipath routing is built to attain higher throughput as well as load balancing

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Wireless sensor network, multipath routing, energy efficient, optimum energy etc.

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This paper, titled "The Silent Hands of the Paternal Clock," explores the depiction of female characters in O.V. Vijayan's works. The study argues that Vijayan, while a master of existential and philosophical themes, often reduces women to one-dimensional figures of male desire and sin. The analysis shows that his female characters, like those in Khasakkinte Itihasam, are largely silent within a patriarchal framework, serving only to fulfill male-centric narratives. The paper concludes that this portrayal is a significant limitation in his writing and calls for a re-evaluation by modern feminist critics.

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O.V. Vijayan, Malayalam literature, feminism, literary criticism, patriarchy, female characters.

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Ruthenium (II) complexes have been synthesized from reaction of RuCl3.3H2O with bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)malonoyldihydrazone(napmhH4)in methanol medium under various experimental conditions. The composition of the complexes has been established from the data obtained from elemental analyses, thermo analysis and FAB mass spectra. The structural assessment of the complexes has been carried out based on data obtained from molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, electronic, IR and 1HNMR, Electron transfer properties of the monometallic complexes have been studied using cyclic voltammetry technique.

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Ruthenium, Monometallic, Spectral and bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) malonoyldihydrazone (napmhH4)

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Background: Occupational stress among nurses is a global concern, particularly in high-pressure regions like Jammu & Kashmir. Laughter therapy has emerged as a non-pharmacological intervention with promising outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of laughter therapy in reducing occupational stress among staff nurses in Jammu & Kashmir through a meta-analytic synthesis of studies published between 2009 and 2019. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2000 guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Research Gate and Academia.edu. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Hedge's G was used to calculate pooled effect size under a random-effects model. Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. The pooled effect size was -1.47 (95% CI: -1.92 to -1.02), indicating a large and statistically significant reduction in stress. Gender emerged as a significant moderator. Conclusion: Laughter therapy is a safe, effective, and scalable intervention for reducing occupational stress among nurses. Region-specific trials are recommended to validate findings in Jammu & Kashmir.

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Laughter therapy, occupational stress, nurses, Jammu & Kashmir, meta-analysis, PRISMA.

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The concept of smart cities has emerged as a transformative approach to urban planning, integrating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics to enhance sustainability, governance, and citizen engagement. This paper provides a comparative analysis of smart city initiatives, focusing on global case studies, including Singapore, Barcelona, Songdo, Amsterdam, and the Indian Smart Cities Mission. The study examines key dimensions such as digital infrastructure, governance models, smart mobility, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic inclusivity. Findings indicate that while centralized governance and high-tech automation (as seen in Singapore and Songdo) ensure efficiency, citizen-centric models (as in Barcelona and Amsterdam) foster transparency and public participation. India's Smart Cities Mission presents a hybrid model that balances greenfield development and retrofitting, yet faces challenges in scalability and digital equity. Despite advancements, smart city projects encounter obstacles related to financial sustainability, digital divide, and governance efficiency. This review underscores the need for an integrated approach where technological advancements align with inclusive urban policies to foster resilient, adaptive, and people-centric cities. The study contributes to the growing discourse on smart urbanization by offering insights into best practices and challenges, providing a framework for future smart city developments globally.

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Smart cities, urban planning, digital governance, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), sustainability, citizen engagement, smart mobility, technological integration, socio-economic inclusivity

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Home automation, also known as domestics, is the process of implementing automation in the home. A home automation system monitors and/or controls home features such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also incorporate home security features such as access control and alarm systems. Mobile communication technology is playing a significant role in automation. This project focuses on reliable home control for remotely turning on and off appliances via a smartphone application. Using this technology, the system enhances the living standard at home, lowers human work, increases energy efficiency, and improves accessibility, resulting in a smarter house.

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Home Automation, Safety

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The relationship between language and travel provides a conduit to investigate the relationship between language and spatial practices, between representation and domination, mapping and politics. Travellers have an integral bond between their discourse of experiences and their ethos of interpretations. The investment in the act of travelling and writing has moved beyond the intention of merely describing a culture. The narratives of journeys woven with the author's imaginations and experiences, gave us travelogues. An ancient genre of literature, travelogues serve as the base for various fictional and non-fictional works. Travelogues inquired the unknown, making us aware of the existence of diversified cultural extremities present in this planet. Travel entails a group away from recognizable places to an unfamiliar one, a familiar place that is diverse from one's home. Modern Indian travel landscape is composed of variety of voices language from the varied ethno cultural spheres and from the spaces in-between cultures. Pankaj Mishra depicts the social and cultural changes in India in backdrop of globalization and modernization, in the shape of a travelogue. His first book, Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India (1995), was a travelogue that described the social and cultural changes in India in the context of globalization. In the travelogue Pankaj Mishra captures an India which has shrugged off its sleepy, socialist air, and has become instead kitschy, clamorous and ostentatious. It is a book without any dull bits, and the language has a full, rich flavour - and the strength of its argument, often more implied than asserted, from the picture of small-town Indian life it offers. It is a book that can be just as easily read to pass the time as to understand our age. Unlike most travel books, which suffer from more than a touch of the random and the inessential, it forges something cohesive from the writer's widely scattered rovings. From a convent-educated beauty pageant aspirant to small shopkeepers planning their vacation in London, Pankaj Mishra paints a vivid picture of a people rushing headlong to their tryst with modernity. An absolute classic, this is a witty and insightful account of India's aspirational middle class.

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journey, texts, religion, tradition, culture

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This paper examines how architectural principles influence costume and makeup design in theatre, focusing on the intersection between spatial and structural concepts and character creation. By incorporating architectural aesthetics such as proportion, balance, and form, theatre designers enhance visual storytelling and thematic depth. The study investigates case studies where architectural principles are applied to costume and makeup design, highlighting the synergy between architectural and theatrical design. This interdisciplinary approach not only enriches the character portrayal but also enhances audience engagement and narrative coherence

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Architectural Principles, Costume Design, Makeup Design, Theatre Production, Character Development, Spatial Aesthetics.

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India's hot-arid climate regions pose unique challenges for residential building design and construction. This research paper explores the potential of passive design strategies to enhance energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and sustainability in Indian residential buildings situated in hot-arid climates. Through case studies, data collection, and rigorous analysis, this study provides insights into the effectiveness of these strategies. The research emphasizes their relevance in making informed decisions in the construction and renovation of such buildings, ultimately contributing to a sustainable built environment.

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Maximizing, Passive Design, Hot-Arid Climate, Indian Residential Buildings, Informed Decision-Making

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History of human civilization, everywhere, knows no period of time death sentence was discarded completely as a mode of punishment and it were only the number of offences which have varied from time to time, State to State according to the prevalent notion of justice and needs of the society . A careful scrutiny of the Ancient Hindu Scriptures and law books reveals that the death sentence was stringent mode of punishment for getting rid of crime and criminal. It has generally been regarded to embody society's strongest condemnation for specific acts of the individuals to make them disentitled even for continuing as a member of the orderly or civilized society. The term capital punishment stands for most severe form of punishment. It is the punishment which is to be awarded for the most heinous, grievous crimes against humanity. While the definition and extent of such crimes vary from country to country, state to state, age to age, the implication of capital punishment has always been the death sentence.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RIGOROUS IMPRISONMENT IN INDIA: A STUDY

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This study has been undertaken to assess the nature, extent and pattern of return migration in Himachal Pradesh. A total sample comprises 200 households from both tribal and non-tribal regions in Himachal Pradesh collected in 2015. Results show that out of total migration in tribal region, 85.4 percent are out-migrants, 9.2 percent in-migrants and 5.4 percent return-migrants. Out of total migration in rural areas of non-tribal region, 94 percent are out-migrants, 6 percent return-migrants and none, in-migrant. Whereas in urban areas of non-tribal region, the percentage of out-migrants (20 percent) is lower than in-migrants (80 percent) and none return migrant. In study area, a relatively higher percentage of return-migrants, moved within the state (78.6 percent) as compared to those from outside state (21.4 percent) and none returned from another country. Overall, a higher percentage of return-migrants moved in from another district (64.3 percent) as compared to same district (14.3 percent). Urban to rural return-migration has been the most dominant migration stream, accounting for 57 percent of the total internal return-migration, followed by rural to rural (42.9 percent).

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Migrant, Out migration, Return migration, Tribal and non-tribal region.

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India is an agricultural country. 70% of Indian economy depends on agriculture but leaf infection phenomena cause the loss of major crops which results in economic loss. Modern technologies have given human society the ability to produce enough food to meet the demand of more than 7 billion people. However, food security remains threatened by a number of factors including climate change, the decline in pollinators, plant diseases, and others. Plant diseases have turned into a dilemma as it can cause significant reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products. Automatic detection of plant diseases is an essential research topic as it may prove benefits in monitoring large field of crops, and thus automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as soon as they appear on plant leaves. The proposed system is a software solution for automatic detection and classification of tomato plant leaf diseases. To achieve this, CNN based automatic detection of disease is carried out using Village plant dataset and the accuracy if the model is found to be 98.68%.

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CNN, Village plant dataset

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Social media has gained traction in advertising campaigns for luxury and fashion clothing using influencers to shape photography trends. However, to stay competitive, influencers depend on how they convey authenticity, which is a key visual element of the photos they post on social media. The purpose of this study is to explore the visual elements of photography used by social media influencers and to compare the main photography trends in digital media. In particular, it aims to highlight how new photography trends such as urban background styles and fashion models with larger body sizes affect consumers.

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Advertising, Campaigns, Photography, Social media,

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Antibiotics can be categorized as one of the major discoveries of the last century that has changed the course of treatment of various diseases. The boons of antibiotics are a large array, nevertheless, the banes are so too. The increased use of antibiotics and their residues have caused significant increase in the number of pathogens with multi-drug resistance genes in past few years. These have also caused an irreversible damage to the environment and human health. In this brief review we aim to summarize the severity of impact caused by antibiotic pollution on human health and also the environment.

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antibiotics, pollution, multi drug resistance bacteria

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The detective fiction is one of the very popular genres in the recent domain of literature. It is the sub-genre of crime fiction, an umbrella term which has multiple sub-genres such as detective narrative, murder mystery, mystery novel, and police novel. It is a sort of fiction or narrative, which centers round a crime or crimes and its solution through the investigation, is the main plot of the story. In this context, crime is the integral part of human history. Since the very beginning of human existence, it has been acknowledged that whoever is more powerful he/ she dominates the others and shows their bravery. Therefore, he or she exploits the others for the sake of their own wish fulfillment and hence, the inhuman exploitation of his or her penetrates the subordinate human body. In this sense, it can be said that we are the most complex and dangerous animal hiding under the mask of human skin, who can eat the flesh of their own species which, even the tiger does not take although, he the most dangerous animal. In this framework, this paper explores the glimpse of the growth and the development of the detective fiction.

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Domain, Genres, Umbrella, Crime, Investigation, Glimpse, Growth, Development, Detective Fiction

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Aggression, play positions, Kabaddi, attackers, midfielders, defenders

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IOT BASED ENERGY MONITORING AND SMART AUDIT REPORT GENERATION SYSTEM

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IOT BASED ENERGY MONITORING AND SMART AUDIT REPORT GENERATION SYSTEM

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Imperialism refers to the process of capitalist development which leads the capitalist countries to conquer and dominate pre-capitalist countries of the world. Under this head, we deal with the development of capitalism in advanced capitalist countries, the mutual relations among advanced capitalist countries, and the subjugation of pre-capitalist countries by a capitalist country (also described here as metropolis or metropolitan country). More narrowly, the term imperialism is used to denote or describe the relations of political and economic domination between metropolis and the country it subjugates or dominates. The country which is so subjugated by a metropolitan capitalist country is described as a colony, and what happens in a colony is colonialism . The total system of imperialist domination of a pre-capitalist country is colonialism. The study of imperialism and colonialism is closely co-related and, in a way, we shall be discussing both. But here we shall concentrate more on the study of colonialism while leaving major aspects of imperialism to be taken up in the study of development of capitalism.

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IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

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Historians have analyzed Vijayanagar history using various approaches such as the Orientalist approach, the Regionalist approach, the Nationalist approach, the Segmentary Statehood approach and the most recent being the Material Culture approach. The recent approach towards the study of Vijayanagara is the one using an interdisciplinary method of correlating the archaeological remains or data with the reconstruction of the material culture of the period. Anila Varghese in her article on the historiography of Vijayanagara discusses on various approaches towards the study of Vijayanagara history starting from Robert Sewell in 1900 AD till the recent researches undertaken by scholars like John M. Fritz, George Mitchell, Pirre Filliozat, Vasundhara Filliozat, Katheleen Morrison and others. She emphasizes on the interdisciplinary nature of the study of Vijayanagara.

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HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DEBATES ON VIJAYANAGARA STATE

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The scope of this work mainly advances the positive attitude of the Buddha to womenfolk in his time in India. It cannot be repudiated that Buddha did not effort to innovate the entire system of the society during his time apart from changing some peculiar systems like caste one which were strictly held by the Hinduism since the pre-Buddhist period. But, on the other hand, one should notice that among the innovations of some social systems by the Buddha, the considerable welfares of the womenfolk are involved. Making his followers pay obeisance, the parents put in the place of Great Brahma, extolling the monks who look after mother (M?tuposaka Bhikkhu), setting the proper duties of women for a household and repudiating the ones who philosophically assume that there is no mother and father are obvious evidence for that statement.

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Gender Identity

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