Volume 4 | Issue 2

 Abstract

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of explosive power among university-level Football, Handball, and Volleyball players of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 300 male players (100 each from Football, Handball, and Volleyball), who had participated in Inter-University tournaments during 2011-12, were selected as subjects. Explosive power was assessed through standard tests, and the results were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's Post Hoc Test. The mean scores of explosive power were Football (1.954 m), Handball (2.093 m), and Volleyball (2.000 m), with standard deviations of 0.022, 0.054, and 0.033 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of 341.34 was significantly higher than the table value of 3.03 at the 0.05 level of confidence, indicating significant differences among the groups. Post Hoc analysis showed significant mean differences between Football & Handball (MD=0.139), Handball & Volleyball (MD=0.093), and Football & Volleyball (MD=0.046), confirming that Handball players exhibited superior explosive power compared to Football and Volleyball players. The findings highlight the influence of sport-specific demands on explosive power and suggest the importance of tailored training programs to optimize performance.

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Explosive Power, Physical Fitness, Football, Handball and Volleyball, University Players

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NOTA Button ki Vyavastha: Bhartiya Loktantra me Upadeyata

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NOTA Button ki Vyavastha: Bhartiya Loktantra me Upadeyata

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Innumerable factors such as the social class of the parents, their corresponding socio-economic, educational level, professions, cultural conditions, values and future goals create an impact on children's chances of benefitting from educational opportunities and of achieving success in the educational process especially their creative writing skills. Family experiences and behaviours stemming from socio-economic characteristics are considered to play a dominant role in the development of children's creative writing skills. The present study has been conducted to make a study of the influence of mother's financial status in fostering the creative writing skills in English among students. It can be concluded that mother's income level has a positive influence on the creative writing skills in English among students.

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Creative writing skills, Financial status

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Fuzzy control has been extensively utilized in industrial applications, particularly in scenarios where conventional control design techniques face challenges. One of the critical factors in real-time fuzzy control applications is the number of fuzzy rules, as it directly influences system efficiency and computational complexity. This study is driven by the growing industrial demand for highly reliable, efficient, and low-complexity controllers. The proposed fuzzy controller is designed using multiple fuzzy controllers with a reduced number of fuzzy rules, ensuring optimal control performance while maintaining simplicity. The effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller is analyzed and compared with that of conventional fuzzy controllers. Fuzzy logic control offers a robust solution by effectively handling errors in control operations, managing system nonlinearities, and demonstrating resilience to system parameter variations. The comparative analysis highlights the advantages of the proposed approach in enhancing system performance and reliability.

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 Keywords

Fuzzy Logic Control, PI Controller, Induction Motor, Torque Optimization, Genetic Algorithm.

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Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a significant cybersecurity threat, disrupting online services and causing financial and reputational damage to organizations worldwide. This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding DDoS attacks by classifying them based on attack vectors, impact and methodology. It explores analytical models, including game theory, queuing theory and entropy-based approaches, to understand the attack-defense dynamics and assess the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies. Furthermore, this paper analyzes traditional and modern defense mechanisms, including rate limiting, anomaly detection, machine learning-based classifiers and blockchain-based mitigation. By examining the evolution of DDoS attacks and countermeasures, this paper provides insights into future challenges and research directions in securing networks against increasingly sophisticated attack strategies. The findings highlight the necessity of a multi-layered defense approach that integrates theoretical models with practical implementations to enhance resilience against DDoS threats.

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DDoS attacks, cybersecurity, attack taxonomy, game theory, anomaly detection, mitigation strategies, network security, botnets, machine learning, entropy analysis.

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In order to create a system to recognize specific human gestures which can be used to convey information this paper presents a k curvature algorithm. This paper aims at design and implementation of a Static Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR) system captured from a webcam in real time. And the recognized gesture is used to pick and place the surgical instruments which can be used in the operating room. The system consists of three stages: image acquisition, feature extraction, and recognition. In the first stage input image of hand gestures are acquiesced by digital camera in approximate frame rate. Features are extracted by processing the image and K-Curvature algorithm is applied to recognize the hand gestures. And the arm is designed and recognized gesture can be used for the surgical instruments to pick and place.

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Hand Gesture Recognition system, k curvature algorithm, HGR system interface with device.

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This paper explores the state of gender equality in modern India, highlighting both significant progress and persistent challenges. Over the past few decades, India has witnessed notable advancements in women's rights, including increased participation in education, workforce, and political representation. Legislative measures such as the Right to Education Act and the Women's Reservation Bill signify governmental acknowledgment of gender disparities and the need for reform. However, these strides are tempered by enduring challenges, including gender-based violence, discrimination, and cultural norms that continue to hinder true equality. The paper examines the multifaceted nature of these issues, drawing on statistical data, case studies, and policy analyses to illustrate the complexities surrounding gender equality in contemporary Indian society. Ultimately, it argues for a holistic approach that integrates legal, social, and economic frameworks to address the root causes of inequality and promote sustainable progress toward gender parity in India.

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Gender Equality, Women's Rights, Modern India, Progress, Challenges

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Tourism has emerged as an instrument of employment generation, poverty alleviation, and sustainable human development. Foreign tourists make a major contribution to the country's economic development. India is a captivating country known for its rich culture, history, and diverse landscapes. However, safety concerns are a topic of discussion for many female travelers. In this blog, we'll delve into the various aspects of traveling as a woman in India, providing valuable insights, essential tips, and up-to-date information to help you make informed decisions and ensure a safe and memorable journey.Tourism has become the second largest net foreign exchange earner for the country. Sexual assault on foreign tourists in India is a major setback to the tourism industry. In 2022 Foreign Exchange Earning from tourism was Rs. 134543 Crore with an annual growth rate of 106.8%. The ratio of female travelers flying from developed countries to India has been on a consistent rise. On a year-on-year basis(y-o-y), the first quarter of 2023 saw the proportion of female international flyers rise to 49% of all travelers. The Indian government has taken measures to address issues related to women's safety. Also, engaging with local communities and seeking assistance from trusted sources, such as hotel staff or tourist information centers, can enhance your safety and overall experience in India as a female traveller.

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Tourism Industry, Foreign exchange earnings, cultural heritage, sustainable human development, Asia Pacific Region, Foreign Exchange Earning, Sustainable Development Goals, sexual assaults.

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Ochreinauclea missionis which is commonly known as Attu-Vanji or Nirvanchi is an endemic plant which comes under the family Rubiaceae. The plant is known for its medicinal uses like piles,oedema,skin and eye diseases etc. In the present study the antimicrobial activity of the plant leaf was examined by using the Agar-well diffusion method . It was found out that The methanol leaf extract of the Ochreinauclea missionis is showed significant antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

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Attu-Vanji, endemic, medicinal, Agar-well diffusion, antibacterial.

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Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message. Communication is fruitful if and only the messages sent by the sender is interpreted with same meaning by the receiver. Though some people are excellent communicators, the receiver may understand it wrongly. There are certain things that disrupt the flow of communication. In such a situation, communication suffers a breakdown. Something that interferes with the flow of communication or prevents the smooth passage of a message can be called communication breakdown or barrier. To avoid the situations where the meaning of a message gets distorted in the communication process, first of all we have to 1) identify the cause 2) find the solution 3) Apply the best solution and 4) follow through. If we follow these four steps, we can learn to become good communicators. Good communication means conveying the message well without creating any noise or barrier to the receiver. The most practical way or approach to get rid of communication barriers is to communicate more and more and at different levels. One way of reducing the effects of these barriers is to check continuously during the communication process what the message really is. There are many actions that we can take to surpass the barriers. Communication barriers can also exist due to difference in the ideologies or the presence of conflicts. It is essential that we identify our communication barriers and work towards rectifying it. The most practical way or approach to get rid of communication barriers is to communicate more and more and at different levels.

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13 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

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A Study of Effect on Speed on Kho-Kho Players by Yog and Circuit Training. Male players of Kho-kho selected at school level in Surat District were selected in the present study. Total 90 male players were selected as subjects for the sample of the present study, in which 30 players were included in the yog training group, 30 in circuit training group and 30 players were included in the control group. The male players of 13 to 17 years age group were included in the present study. The criterion measure used for the measurement of Explosive force of legs was Standing broad jump cm. After Collection of data, the difference between three group's mean was measured by one way Least Significant Difference Post Hoc Test. The significant level was 0.05 significant effects of yoga training was seen in the training group with comparatively to controlled group.

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A Study of Effect on Explosive force of legs on Kho-Kho Players by Yog and Circuit Training

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This thorough examination offers a critical analysis of the intricate relationship between Distributed Generation (DG) and DC microgrids. It provides a thorough analysis of basic ideas, sophisticated control techniques, technological developments, and useful applications in actual situations. In the framework of a paradigm shift towards decentralized energy solutions, this study investigates the efficacy of Direct Current (DC) microgrids in integrating and optimizing diverse distributed generation sources. The study conducts a critical analysis of the challenges and possibilities related to various distributed generation technologies and renewable energy systems. For scientists, engineers, and policymakers engaged in the challenging task of incorporating dispersed energy into current systems, it offers crucial perspectives. This review is an important tool that advances our knowledge of distributed generation in DC microgrids. It contributes significantly to the development of discussions on resilient and sustainable energy solutions. In addition to discussing the challenges associated with DG integration, this study highlights real-world examples that highlight the adaptability and efficiency of DC microgrid designs. Because it includes a thorough examination of power electronics, energy storage, and advanced control systems, this study is an invaluable resource for stakeholders hoping to take advantage of DC microgrids. Through the integration of analytical analysis and pragmatic application, this review provides insightful analysis and field assistance. The entire study contributes significantly to the advancement of distributed generation (DG) integration, which is necessary to establish a sustainable and resilient energy environment. It offers the fundamental knowledge required to accomplish successful integration. This review paper offers an in-depth analysis of DG integration in DC microgrids. This review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the dynamic landscape where distributed energy generation and DC microgrids interact, starting with the foundational ideas and moving on to a close examination of the difficulties, innovations in technology, and useful applications.

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DC Microgrid, DG, Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Energy Storage, Control Strategies, Integration Challenges.

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This study examined the associations between depression and suicidal ideation among male and female graduate and undergraduate college students living in hostel. This study utilized a survey using simple random sampling method involving 50 respondents (25 Male and 25 Female) chosen at random from different college hostels in Vijayawada, Krishna District. The participants were assessed by using Beck Suicidal Ideation (BSI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). the data were analyzed by using mean, standared deviation and descriptive statistics - pearson method of correlation and t-test. The findings indicated that suicidal ideation was positively association with depression and no significant gender difference was found on suicidal ideation and depression.

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depression, suicidal ideation, etc,.

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Federalism in India represents a constitutional framework balancing central authority and state autonomy, integral to governing a diverse nation. This paper comprehensively explores the historical evolution, challenges, role in governance, recent trends, comparative analysis, case studies, prospects, and recommendations within India's federal structure. Through examining constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, and legislative reforms, this study analyzes the dynamics of state-centre relations. Challenges like fiscal imbalances, inter-state disputes, and administrative coordination are juxtaposed against cooperative federalism models, technological advancements, and fiscal reforms. Lessons from comparative federal systems and case studies like water disputes and policy implementations provide nuanced insights. Recommendations emphasize fiscal equity, intergovernmental dialogue, local governance empowerment, and technological integration for administrative efficiency. The paper underscores the evolving nature of Indian federalism, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and collaboration to navigate a diverse socio-political landscape while ensuring national unity.

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Federalism, India, State-Centre Relations, Governance, Challenges, Cooperative Federalism, Fiscal Equity, Intergovernmental Dialogue, Local Governance, Administrative Efficiency, Adaptability, National Unity.

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The present study was designed to explore the area of career maturity in relation to Socio- Economic Status of Prospective Teachers. The study was done on the sample of 100 Prospective Teachers of District Fazilka (Punjab). Career Maturity Inventory by Gupta (1989), Socio Economic Status Scale by Bhardwaj (2001) were used to collect the data. Coefficient of correlation was calculated to find the relationship between career maturity and Socio- Economic Status and and t-value to find the difference in Career maturity of secondary school students with respect to locale. The study concluded that career maturity has positive relationship with Socio Economic Status. On comparison of Rural and Urban Prospective Teachers, the results clearly indicate that the Urban Prospective Teachers possess significantly a higher career maturity as compared to rural Prospective Teachers.

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Career maturity, Socio- Economic Status and Prospective Teachers

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Learning style refers to the ability of learners to perceive and process information in learning situations. One of the most important uses of learning styles is that it makes it easy for teachers to incorporate them into their teaching. This study is an analysis of Academic Achievement of Female Graduate Teacher Trainees of Fazilka District in Relation to Their Learning Style. It also tries to find out relation and effect of different learning styles on academic achievements of students. A sample of 100 Female Graduate Teacher Trainees of Fazilka District was selected for the study. Findings of the study reveal that there exist positive correlation between learning style and academic achievement of female Graduate teacher trainees. There exists no significant difference between relatedness of learning style and academic achievement of female graduate teacher trainees across academic stream variations.

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Academic Achievement, Learning Style

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Postmodernism and poststructuralism have proved themselves to be no fads in critical theorizing; they have come to stay; they offer new ways to theorize and study contemporary societies. Any informed discussion on contemporary theory and cultural politics will take upon itself the duty of educating the stakeholders on "the history of rationality and modernity in the global political debate, and thus about the recent influence of postmodernism on that debate" (Lucy, i). Empirical and conceptual applications of postmodernism in understanding and analyzing the cultural reality as well as its limitations in fully comprehending that reality form part of the rationale of this study which in practice is a reassessment of what postmodernism means in our own time. And this reassessment rests almost singularly on the assumption that postmodernism in the last analysis is a theory that is inherently and vigorously political

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POSTMODERNISM: MEANING, DEFINITIONS

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Water can be considered as the most important aspect for any creature after oxygen. Several human activities such as the use of harmful chemicals and others are increasing day by day which is increasing contamination of water. Although water pollution is negatively effective on almost all the creatures on this earth, the study specifically sheds light on the effects of water pollution on fish health. The use of secondary sources is appropriate for this study as there are many articles and journals that provide adequate information about water pollution and its effects on fishes. it is identified that water pollution disrupts the growth of the fishes and decreases the quality of them. The percentage of fish population decreases as well as the percentage of fish decline also increases due to water contamination. As a result, it is identified that water pollution disrupts the growth of the fishes and decreases the quality of them. The percentage of fish population decreases as well as the percentage of fish decline also increases due to water contamination. The present article will examine the effects of water pollution on fish population and fisheries sector.

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water pollution, harmful, contamination, Fish health, Effetcs

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Career decision-making self-efficacy is a pivotal construct in understanding individuals' career behaviors (Betz, 2007). Family, as a primary source of social support, exerts a substantial influence on adolescents' career development and decision-making process (Whiston & Keller, 2004). This study examined the role of selected family variables in predicting 100 secondary school students' career decision-making self- efficacy. Parental encouragement variables that reflected family members' socioeconomic status and parental encouragement variables, especially, parental career-related behaviors, were examined. Results showed that parental general psychosocial encouragement was a statistically significant factor in predicting career decision-making self-efficacy, explaining 39.3% of the variance of this construct for secondary school students.

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Effect of Parental Encouragement on Career Decision-Making and Self-Efficacy of Adolescents

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సామ్య శబ్దం నుండి ‘‘సామెత’’ పదం పుట్టింది. సామ్యం అంటే పోలిక. సామెతను హంగారీ భాషలో, పెల్డబెగెడ్‌, అరబ్బీ భాషలో, మతల్‌, హిందీ భాషలో, ‘కహావత్’, ఉర్దూలో ‘ముహావరా’, సంస్కృతంలో ‘‘సూక్తి’’ సుభాషితమని, తమిళంలో ‘‘పళమెళి’’ (పాతమాట) ఆంగ్లంలో ‘‘ప్రొలెర్బ్‌’’, కన్నడంలో ‘‘గాదె’’ (గాథాశబ్ద భవం) లేక నానుడి అని అంటారు. లంబాడా భాషలో ‘‘చట్టా’’ అని కూడా వ్యవహరిస్తున్నారు. అలాగే సామెతలను బంజారా భాషలో ‘‘కావత్‌’’ అని అంటారు. కావత్‌ అనే పదం ఉత్తర భారతదేశం భాషలేని హిందీ, గుజారాతీ, రాజస్థాన్‌ భాషల్లో పేర్కొనే ‘‘కహావత్‌’’ అనే పదం నుండి ఆవిర్భవించినట్లు భావిస్తున్నారు. సామెతలు లేదా ‘‘కావట్‌’’ లు బంజారాల జీవనంలోని వివిధ సందర్భాలతో సమ్మిళితమై ఉంటాయి. సామెతలు, లోకోక్తులు, సూక్తులు, ఆమెతలు, నుడిపలుకు - ఇలా వివిధ పేర్లతో వ్యవహరించడం, ఏదో మాట చెప్పినట్లు లేక ఏదో సామెత చెప్పినట్లు అంటూ లోకంలో బహుళ ప్రచారంలో ఉన్న అంశం. సామెతలు సందర్భాలకు ఒక చుట్టరికం ఉంది. సందర్భావసరాన్ని బట్టి ఒక్కోసారి కొత్త సామెత కూడా పుట్టవచ్చు. అలాగే గుర్తించవలసిన విషయం ఏమిటంటే పొడుపు కథలు, సామెతలు కావు ఇవి ధర్మమార్గాన్ని సూచించే పాదసూచికల వంటివి.

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సామెతలు – సందర్భాలు విశ్లేషణాత్మక పరిశీలన

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