Volume 13 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Abstract: In this work, we present a hybrid model approach for gender classification and age prediction leveraging deep learning techniques. The proposed model combines the strengths of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to effectively capture both spatial and temporal patterns in facial images. CNNs are employed to extract high-level features from the images, which are then fed into RNNs to capture sequential dependencies and improve classification and prediction accuracy. To enhance performance further, we incorporate ensemble learning methods, combining predictions from multiple models to reduce variance and improve robustness. The model is trained and evaluated on a comprehensive dataset containing diverse facial images, ensuring its ability to generalize across different age groups and genders. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms traditional methods in both gender classification and age prediction tasks, achieving higher accuracy and lower error rates. This approach offers a robust solution for applications requiring accurate gender and age estimation, such as in personalized marketing, security systems, and social media analytics. The proposed hybrid model sets a new benchmark in leveraging deep learning for biometric identification tasks

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Keywords: CNN, Age Prediction, Gender Classification, Deep Learning, Recurrent neural network (RNN), Pre-processing

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The study of language change over time stands as a fundamental aspect of historical linguistics, offering insights into the evolution, diversification, and adaptation of languages across different temporal periods. This research paper delves into the dynamic nature of linguistic change through a series of case studies, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms and patterns underlying language evolution. The paper begins by contextualizing the significance of historical linguistics within the broader field of linguistics, emphasizing its role in unravelling the intricate threads that shape languages across generations. Drawing upon foundational theories in historical linguistics, the study employs a comparative approach, analysing distinct languages and their transformations across specific historical epochs. Through meticulous examination of case studies encompassing diverse language families and geographical regions, this research paper explores various dimensions of language change. It scrutinizes phonological shifts, morphological adaptations, syntactic alterations, and lexical transformations that occur over extended periods, unveiling the intricate processes that mould linguistic structures and systems. Additionally, the paper examines external factors such as socio-cultural influences, contact with other languages, and historical events, elucidating their impact on shaping language change. By integrating these external influences with linguistic data, the study aims to offer comprehensive insights into the multifaceted nature of language evolution. Furthermore, the research highlights methodological approaches utilized in historical linguistics, encompassing comparative methods, etymological analysis, and the reconstruction of proto-languages. It underscores the significance of these methodologies in tracing language histories and understanding the roots of contemporary linguistic diversity. Ultimately, this research paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse in historical linguistics by presenting a nuanced analysis of language change over time. By elucidating the mechanisms of language evolution through diverse case studies, it aims to deepen our understanding of the dynamic nature of languages and their adaptation across different historical periods.

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historical linguistics, language change, linguistic evolution, comparative analysis, socio-cultural influences, methodological approaches. Introduction

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The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of iodine-doped ZnO thin films produced by the sol-gel spin coating technique are investigated in this work. The films' crystallinity, bandgap, and surface morphology were assessed by XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, and FESEM at iodine concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. A hexagonal crystal structure with preferred orientation along the (101) plane and grain sizes ranging from 52 to 65 nm was verified by XRD investigation. SEM pictures showed that there was a xenolith present and that the shape and texture changed with the annealing temperature. The bandgap was calculated to be between 2.80 and 3.45 eV using UV-visible spectroscopy.

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ZnO, doping, XRD, FESEM, RAMAN, UV-visible

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Friday a virtual assistant running on the technology from OpenAI revolutionizes how users interact with computers. Developed using the OpenAI platform Friday showcases comprehension of language and adaptive learning features making it a smart and user friendly desktop assistant. Fridays main advantage lies in its ability to understand and process language effectively allowing users to have conversational interactions. By utilizing OpenAIs language models Friday can interpret user requests provide answers to questions and carry out tasks accurately while considering the context. Some of the features include managing tasks coordinating schedules, on the calendar and retrieving information. Users can easily arrange their plans set reminders and stay updated with real time information on weather forecasts, news updates and personalized data summaries. With OpenAIs technology, in place Friday is designed to adapt and learn from user engagement over time continuously enhancing its performance and predicting user requirements.

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Desktop Assistant, Voice Interaction

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Employee retention remains a critical challenge for organizations striving to maintain a skilled and committed workforce. This study explores effective strategies for enhancing employee retention by addressing key factors such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover prevention. Employees are invaluable assets, and their retention directly impacts an organization's stability and success. Understanding the root causes of employee turnover and implementing proactive measures can help organizations create a more engaging and supportive work environment. The objective of this study is to highlight the significance of employee retention in today's competitive landscape and emphasize the potential risks organizations face if they fail to prioritize this issue. Without timely interventions, businesses may experience decreased productivity, increased recruitment costs, and overall industry setbacks.

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Employee Retention, Reasons of Employee Turnover, Strategies of Employee Retention.

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Garbha samskara is one of Indian practices aimed to promote mental,physical and emotional well being of the expected mother throughout pregnancy period thus promoting the health of both mother and the unborn child. This process includes following the rules and regulations regarding ahara ,vihara practising yoga,reciting mantras and prayers,listening to soothning music,reading and listening the positive stories which will increase the positive attitude and inculcated the moral values to the fetus. By following dietary regimen and practising yoga helps in balancing the body humors enhances the overall vitality and well being of the child. Modern lifestyle often leads to mental stress and health issues. It is essential to nurture the biological and inner growth of baby from the embryonic state. Garbha sanskar infuences the fetus with good values. It has also been scientifically proved that sub conscious mind of a fetus can be influenced more powerfully than conscious mind of grown up child after birth.

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Garbha sanskar , fetal development ,Ahara vidhi ,yoga ,maternal and fetal health.

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Amidst the global negativity brought on by the Covid19 epidemic, the Government of India's announcement of the New Education Policy (NEP 2020) was a welcome change and new information. Many people were completely unprepared for the announcement of NEP 2020.Many education professionals were surprised by the modifications that NEP 2020 suggested. This article primarily focuses on NEP 2020 and its effects on higher education, even if the education policy has had an equal influence on school and college education. Additionally, this essay highlights the key components of NEP and examines their implications for the current educational system.

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New Education Policy

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Access to reliable and sustainable water sources is critical for rural communities, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. This study conducts a comparative analysis of infiltration galleries and traditional wells as two primary methods for rural water supply. Infiltration galleries, which are subsurface structures designed to collect groundwater through natural filtration, are evaluated against traditional wells in terms of water yield, quality, construction costs, maintenance requirements, and long-term sustainability. Field data from selected rural sites are analyzed, focusing on hydrogeological conditions, water extraction rates, and contamination risks. The results indicate that infiltration galleries often provide superior water quality due to natural filtration processes and are less susceptible to surface contamination compared to traditional wells. However, traditional wells may offer higher water yields in certain geological settings and are generally less expensive to construct. The study also explores the socio-economic implications of each method, including community acceptance and operational challenges. The findings suggest that while infiltration galleries are a viable and sustainable option for rural water supply, their suitability depends on local hydrogeological conditions and financial resources. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and engineers in selecting the most appropriate water extraction method for rural areas, balancing technical feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability.

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Infiltration galleries, Traditional wells, Rural water supply, Groundwater extraction, Water quality comparison

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This research paper explores the effectiveness of vocabulary acquisition through incidental learning using subtitled videos in ESL Learners. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, using pre- and post-tests, as well as a questionnaire to assess vocabulary acquisition through incidental learning using English subtitled videos in ESL learners. A representative group of 70 students participated, divided into an experimental group exposed to English subtitled videos and a control group exposed to non-subtitled videos. The primary objective of the study is to determine whether vocabulary acquisition through incidental learning using English subtitled videos in ESL learners is supported by statistical analysis, with the experimental group showing remarkable progress. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences between the groups, further strengthening the argument for the effectiveness of subtitled videos. A structured questionnaire was developed for experimental group in order to elicit the participants views on the English subtitled videos as well as their attitudes and habits in relation to watching English subtitled videos for English vocabulary acquisition purpose in general. This research emphasizes the influence of vocabulary acquisition through incidental learning using English subtitled videos in ESL learners, supporting their potential as an innovative pedagogical tool. This study provides compelling evidence for the successful incorporation of subtitled videos in language education, facilitating immersive and impactful learning experiences.

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Vocabulary acquisition, Incidental learning, Subtitled videos, ESL learners

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"This study looks into the substantial impact of mobile banking on financial literacy in developing countries, specifically its role in promoting financial inclusion and boosting economic empowerment. Mobile banking has emerged as a transformative force, bringing financial services to previously underserved communities, particularly those in remote and rural areas. This study investigates the complex relationship between mobile banking use and the advancement of digital financial. This study investigates how mobile technology helps the development of critical financial information and skills through the use of empirical data and case studies. This study evaluates the economic impact of mobile banking on savings, money management, and involvement in the formal financial sector. This report highlights the problems and hazards of mobile banking, including security concerns, fraud prevention, and the need to overcome the digital gap. The study underlines the reciprocal relationship between mobile banking and financial literacy. Increased availability to mobile financial services can drive up demand for financial education, whilst improved levels of financial literacy can promote successful use of mobile banking platforms. This study emphasizes the significance of focused interventions and training programs for maximizing the benefits of mobile banking while minimizing potential hazards. This study intends to explore how mobile banking might promote financial literacy and economic development in poor nations. The findings of this study will contribute to the continuing discussion about how to use technology to promote financial inclusion and improve the financial well-being of individuals and communities."

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Mobile Banking, Financial Literacy, Developing Countries

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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is widely used to treat severe bacterial infections but is associated with nephrotoxicity, leading to acute kidney injury due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and tubular cell damage. This study explores the nephroprotective potential of herbal drugs in mitigating gentamicin-induced renal toxicity. A comprehensive review of various medicinal plants with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties was conducted. Studies investigating the efficacy of herbal extracts and bioactive compounds in preventing or reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity were analyzed. Several herbal drugs, rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, demonstrated significant nephroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting renal repair. These natural compounds exhibited protective effects by modulating key biochemical markers of kidney function, reducing histopathological damage, and restoring antioxidant enzyme levels. Herbal drugs show promising potential in counteracting gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through multiple protective mechanisms. Their integration into therapeutic strategies may offer a safer approach to managing drug-induced renal injury. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to confirm efficacy, establish standardized dosages, and evaluate long-term safety.

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Gentamicin, Nephrotoxicity, Herbal Drugs, Oxidative Stress, Nephroprotection, Medicinal Plants

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Role of Government and voluntary Organizations in prohibition of Alcohol

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Role of Government and voluntary Organizations in prohibition of Alcohol

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"Right education should assist the learner in understanding his own greatest interest in addition to helping him improve his abilities. " We are dedicated to making sure that all kids, regardless of gender or social class, have access to education. An education that helps students to gain the abilities, information, attitudes, and values required to become responsible and engaged Indian citizens. Children are the pioneers of education, which is one of the major cornerstones for the growth of a nation. As children's education serves as the foundation for future advances, providing education at the grassroots level becomes crucial for a nation. The most important organisation of this kind, the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR), asserts that education is both a fundamental human right in and of itself and a critical tool for achieving other fundamental rights. Through the 86th Constitutional Amendment of 2002, India has embraced the right-based approach to education. As a result of the two rulings by the Supreme Court in Mohini Jain v. UOI and J. P. Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh as well as the Saikia Committee's recommendations, Article 21A was added to the Indian Constitution in 2002 through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, making all children between the ages of 6 and 14 obligated to receive free and compulsory education.

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Education is essential for a flourishing society.

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Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has created hitherto unheard-of interruptions to commercial contracts and company operations. Along with restricting travel, the Indian government's lockdown has also interfered with the global supply of goods and services. Businessmen's capacity to fulfill their contractual duties has been hampered, which has led to operations being delayed or commitments not being fulfilled. In these situations, the parties to the contract may use the pandemic as justification for extending the terms of the agreement, including the date of performance, considerations to be paid, etc., or for exempting and terminating their contracts.

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COVID-19 pandemic, Digital Contract, Force Majeure

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### Abstract The rise of the gig economy in India has significantly altered traditional employment structures, creating new challenges for existing labour laws. Characterized by short-term, flexible, and freelance work arrangements, the gig economy has provided employment opportunities for millions but has also raised concerns about job security, social security benefits, and legal protections for workers. Indian labour laws, primarily designed for formal employment, struggle to accommodate gig workers, leaving them without key protections such as minimum wages, provident funds, and health insurance. This paper examines the impact of the gig economy on Indian labour laws, highlighting the gaps in the current legal framework and the need for policy reforms. Recent legislative measures, including the Code on Social Security, 2020, attempt to address these concerns by extending certain benefits to gig workers, but challenges remain in implementation and enforcement. The study underscores the necessity of a balanced regulatory approach that fosters innovation and flexibility in the gig economy while ensuring fair labour rights and protections. Would you like me to add anything specific, such as recent legal developments or policy recommendations

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Gig workers , gig economy , labour law

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Abstract: Indian traditional social system and its peculiar uniqueness is surprisingly a highly talked-about issue in the modern world. The basic structure of this oldest society, which was formed about five thousand years ago, is still the same even today and remains unchangeable. Many researchers such as Louis Dumont believe that its main element lies in its religious factors, specifically, religious purity which regulates the whole society. Many other social factors have contributed to the growth of high-low distinction, conservatism and the issue of untouchables etc. in the society. Many others have prioritized elements such as political causes and governance, superior caste alliance culture, establishment of class interests etc. This article explores its root cause and highlights how the common Indian society has been oppressed under the system. Besides, the lower status, positions and conditions of the "original Indian mass race" has been discussed here.

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Keywords: traditional society, oppressed, Incorporation, Dynamic equilibrium,

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To be developed nation or country, India requires development of each section of society and optimum utilization of all the human & physical resources. Human resource is the most potent and central, contributing factor in developing nation. The study aims to examine the relationship of various welfare schemes towards the development of human resources of every section of society. The study is based on primary data collected from six blocks out of eleven blocks of Almora district. Total 500 entrepreneurs from the blocks have taken for the study. Statistical techniques like Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression analysis were employed to measure the significance and strength of relationship between welfare schemes and development of entrepreneurship among underprivileged section of society. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between welfare schemes and development of entrepreneurship among underprivileged section of society. The study also reviews the various welfare schemes prevailing in the blocks.

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Welfare schemes, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, Development, Deprived Section

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This research explores the impact of social media influencer marketing on Generation Z consumers' buying habits in India's beauty products market. As more and more platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok become popular, the influencer stands at the center of influencing customers. This research seeks to examine the degree to which influencer marketing impacts Gen Z's trust, brand attitude, and buying behavior. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, with quantitative questionnaires merged with qualitative in-depth interviews in order to derive in-depth data. The survey sample consists of 349 respondents aged between 18-25 years, predominantly engaging with social media beauty influencers. Statistical analyses such as the chi-square test and regression analysis are employed in identifying significant relationships between demographic factors and consumer buying behavior. Findings are that most Gen Z consumers find influencer endorsement more credible than traditional advertising. Influencer authenticity and credibility are the most powerful purchase drivers and trust drivers. Visual formats such as review and tutorial videos significantly boost product awareness and purchase drive. However, the research also points to issues such as consumer distrust of sponsored content and sheer numbers of promotions. These negatively affect trust and engagement. The research holds that while influencer marketing is a sales driver, it should be balanced with authenticity and openness to ensure consumer trust. Implications for marketers are that they have to collaborate with genuine influencers, create interesting and informative content, and adhere to ethical standards in order to establish longterm relationships with consumers. The study contributes to the existing literature on consumer behavior and digital marketing, and the findings are useful for brands that need to target the busy Gen Z consumers in India.

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Social Media Influencer Marketing, Gen Z Consumers, Beauty Products Market, Purchase Decisions, Consumer Behavior, Authenticity and Credibility, Content Engagement, Authenticity and Credibility

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Women Empowerment is a debatetable subject in India. From early 20 century their status has been changed slowly and gradually. The empowerment of women especially the economic empowerment has become the most important concerns of the 21st century. However, but they are discriminated in all essential areas of life, either in education, income, partner choice, inheritance laws, property rights, decision making process, community organization or access to leadership position in education, business or politics. Women constitute almost 50% of the world population but accomplish it resting on an unstable ground. During the past two decades, a changing perspective towards the contribution of women in progress and other economic activities is said to be on the rise but development activities have benefited only a marginal segment of the women. Since the independence, the government of India has introduced various legally measure such as legal equal remuneration women act (1976), indecent representation of women act (1986), and protection of women from domestic violence act (2005) and scheme to uplift the women economic empowerment such as self-help group, National Mission for employment of women (2001), national policy for women (2016) and Integrated Women's Empowerment Programme. The survey highlights the increasing participation rate of women in Rural Female Labour Force Participation rate (FLFPR) from 19.7 percent in 2018-19 to 27.7 percent in 2020-21 (Economic Survey, 2022-23). In spite of this, women face issue and challenges notably domestic violence unequal wage and gender inequality which hinders women empowerment. In this regards, the present study is composed of women economic empowerment, need, issues and challenges in India.

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Women Economic Empowerment, needs, issues, challenges and government initiatives in India.

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The rise of digital careers has redefined professional landscapes, offering unprecedented opportunities while also introducing unique psychological challenges. This study, explores the intersection of digital work environments and the emotional well-being of young professionals. As digital platforms become central to employment, understanding their impact on mental health, job satisfaction, and overall well-being is essential for fostering a sustainable and productive workforce. The rapid expansion of digital careers has transformed the professional landscape, particularly for youth who are increasingly engaged in virtual work environments. While these careers offer flexibility and innovation, they also present unique challenges to emotional well-being, such as isolation, burnout, and blurred work-life boundaries. This qualitative study explores the emotional well-being of youth in digital careers, utilizing secondary data from existing literature, mental health reports, and industry trends. The research aims to uncover the psychological impacts of virtual work environments and identify strategies to foster resilience and emotional health. Two specific research questions guide this study: (1) What are the primary emotional challenges faced by youth in digital careers? (2) How can emotional well-being be effectively supported and enhanced in virtual work settings? By addressing these questions, the study seeks to provide actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders to create healthier and more sustainable digital career pathways for the younger generation.

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Emotional Well-being, Digital Career, Youth Employment, Virtual World

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