Volume 13 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Natural resources have always been the basis of human civilization. Be it the Bronze Age civilization developed on the banks of a river valley or a tribe living in the forests. This is the reason why all the empires of the world have tried to control them. Water and forests are very important among these natural resources. These are such sources which are the basis of livelihood of the local communities as well as an invaluable asset for the government. In Indian history, various kings have tried to control them by managing forest and water resources. The foremost among them was the British rule that ruled India. On one hand, it implemented many irrigation, river, canal, dam and multipurpose projects for water management and on the other hand, to establish dominance over Indian forests, it divided the forests into reserved, protected and rural forests. In this article, we will discuss about the water and forest related projects implemented by the British government, which not only affected the local community, animals and environment, but their impact is also visible in the policies made in the present times.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords:- natural resources, forests, river, dam, canal, multipurpose projects, timber, conservation, protected, reserved, famine , drought.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In today's world, all individuals invest in various avenues available according to their requirements and capacity. Numerous options are available to investors from which they can choose as per his risk-taking capacity and generation of returns. The goal of investments can vary from short-term to long-term depending on various requirements of the investor. These investments are chief source of generation of capital supporting financial system of the country. Officers of the Indian Army are part of a high-income group. The financial support system given by the government to these officers takes care of the in-service and post-retirement needs. However, inflation and the rising cost of living have necessitated for an officer to be proficiently manage their funds in order to secure financial independence. This study analyses investment pattern of 65 officers and examines their financial behaviour facets such as risk tolerance and financial goals based on gross salary earned per month by an Indian Army officer based in Mhow.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Investment pattern, Financial behaviour, Indian Army Officers

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Bharanattiya padangalil thudum adan rasangalum

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Bharanattiya padangalil thudum adan rasangalum

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Education is an indispensable need of mankind. It aims at educating the masses to become better citizen and more useful of society. Therefore, all over the world, women education has been viewed as an important instrument for an all-round development of individuals. Education is associated with the quality of life related to production and interlinked with the promotion of social and national integration. Sambalpur, the most important district of Western Odisha has been named after the head quarter town Sambalpur. It is situated between 200 44' and 200 14' North Latitude and between 820 39' and 840 23'East Longitude. It is surrounded by the undivided district of Sundargarh on the North, on the South by Bolangir, on the East by Dhenkanal and the North west and west by Raigarh and Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The district had play an important role in the field of education as well as socio-political consciousness during British rules. After independence, women's emancipation has taken a long leap. Article 14 and 15 of our constitution have ensure complete equality and freedom of women. Our study on "Growth of Women Education in undivided Sambalpur district of Odisha 1950-1992" will be deal with (a)Historical background (b) Growth of primary education (c) Spread of secondary & Higher education (d) Impact of Women education. Therefore, we propose to attempt a systematic codification of the efforts made for development of women education in undivided Sambalpur district and historical analysis of its impact on society. In this context the growth of women education assumes a special significance for the educational history, its impact upon the society and its success in achieving these objectives in the post-independence period. Through the chapters of this work attempts have been made in bring out the salient creatures of the process leading towards the qualitative and quantitative growth of women education in undivided Sambalpur district of Odisha.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Assimilation, Chauhan, Hirakhanda Matrumangal, Missionaries

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Maithili Sahityakar Dr.Dheerendra Nath Mishrak Katha Maunak Anahathi Ek Drishtikon

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Maithili Sahityakar Dr.Dheerendra Nath Mishrak Katha Maunak Anahathi Ek Drishtikon

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The origin and expansion of the universe remain central questions in cosmology, with gravitational interactions and dark energy playing fundamental roles in shaping cosmic evolution. This paper proposes a hypothetical theoretical framework that integrates gravitational effects and dark energy dynamics to explain the universe's origin and large-scale expansion. By considering the interplay between these forces, we explore potential mechanisms that could have driven the initial conditions of the universe, from the Big Bang to present-day accelerated expansion. The framework hypothesizes a dynamic equilibrium between gravitational attraction and dark energy repulsion, influencing galaxy formation, cosmic structure evolution, and large-scale anisotropies. Additionally, we investigate how variations in dark energy density and gravitational constants over cosmic time could provide insights into unresolved cosmological puzzles, such as dark matter interactions and the fate of the universe. This study aims to offer a new perspective on the fundamental forces governing cosmic evolution and proposes testable predictions that could be explored through future observational and theoretical advancements.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

universe , origin of universe , wave model of universe , Hypothetical , theory ,

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented global health crisis, challenging governments' resilience and preparedness around the world. This paper examines the Himachal Pradesh government's response to the pandemic, providing a detailed case study of how the state handled various facets of the crisis. The study looks at critical topics such policy formation and enforcement, healthcare infrastructure management, resource allocation, and public health communication. The report examines the government's steps to restrict the spread of the virus, offer medical support, and reduce the socioeconomic impact on the populace, highlighting both triumphs and faults in Himachal Pradesh's response.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keyword: Health crisis, Pandemic, COVID-19, Health care management, Government response

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study introduces a straightforward method of generating electricity by replacing conventional speed breakers with a simple mechanism. The proposed approach utilizes a rack and pinion mechanism, along with high-tension springs, to convert the motion of passing vehicles into electrical energy. This method presents an effective solution for electricity generation, especially in areas experiencing a surge in vehicle numbers. The system can be strategically placed near toll plazas, parking lots, and other high-density vehicle locations. The implementation involves a rack and pinion spring assembly mechanism that transfers the motion from passing vehicles to a DC motor/generator for electricity generation. This cost-effective approach harnesses the mechanical energy produced by dynamic vehicles on roads and efficiently converts it into usable electricity. The system's potential applications include addressing the increasing demand for electricity while capitalizing on the rising number of vehicles on the highways/roads. By tapping into the kinetic energy of moving vehicles, this method offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional power generation, reducing the dependence on fossil fuels.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Electricity, Generation, Rack and Pinion, Mechanism, Harvesting.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract This paper aims to discuss the major issue regarding Gender Inequality in our country. The social structure of India has been traditionally male dominant one. Women always have to depend on men and in their family, outside and throughout their life. From historic situation we can see different kind of gender inequality issues are exist and women are facing those issues. For this study the sample comprised of 160 primary school teachers of govt. schools and 25 teachers of education colleges. Data collected by using qualitative method conducted focus group discussion and interaction sessions. The study describes various types of Gender Inequality stated by Prof. Amratya Sen mentioning special focus on responsible factors which affects the development of our society. The paper also explains different aspects and responsible factors of Gender Inequality in present time. In this paper, Gender Inequality Indicators with related areas existing of some facts about Gender Inequality in India also explain. Furthermore, the article highlights some data about gender inequalities and the need and importance to enhance gender equality in present times with reference of the UNESCO Agenda for ensuring gender equality in Indian context. This paper also explains role of different stakeholders & Govt. initiatives to be taken for removing Gender Inequality and ensuring equality to people. As a result by practical implementing of these policy initiatives, we can see a reforming change in the women's social status in relation to every aspect.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender Inequality, Gender Inequality Indicators, UNECSO Agenda,Stakeholders, Policy Initiatives

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Kauthuvam or Kavithuvam or Kauttam is a prominent form in the present day Bharatanatya Margam. Earlier, this was a form that was a dedicated ritual composition performed by the traditional dancers in temples. For decades now, this form has evolved with inevitable modifications, alterations and innovations. This paper will focus on the musical aspects of this Bharatanatyam form and the historical perspective in the rendition through the years. Though there are many oral sources with regard to this subject, the study will deal with the few available textual sources in order to understand the historical development of the form. The structure of the Kauthuvam is generally a combination of solkattu syllables or the rhythmic syllables, that generally do not have any meaning and the meaningful sahitya part. The sahitya is generally in praise of a deities, King, patron and other specific themes. From the Bharatanatyam point of view, Kauthuvam is one of the invocatory compositions in present day margam. This form has a combination of both nrtta and abinaya components. The melodic structure, rhythmical components, distribution of the rhythmic syllables, text or the sahitya have scope for analytical study, so as to evaluate the significant changes that has been created in this dance form till date. The main objective of this paper shall be the musical components of the form Kauthuvam, based on the documentation available in various printed sources.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

kauthuvam, melody, raga, solkattu, structure, tala

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper investigates the evolution of Artha??stra discourse before Kautilya, challenging the perception that the tradition began solely with his treatise. While Kautilya's Artha??stra stands as the most comprehensive extant work on statecraft, economy, and governance, its roots lie in earlier intellectual traditions. The study traces the origin of Artha??stra to Vedic texts, where early concepts of polity, economics, and governance were structured within the Trivarga framework--Dharma, Artha, and K?ma. The Mahabharata also presents an alternative origin, attributing the first Dandan?ti to Brahma, which scholars like ?ankara, Indra, B?haspati, and U?anas later abridged. The paper highlights the contributions of pre-Kautilyan scholars such as ?ukra and B?haspati, whose works, ?ukran?tis?ra and B?haspatis?tra, significantly influenced Kautilya's synthesis. It further explores the debates surrounding the chronology of these texts, emphasizing how ancient socio-political realities shaped their ideologies. While ?ukran?tis?ra reflects a blend of political ethics and economic principles, B?haspatis?tra focuses on Dandan?ti and governance strategies. Ultimately, the study concludes that Artha??stra is not a singular creation but rather the culmination of centuries of intellectual discourse rooted in Indian knowledge systems. It argues for further critical examination of ancient texts to clarify the contributions and timelines of early scholars, reinforcing the understanding that the Artha??stra tradition is both ancient and dynamic, continuously evolving alongside societal needs and historical contexts.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pre- Kautilya Arthasastra discourses

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main goal of this project is to provide a solar-powered charging station for urban people living in metropolitan areas. Better EV load estimates are created by taking into account the most popular commercial EV available. The suggested solar-powered charging station would be situated in specific urban areas and is based on the defined EV load models. In this study, a power board and the sun are used to charge an electric car's battery. The EV will use electricity off the power board in the event that the sun isn't accessible (during wintertime or during a storm, for example). This essay examines the effectiveness of electric vehicles in various electrical components and discusses the drawbacks and advantages of adopting them as a sensible first step toward a sustainable, eco-friendly, and effective system.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

EV battery, phase-locked loop detector (PLL) with PID control, buck converters with PI control, MPPT controller, PFC rectifier, and solar panel.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

-

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

-

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This pilot study explores the challenges and opportunities in improving the work efficiency of primary school teachers in both government and non-government schools in Prayagraj. The study aims to identify the key obstacles teachers face in their professional roles and highlight potential strategies to enhance their efficiency. Through qualitative and quantitative research methods, data were collected from a diverse sample of teachers from both sectors, encompassing their perspectives on workload, resource availability, professional development, leadership support, and work-life balance. The findings reveal that teachers in government schools face significant challenges related to inadequate resources, heavy administrative workload, and lack of professional growth opportunities. These teachers also reported insufficient leadership support and limited opportunities for collaboration. Conversely, teachers in non-government schools experienced pressure related to performance targets, work-life imbalance, and the need for constant professional development. Both sectors highlighted the need for improved classroom resources and administrative support as key areas for improvement. Despite these challenges, the study also identified various opportunities for enhancing teacher efficiency. These included targeted professional development programs, better resource allocation, and increased leadership involvement in decision-making processes. Teachers expressed the need for a more supportive and collaborative work environment, with better recognition of their contributions. The study's findings have important implications for policymakers and school administrators, suggesting that improvements in teacher support, resource availability, and professional growth opportunities can significantly enhance teacher efficiency. The research highlights the importance of a holistic approach that includes policy reforms, community involvement, and administrative support to create a conducive teaching environment. Future research should focus on expanding the study's scope to include a larger sample and further investigate the impact of specific interventions on teacher performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Primary school teachers, work efficiency, government schools, non-government schools, teacher challenges, teacher motivation, professional development.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The area of Reinforcement Learning has witnessed various developments in the last decade. Various RL methods are being researched upon. In this paper, we will employ two of such methods namely Behaviour Cloning (BC) and Curriculum Learning. We will employ these methods to train AI Agents (Bots) to play our Game designed in Unity 3D Engine. By employing using various techniques, we hope to train these AL agents to a human level on this Game. The Game that we showcase is a Platformer, where the player has to get to a finish point somewhere on the map for its completion. We will also design various levels each with growing difficulty. Upon training completion, we will be utilizing the level with the greatest difficulty. Performance of every Agent will be evaluated based on various in game parameters.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Reinforcement Learning, Game Agent, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), Unity 3D, Behaviour Cloning, Curriculum Learning, Game AI, Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning, AI Agent

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? (????, ????? ?? ????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? |

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

???? ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This pilot study explores the influence of socio-economic background and job stability on the work efficiency of primary school teachers in Prayagraj, India. With a focus on understanding how teachers' economic conditions and job security impact their performance, this research aims to provide insights into improving educational practices. The study examines various socio-economic factors such as income level, family support, and educational qualifications, alongside the type of employment (permanent vs. contractual) and its implications for job stability. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather comprehensive data. Statistical analysis reveals a significant correlation between job stability and work efficiency, with permanent teachers reporting higher productivity and motivation compared to their contractual counterparts. Furthermore, teachers from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to exhibit greater job satisfaction and more effective teaching practices. In contrast, teachers facing economic challenges or job insecurity experience higher stress levels, leading to reduced teaching efficiency. This study highlights the importance of socio-economic support and job stability in enhancing the work performance of primary school teachers. It recommends policy interventions to provide more stable job opportunities for contractual teachers, along with socio-economic support for teachers from lower-income backgrounds. The findings contribute to the understanding of how external factors influence the educational outcomes in primary schools and offer valuable implications for educational policy and practice in similar socio-economic settings. Future research should focus on larger-scale studies and explore the impact of specific socio-economic variables on teacher efficiency across diverse regions.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

PILOT STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND JOB STABILITY ON WORK EFFICIENCY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF PRAYAGRAJ

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This abstract proposes an innovative approach to enhance the efficiency of Electric Vehicle (EV) power management systems through the integration of interleaved boost converters. By employing interleaved operation, this solution aims to address challenges associated with conventional power converters enabling improved energy utilization and overall system efficiency. The study investigates the performance gains achieved through interleaving in the context for EVs, emphasizing its potential for enhanced power delivery and reduced losses. The findings contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts in advancing power management solutions for electric vehicles, aligning with the broader goal of optimizing energy utilization in sustainable transportation.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter, Electric vehicles, dc-dc converters

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This pilot study explores the role of professional development (PD) in enhancing the work efficiency of primary school teachers in Prayagraj. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of PD programs in improving teaching practices, classroom management, and overall work efficiency. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A survey of 50 primary school teachers was conducted, supplemented by interviews and focus group discussions to gather in-depth insights into teachers' experiences with PD programs. The findings reveal a positive correlation between PD participation and improvements in work efficiency, with 75% of teachers reporting better classroom management and student engagement. The data indicates that continuous PD, including workshops, peer learning, and technology-based training, significantly enhances teacher confidence and instructional quality. However, challenges such as time constraints, lack of resources, and insufficient follow-up support were identified as barriers to the full effectiveness of PD programs. The study concludes that PD plays a vital role in improving the work efficiency of primary school teachers. It recommends that educational authorities in Prayagraj invest in regular, context-specific PD programs, foster peer learning opportunities, and integrate technology-based training. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of providing ongoing support to teachers to ensure the effective implementation of new strategies. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of PD and to conduct larger-scale studies in other regions for a broader understanding of its impact.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Professional development, teacher efficiency, primary school teachers, Prayagraj, teacher training, work efficiency, educational policy.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Aatralkal Nokkiya chadangukalil velan veriyaadalin sirappu

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Aatralkal Nokkiya chadangukalil velan veriyaadalin sirappu

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition