Volume 8 | Issue 2

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Abstract The Panchayati Raj Institutions in India is not of recent origin, the system existed from the Vedic period which was based on the principles of decentralization and mass participation in decision making. The term Panchayati Raj was coined by our first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who favoured the idea of village republic. Gandhiji realized the importance of village Panchayat as an important instrument of rural development, promoting democracy at grass-root. His term for such a vision was �Gram Swaraj� (village self governance). According to him, �if the village perishes India will perish too. It will no more be India. Her own mission in the world gets lost.� The main objective of this paper is to understand the PRI�s from historical perspective and the changes after the implementation of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) in India. This Research Paper is based on secondary sources and the data is collected from Books, Journals, Articles, etc.

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Keywords: PRI�s in India, Historical background of PRI�s, 73rd CAA & Changes after CAA

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The thesis is intended to research the composite shaft material in place if conventional shaft material (Carbon steel SAE 1045). Substituting composite structure in place of conventional metallic structure has advantages like higher strength, high specific stiffness and lower density. The Property of composite shaft is used for the applications in which reducing weight is an important factor without compromising the quality and factor of safety. This thesis was carried out for industries in which manufactures Motors and Generators. This thesis aims at providing the less weight composite shaft when compared to the conventional shaft and it will be used in motor which demands lesser overall weight.

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COMPOSITE SHAFT FOR AN MOTOR

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Since independence, under the planned process of development, the Indian industries have been making remarkable efforts for speedy development in industrialisation across the globe. A variety of purposeful policies and measures has been undertaken to promote industrial development in the world. Accordingly, the industrial sectors in India witnessed significant changes by adopting the multi dimensional strategies in their operations. E-commerce is one of the dimensional strategies. EC provides benefit to business firms while reducing transaction cost, facilitates in spreading markets geographically, and improves compatibility between parties. It is a assured application of IT brought a revolution in supply chain management which includes manufacturing, retail and service operations. The article focused on the importance of E-Commerce and an attempt have been made to define different types of e-commerce as well as explored its major elements in relation with industrial management. Besides, the process of E-Commerce components may observe in different areas of industry such as manufacturing, retailing and service operations.

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E-commerce; Supply chain management; Elements and Framework.

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The advancement of technology leads to increasing accuracy of computer vision such as machine learning in which a machine learns itself, without explicit programming. The field deep learning which is a subset of machine learning in Artificial intelligence uses patterns used in decision making has made task of image processing much easier. This paper will focus on TensorFlow by google. The trained coco models are taken with input which in turn produces output boxes where objects are identified within frames with percentage match and labels. This survey paper will elaborate the actual working of TensorFlow. The working of COCOAPI models includes capturing, storing and comparing thousands of images with real time objects and percentage matches are described with its process in ensuring literature surveys. Apart from this, paper also includes some details about yolo for training object detection models.

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TensorFlow, cocoapi, weights, models, OpenCV, image processing, deep learning, artificial intelligence, machine learning

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William Shakespeare,often called England's national poet,is considered as the greatest dramatist of all time.Kalidasa,known as the Shakespeare of India,is regarded as the greatest of the Sanskrit dramatists of India.Though Shakespeare and Kalidasa belonged to different age , culture and language but as a great literary luminaries they both shared many things in common.Both the writers had a deep understanding of human nature.Their writings capture the range of human emotion and conflict.In this paper an attempt has been made to bring out some of the similar concepts used by both the writers in treating love and Supernatural elements in the plays The Tempest and Abhijnanashakuntalam.

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William Shakespeare,Prosperous,Miranda,Ariel, Supernatural,Kalidasa,Shakuntala,Dusyant

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: It is widely accepted that settlements can be differentiated in terms of rural and urban, but there is no consensus on what exactly defines a village or a town. Although population size is an important criterion, it is not a universal criterion since many villages in densely populated countries of India and China have population exceeding that of some towns of Western Europe and United States. At one time, people living in villages pursued agriculture or other primary activities, but presently in developed countries, large sections of urban populations prefer to live in villages even though they work in the city. The basic difference between towns and villages is that in towns the main occupation of the people is related to secondary and tertiary sectors, while in the villages most of the people are engaged in primary occupations such as agriculture, fishing, lumbering, mining, animal husbandry, etc. Depending on the size, the rural settlements are classified as Hamlets is rural settlement comprising of few houses only), true village communities, villages and large villages. True village community are just ancient and long settled villages where in extreme cases, no personal property exists and everything belongs to community of peasants. Such village communities are seen in India, Malaya and France.

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Rural , settlement , compact and helmeted.

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The Ashtamangala (ashta meaning eight and mangla means auspicious) are a suite of eight auspicious symbols revered for their sacredness in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. In Buddhism these symbols are: A White Parasol, A Pair of golden Fishes, A Treatise Vase, A Lotus, A Right-Spiralling White Conch Shells, An Endless Knot, A Victorious Banner, and A Golden Wheel. This paper describes about the importance of these eight auspicious symbols with special reference to the Golden Wheel as Dharama Chakra, which is a symbol of absolute completeness. The chakra having the three basic parts -the Hub, Spoke and Rim symbolising the three trainings in Buddhism i.e. Sila (ethics), Prajna (wisdom) and Samadhi (Concentration). It also explains the importance of different number of spokes in chakra in Buddhist tradition, which is the universal truth common to all individuals at all times, along with the turning of the wheel as his teaching.

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Ashtamgala, Dharamchakra, Hub, Spoke, Rim, Turning of The Wheel.

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Contrary to earlier research, this paper has studied the impact of various factors on the overall adjustment of the Indian IT expatriates. The independent variables chosen for the study include organization factors, individual factors and non-work factors. Their impact has been studied on the three adjustment dimensions proposed by Black and Stephens (1989): General Adjustment, Interaction Adjustment and Work Adjustment. The paper is quantitative in nature and has surveyed 67 Indian IT expatriates working all across the globe. Based on the theory and reviewed literature, 4 hypotheses have been put forward. Analysis through regression and one-way ANOVA indicated that the mentioned independent variables do have a significant impact on overall expatriate adjustment. However, the extent of impact of each of these independent factors on the different dimensions of overall expatriate adjustment varies.

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Expatriate Adjustment, Cultural Novelty, General Adjustment, Interaction Adjustment, Work Adjustment, Overseas Assignment

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In recent days many organisations or firms have made their process digitalized, so as such in such a kind of globalised generation a lot of data is being transferred in and around among which much of them are based on images or videos etc. For example let�s take the present scenario of the space rovers which take the snaps of the orbital atmosphere and reflect the data of images to the earth, so in such a scenario image processing comes into existence. Outdoor images are used in a vast number of applications, such as surveillance, remote sensing, and autonomous navigation. The greatest issue with these types of images is the effect of environmental pollution: haze, smog, and fog originating from suspended particles in the air, such as dust, carbon, and water drops, which cause degradation, is essential for the input of computer vision systems. Most of the state-of-the-art research in de-hazing algorithms is focused on improving the estimation of transmission maps, which are also known as depth maps. Transmission maps are essential because they directly explain the quality of the image restoration. In this page an exclusive algorithm and morphological operations are proposed which evicts all the hazy layers of the image and restore the prior fine quality of the image which is purely done based on the usage colour �Dark-Channel-Prior�. The obtained experimental results are evaluated and compared qualitatively and quantitatively with other de-hazing algorithms using the metrics of the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index; based on these metrics, it is found that the proposed algorithm has improved performance compared with recently introduced approaches.

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Single-image de-hazing, Image-enhancement, Morphological-operations, Dark channel-prior.

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Vermiculture biotechnology promises to usher in the �Second Green Revolution� by completely replacing the destructive agro-chemicals which did more harm than good to both the farmers and their farmland. Earthworms restore and improve soil fertility and significantly boost crop productivity. Earthworms excreta (vermicast) is a nutritive �organic fertilizer� rich in humus, NKP, micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes - �nitrogen-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria� and �actinomycets� and growth hormones �auxins�, �gibberlins� and �cytokinins�. Both earthworms and its vermicast and body liquid (vermiwash) are scientifically proving as both �growth promoters and protectors� for crop plants. In the experiments with corn and wheat crops, tomato and egg-plants it displayed excellent growth performances in terms of height of plants, colour and texture of leaves, appearance of flowers and fruits, seed ears etc, as compared to chemical fertilizers and the conventional compost. There is also less incidences of �pest and disease attack� and �reduced demand of water� for irrigation in plants grown on vermicompost. Presence of live earthworms in soil also makes significant difference in flower and fruit formation in vegetable crops. Earthworms biomass, a byproduct of VBT is rich in �high quality protein� and source of nutritive feed materials for fishery, poultry and dairy industries and also for human consumption.

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Vermiculture

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The purpose of the paper, titled as �The Ethnographic Research� is to describe the importance of ethnographic research in cultural studies, its key characteristics, process of conducting ethnographic research, the dimensions that ethnographers must consider in order to get a comprehensive collection of data information in cultural studies and the role of ethnographic researchers to gain the better understanding of the ethnographic research. The importance of ethnographic research is that it enables its presentation as a diagnostic and microcosm of knowledge on a subject and turns this knowledge into generic and recursive knowledge, explore new facts, produce voluminous unstructured data and generate new theories. The role of the ethnographer includes; permission to access society, establish a close and ongoing relationships with research population, maintain reliable and participatory relationships with the research population and to understand phenomena they witness without influencing them at all.

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Ethnographic research, Culture, Tribe

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Banking industry plays a vital role for the development of economy of any country. Non-performing assets have become a terrible factor for Indian banking industry. The present research carries out to compare the Non-performing assets of selected Public sector banks and Private sector banks for the period of 2015 to 2019. This study aims to perform analysis of private sector banks and public sector banks of India by the mean of Non-performing assets. It is found in the study that efficiency to cover debt of private sector banks is better than Public sector banks. Public sector banks face problem of heavy NPAs hence, Government and Regulatory authority should take corrective steps to control the NPAs of the banks.

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Non-performing Assets, Public sector banks, Private sector banks

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Underemployment refers to "Overqualification", or "overeducation", or the employment of workers with high education, skill levels, or experience in jobs that do not require such abilities For example, an individual with an engineering degree working as a pizza delivery man as his main source of income is considered to be underemployed. It is the hazardous trouble at present time to graduates. The objective of this study is to find out the causes of underemployment and its prevention for the youth in Tamilnadu.

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Underemployment, Unemployment, Tamil Nadu, Causes and Prevention

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Why Are We So Blest? explores the hard realities of the continent by means of a communal voice. It is a fictional representation of the conflicts and contradictions that define African situation providing an opportunity to study a confrontation between European and African patterns of thought. The confrontation is apparent in the initial confusion and disillusionment, followed by fragmentation, disintegration, with final emphasis on the consolidation of African identity. It is an attempt to probe the complex relation of colonizer and colonized; a relation which is seen as historically past but psychologically present in the Africans.

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Colour disparity, Self-annihilation, Alienation, Racial Superiority

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This paper tries to identify the challenges that create obstacles of implementing Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) at the level of secondary schools in the southern region of Bangladesh. Data is collected from fifteen English teachers of secondary level in southern region of Bangladesh. This article demands the research technique- questionnaire and interviews. This article initiates with the short introduction of CLT, tracked by its problem statement, objectives and research questions. Then literature review is delineated with the help of writings of different scholars. It also discusses some principles of CLT and the roles of instructors and students as well as explores the challenges for the application of CLT associating with the short indication of exam and educational system of Bangladesh. Quantitative data analysis has also been shown in this study to realize the exact condition of Communicative Language Teaching in the study area. The findings point out some encounters- bizarrely large class size, culture, insufficient of trained teachers and modern teaching aids, low salary of instructors, formal relationship between teachers and students, educator�s inability to speak English for a long time in the classroom, imbalance between curriculum and assessment and grammar-based exam. It also focuses on the recommendations and implications for further research to eradicate the challenges. This investigation may offer suggestions for the experts and the language policy makers to upgrade CLT practices.

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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Grammar Translation Method (GTM), challenges of CLT implementation, Secondary level, schools located in southern region of Bangladesh

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Several techniques are available for the detection of a landmine in a diversity of environments. Various present landmine detection technologies are Remote sensing technology, ground penetrating radar (GPR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), Electromagnetic induction (EMI), Ultrasound, Explosive vapor detection (EVD) and Infrared detectors (IR). A self-governing robotic system in a minefield is a popular method as it decreases the hazards in manual detection. For the detection of landmines using robots the components consist of a control unit that contains a controller or processor and various sensors. Such robots can be used at Warfield for the detection of landmines and also for surveillance purposes at the border areas. This paper gives you a review of landmine detection using an unmanned robotic vehicle. The purpose is to give a summary of the landmine detection techniques by using robots that are capable of exploring and detecting semi-buried as well as buried landmines and mark their location.

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Landmine Detection, Robot, unmanned vehicle

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This study compared administrators� fund management strategies in public and private secondary schools in Anambra State. Four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population for the study constituted a total of 775 administrators which consisted of 258 state public secondary school administrators and 517 administrators for the private secondary schools in the six education zones in Anambra State. Sample for this study constituted 181 public secondary school principals and 362 private secondary school principals determined through the proportionate stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire titled �School Administrators� Fund Management Strategies Questionnaire (SAFMSQ)� were used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts and reliability of the questionnaire determined through Cronbach Alpha method. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The hypotheses were tested at an alpha (?) level of 0.05 significance using t-test statistics. Findings of the study indicated among others; that administrators of the private secondary schools employed more fund management strategies in the areas of their financial budgeting strategies, fund allocation strategies and auditing strategies than administrators of the public secondary schools. However, there were significant differences in the aspect of administrators� fund management strategies between the public and private secondary schools in Anambra State in the aforementioned strategies. Based on the findings, recommendations were proffered, among them include that: the administrators of public and private secondary schools should expand their financial budgeting strategies through effective planning for appropriate fund management.

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Administrators, Fund, Management, Strategies, Public, Private, Secondary schools

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SL v XaN o ;DFH4 AN,FT] UFD0]4 5lZJT"G4 ;XMWG4 VeIF;4 5wWlTXF:+

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When competition is getting more and more global every day, the question of what now/new? Is getting crucial for any company and economy in the whole world. The purpose of writing this paper is to establish the importance of changing Paradigm from traditional to innovative management. In the present / future era. The rise of Artificial Intelligence and technologies will fundamentally reform the work tasks and DNA of many organizations. In this new era the success is more and more dependent on People and their inspiration and creativity. Companies need to start reinventing their management model and organizational paradigm very fast for enabling People to live up to their capacity and thereby being relevant as a company. The paper has suggested a fine innovative theory which explains how important now transformation of manager into a leader is. Characteristics which are very important to change a manger to leader are perfect vision towards organization, able to deliver his statement to his subordinates, tactical thinking, etc The classical way of leadership has been rejected in today�s era organization as they are very comfortable with innovative, techniques of leadership because of the lot of flexibility and enthusiasm in their work environment. Mostly the innovative and creative organizations have changed their management paradigm to leadership at all levels. Which are the three most important levels of organization firstly policy making level i.e. the higher level of the organization, secondly the middle level management and lastly but not least execution level management.

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Keywords: Paradigm change, innovation, manager to leader, characteristics, shared leadership.

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There has been an emerging trend of an enormous number of chat applications which are present within the recent years to help people to connect across different mediums, like Hike, Whats App, Telegram, etc. The proposed network-based android chat application used for chatting purposes with remote clients or users connected to the online , and it will not let the user send inappropriate messages. This paper proposes the mechanism of creating knowledgeable chat application which can not permit the user to send inappropriate or improper messages to the participants by incorporating the bottom level implementation of natural language processing (NLP). Before sending the messages to the user, the typed message evaluated to hunt out any inappropriate terms within the message which may include vulgar words, etc., using natural language processing. The user can build their own dictionary which contains vulgar or irrelevant terms. After pre-processing steps of removal of punctuations, numbers, conversion of text to lower case and NLP concepts of removing stop words, stemming, tokenization, named entity recognition and parts of speech tagging, it gives keywords from the user typed message. These derived keywords compared with the terms within the dictionary and database and therefore the respective response are replied.

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Android Application, Chatting, Dictionary, Named Entity Recognition, Natural Language Processing, Networking, Parts of Speech tagging, Sentimental Analysis, Stemming and Tokenization.

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