Volume 7 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Abstract:Environmental degradation in coal mining regions remains a pressing issue in India, particularly in the Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) areas of West Bengal and Jharkhand. This article examines the various environmental hazards resulting from ECL's mining activities, including land degradation, air and water pollution, and threats to biodiversity. Through an in depth discussion based on credible studies and systematic field observation, the paper investigates the socio-ecological implications of open-cast and underground mining. It highlights the effects on local communities, agriculture and the atmosphere while reflecting on the role of government regulation and corporate responsibility. The article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the long-term environmental risks and proposes holistic measures for mitigation. By combining scholarly insights and critical reflection, this work emphasizes the urgency of sustainable practices in ECL regions to safeguard both nature and people.

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ECL, coal mining, environmental hazard, land degradation, pollution.

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The Village Panchayat or elected council had large powers, both executive and judicial. Land was distributed by this panchayat which also collected taxes out of the produce and paid the government's share on behalf of the village. Above a number of these village councils there was a larger panchayat or council to supervise and interfere if necessary.[2] Casteism and feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule in the medieval period slowly eroded the self-government in villages. A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors emerged between the ruler and the people. And, so began the stagnation and decline of self-government in villages.

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IN BRITISH ADMINISTRATION The Royal Commission on Decentralisation (1907) BEFORE-INDEPENDENCE OF INDIAAFTER-INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA:Committee of G.V.K. RAO 1985.Committee Of L. M. SINGHVI -1986.THE KARNATAKA PANCHAYATRAJ ACT 19931. To examine the socio economic and political development of the villeges. 2. To critically examine the central state government programs for the development of the Villeges 3. To study the income and consumption pattern of the villege area people

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This research aims to study the emotional and psychological complexities of a modern Indian family navigating the tensions of custody battle in Manju Kapur's novel Custody. Set against the backdrop of India's post-liberalization era, the novel examines how societal changes impact relationships within a middle-class family. Shagun, mother of Roohi and Arjun seeking independence and freedom, engages in an extra-marital affair that disrupts her marriage to Raman, while Ishita, the second wife, epitomizes the self-sacrificing ideal of motherhood and wifehood that defines traditional values. Their emotional and legal struggles, particularly in the context of the custody battle over their children, reveal the gendered biases in India's legal system and the psychological toll of marital breakdowns on children. Custody critiques the evolving societal expectations of women, questioning the conflict between personal desires and familial obligations in a rapidly transforming India.

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Custody of Children, Marital discord , Legal and Psychological Complexities

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Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are decentralized, self-configuring wireless networks that rely on dynamic topologies and collaborative node-to-node communication without fixed infrastructure. While MANETs offer flexibility and ease of deployment, they are highly vulnerable to various security threats due to their open nature, limited resources, and lack of centralized control. Secure routing becomes a critical concern to ensure the reliable transmission of data across the network. This research investigates the core security challenges in MANET routing protocols and analyzes various secure routing mechanisms designed to mitigate attacks such as black hole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks. It provides a comparative study of notable secure routing protocols including SAODV, ARAN, SEAD, and SRP, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and performance trade-offs under different threat models. Key security requirements such as authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability are discussed in the context of routing strategies. Simulation results (or theoretical analysis, if no simulation is done) demonstrate the effectiveness of these protocols in enhancing MANET security while maintaining acceptable performance metrics. The study further explores potential enhancements and emerging trends aimed at developing more robust and adaptive secure routing solutions for future MANET deployments.

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: Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), Secure Routing, Routing Protocols, Wireless Networks, Network Security, Cryptography, Attack Mitigation, SAODV, ARAN, Black Hole Attack, Wormhole Attack.

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The rapid growth of urban populations has led to an increasing demand for smarter and more sustainable city infrastructure. This research presents an IoT-based Smart City framework utilizing Raspberry Pi and ESP32 microcontrollers to automate and monitor key urban services including car parking, street lighting, waste management, and weather detection. The proposed system incorporates three IR sensors to detect vehicle presence in parking slots and operates corresponding servo motors to control gate barriers. For street light automation, Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used to differentiate between day and night, triggering LEDs accordingly to conserve energy. A rain sensor connected to a servo motor detects weather conditions (dry/wet), while smart bins equipped with IR sensors monitor waste levels. Upon reaching full capacity, the system sends SMS alerts using a GSM 800 module and captures the bin location via GPS for efficient waste collection. Real-time data from all modules is transmitted to the Adafruit IO cloud server using the ESP32 module, enabling remote monitoring of IP locations, parking slot availability, bin status, and street light operations. The integration of these technologies into a unified platform demonstrates a scalable and efficient approach to building sustainable smart cities with minimal human intervention.

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IoT, Smart City, Raspberry Pi, ESP32, Adafruit IO, Car Parking System, Street Light Automation, IR Sensor, LDR Sensor, Rain Sensor, GSM 800 Module, GPS Module, Smart Bin Monitoring, Real-Time Data, Cloud-Based Monitoring, Urban Infrastructure.

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Women are nearly the half of the total population size of a society. The economic empowerment of women is predominantly depends on educational achievement of women in a society. This is not only true that education is an entry point of various opportunities but also educational achievement of women helps her to making self-confident in all spheres of activities of a society, including full participation on the basis of equality in the decision-making process to access power of social and economic aspects of society. It improves quality of life such that, attaining education one becomes more aware about socio-economic obstacles. In Assam, it has reordered that gender gaps between male and female have reduced in primary and secondary level of education, but the aforementioned disparities still exists in higher education. Large number of girls especially from the rural areas drop out before reaching any higher education. Therefore, there is need to develop a flexible, accessible and equitable education system in which women along with the men counterpart can easily fulfill their aspiration and to create a responsible develop society with overcoming their social obligations. Through this research paper an attempt is made to study on present status of women in higher education in Assam and find out key factors which will focus to bring out educational inequality among men and women and their solutions.

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: Women, Education, Society, Women status, Higher education, Development.

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In the Indian ancient of mathematical history, the name Acharya Lagadha Muni stands as a beacon of ancient Indian brilliance. Though shrouded in the mists of time, his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly within the framework of Vedic astrology, remain a testament to the intellectual prowess of early Indian civilization. This article delves into the life and work of Lagadha, exploring his significant contributions to Vedic mathematics and their enduring impact on subsequent generations of scholars. His exact life span remains shrouded in the mists of time, his contributions to the field of Vedic mathematics are undeniable.

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Ancient, Brilliance, Contribution, Framework, Astrology, Prowess, Significant, Generation.

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Satyagraha was a chemical in which the combination of truth and insistence led to the union of religion and revolution. Due to such a wonderful synergy, it became a driving force that brought about change in all spheres of life.

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Satyagrahas of South Gujarat during the freedom struggle

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A Low income group of family plays multifarious socio-economic roles inside as well as outside the home. Women work harder than men in rural society. They are not only homemakers but also bread winners, baring land preparation, irrigation and plant protection. They do all the farm Jobs and are entirely incharge of kitchen gardening and animals keeping. Their Management in agriculture in 80 percent. They also do collection of fodder and fuel, cooking, child caring, animal husbandry, handicrafts work in their daily life.

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Family, Time Management, Energy Management, Practices and Socio-Economic development.

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Even though dystopia has been emerging in writing, it is currently such tragic and heart rending fiction that has become particularly famous. The argument of this paper is to examine how contemporary Indian fiction exhibits the barbarity of contemporary Indian religious beliefs conditioning the society, specifically the arrangements upheld by an Indian state where custom and immaculateness are esteemed above multiculturality, discourse, and equity, this paper centers around an acclaimed book, to be specific, Nayantara Sahgal's When the Moon Shines by Day (2017). In various manners, the work depicts the dystopian world picture of dubious occasions in contemporary India. The work additionally cautions against the risks of the fundamentalist variant of religion and social restriction, simultaneously as they draw out into the open to harm that a prevailing minority. The present paper substantiates the characteristics of a dystopian world modelled by Nayantara Sahgal, who tries to show the harsh reality of contemporary Indian society.

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Dystopia, Contemporary Indian fiction, Socio-religious divide, Barbarity, Restriction, Totalitarianism

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The Indian Rebellion of 1857, often referred to as the Sepoy Mutiny, marked a significant turning point in the history of British colonial rule in India. While the rebellion was largely unsuccessful in its immediate objective of ending British rule, its long-term consequences were profound. It not only exposed the deep-seated resentment towards British policies but also laid the groundwork for the subsequent Indian independence movement. This paper explores the causes, events, and aftermath of the 1857 rebellion, analyzing its importance in the broader context of Indian resistance to British colonialism. The study also reflects on the lasting effects of the rebellion on India's struggle for independence and its relevance to the present generation in terms of understanding resistance, unity, and the fight for justice.

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Indian Rebellion, Sepoy Mutiny, 1857, British Colonialism, Indian Independence, Resistance, Nationalism, Social Unrest, Historical Legacy, Revolt.

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Margaret Walker's life and work exemplify her determination to establish her identity as a Black woman in a predominantly white, male-dominated society. As a novelist, Walker holds significant importance, crafting stories that delve into the complexities of racial experiences. Her work showcases the resilience and strength of individuals and communities as they navigate oppression, ultimately emerging victorious. Jubilee (1966) is a historical novel by Margaret Walker, based on her own family's history. The novel tells the story of Vyry Brown, a biracial slave woman, from her childhood on a Georgia plantation to her experiences during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. Through Vyry's journey, the novel explores themes of slavery, racism, family, identity, and resilience, offering a powerful and poignant portrayal of African American life during this tumultuous period in American history.

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racism, slavery

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The main purpose of this paper is to use the notion of absorbing maps, which are neither a subclass of compatible maps nor a subclass of noncompatible maps, to establish unique common fixed point theorems under unified and extended strict contractive condition with weaker form of reciprocal continuity. These results extend and generalize the many recent results in the literature.

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Common (E.A.) property, absorbing maps, Coincidence point, fixed point, g-reciprocal continuity.

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India offers significant demographic dividend with nearly 50% of population under 25 years and about 200 million expected to enter workforce over the next decade. India is ranked 132nd out of 185 economies in Doing Business 2013 by the World Bank. India's restrictions on foreign equity ownership are greater than the average of the countries covered by the Investing across Sectors indicators in the South Asia region and of the BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Make in India has the purpose of inviting foreign investors to set up manufacturing unit in India for the global markets, thereby to provide employment opportunity to the labour force of India. It aims to make India as its export hub for the South East Asian region. It encourages the host country to manufacture in the area of automobile, IT, textile, pharmaceutical, engineering, railway, defense, renewable energy, tourism and hospitality. The initiative also aims to transform India from highly potential market to the powerhouse of manufacturing, thereby creating millions of job opportunity. In short make in India conceived to achieve multiple objectives and for reaching impact on economy. The make in India campaign launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi attracted many countries to invest in different sectors are facing the problem of infrastructure, land acquisition, land related approvals, skilled labourers. Considering the intensity of make in India campaign, we need to study its objectives, prospects and challenges

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Key words: BRIC, GDP, IT,

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Education is widely acknowledged as a crucial agent of social change and development in contemporary society. Social change occurs when existing social systems fail to meet human needs or when new innovations suggest more effective ways to fulfill those needs. Education has played a pivotal role in facilitating the advancement of science and technology, leading to significant transformations in various aspects of human life. It serves as a process that brings about changes in societal behavior, enabling individuals to actively participate in social activities and contribute positively to societal progress.

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Social Change, Education, Development ,Science and Technology , Societal Transformation, Behavioral Chan ges, Social Participation ,Well-being , Economic Inclusion , Political Inclusion, Child-centered Learning , Modern Society , Innovation , Cultural Transmission , Social Progress

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Quantum computing, with its potential to simulate complex quantum systems efficiently, is emerging as a promising tool for accelerating research in renewable energy and materials science. Traditional computational methods, such as density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics, struggle to accurately model complex materials used in energy technologies due to the exponential scaling of quantum many-body problems. Quantum computers offer a new approach to overcome these limitations, providing breakthroughs in material design for solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, and catalysts. This paper reviews recent advancements in quantum computing applied to renewable energy and materials science, highlighting the theoretical models, quantum algorithms, and potential future developments.

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Quantum Computing for Renewable Energy and Materials: A Theoretical Exploration

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Green banking can benefit the environment either by reducing the carbon footprint of consumers or banks. Either a bank or a consumer can conserve paper and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online banking is a best example of this. When a bank's customer goes online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Green banking means combining operational improvements and technology, and changing client habits. Green banking is one of the popular concepts which make an impressive growth in the field of financial system. Overall, Green banking is really a good way for people to get more awareness about global warming; each businessperson will contribute a lot to the environment and make this earth a better place to live. Thanks to green banking. Until a few years ago, most traditional banks did not practice green banking or actively seek investment opportunities in environmentally friendly sectors or businesses. Only recently, have these strategies become more prevalent, among not only smaller alternative and cooperative banks, but also among diversified financial service providers, asset management firms and insurance companies. This study has investigates the role of innovation intermediaries such as Green banking in accelerating environmental sustainability development and bankers perception towards implementation of Green Banking practices in India: issues and challenges.

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Bankers perception, Green banking in accelerating environmental sustainability, issues and challenges

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The term Diaspora is derived from the Greek word diasperio, which means dispersion. The original meaning has been extended to the current meaning based on the Old Testament wherein the word Diaspora was used to refer specifically to the populations of Jews exiled from Judea, in 586 B.C by the Babylonians, and Jerusalem in 136 A.D by the Roman Empire. The term also refers to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population of Israel and their cultural development. The present meaning of Diaspora is a minority living in exile. The development of Diaspora in the academic field is established in the late twentieth century. It looks upon the dispersed ethnic population all over the world and thus becomes a part and parcel of Global Cultural Studies

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Diaspora, ethnic population Cultural memory, Diaspora Marketing, Diaspora Social Networking

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Rohinton Mistry, acclaimed Canadian author of Parsi lineage was born in 1952 in Mumbai or what was then called Bombay. After getting a B. A. in Mathematics and Economics from the University of Bombay in 1975, he immigrated to Canada, at the age of 23. After working for a few years in a bank in Canada, he enrolled at the University of Toronto and received a B. A. in English and Philosophy. He began to write short stories for which he won two Hart House literary prizes and Canadian Fiction Magazine's annual Contributor's Prize in 1985. In 1987, his collection of short stories titled Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from Firozsha Baag was published. Such a Long Journey was published in 1991 and it won the Governor General's Award, the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book and the W.H. Smith/Books in Canada, First Novel Award. It was short listed for the prestigious Booker Prize and for the Trillium Award. A Fine Balance was published in 1995 and won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for fiction; the Commonwealth Writer's Prize, Canada's prestigious Giller Prize and was a 1996 Booker Prize finalist. Mistry's most recent novel, Family Matters, also nominated for the Booker Prize, was awarded the Kiriyama Prize for fiction. In 2012 he won the Neustadt International Prize for Literature.

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Parsi, Diaspora, Culture, Identity ethno-cultural community, Zoroastrian religion

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