Volume 5 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Integrated optics is a system of light-controlling components combined into a single device. The ultimate aim is to create miniature optical circuits similar to the silicon chips that have revolutionized the electronics industry. However, there exists a growing interest in the development of more and more complex integrated optical devices. In IOS we distinguish between optical integrated circuits, which perform functions similar to electronic circuits in communications systems, and planar optical devices, which are integrated optical systems other than communication systems. The advantage of the optical approach however is that data can be processed at much higher speeds. The goal of Integrated Optical Sensor (IOS) is to develop miniaturized optical devices of high functionality on a common substrate. The state-of-the-art of integrated optics is still far behind its electronic counterpart. Today, only a few basic functions are commercially feasible. The transmission and processing of signals carried by optical beams rather than by electrical currents or radio waves. When the development of the laser first provided a stable source of coherent light for such applications.

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 Keywords

IOS, Integrated Circuits, Optics, Optical beams, coherent light

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Now-a-days, security is a major concern in every region The Wireless Sensor Network is also facing many security problems due to processing power, storage resource, bandwidth and communication ability to expose inside activity and possible attacks. These problems raise severe concerns and points toward necessity to find suitable techniques to provide security to the network. This paper presents various types of attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks.

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Security, Wireless sensor network, Attacks

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In GPS the satellite signal is easily disturbed by the objects in the surroundings of receiver which reduces the accuracy in amplitude and phase of the receiving signal. As a result of the reflections of the signals, carrier phase multipath is caused which is the major problem at GPS receivers. Multipath is the propagation phenomenon in which the signals received by antenna other than line of sight signal is called multipath signal . Multipath signal is superimposed on the direct signal. GPS receivers provide the signal to noise ratio (SNR) used for estimation of multipath errors. Signal Quality Measurement is used for computation of phase error in the signal. In this paper we are using MUSIC algorithm to calculate the multipath parameter i.e amplitude and multipath phase. We are estimating the errors that are occurred due to the multipath which is further used to improve GPS signal precession.

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 Keywords

global positioning system (GPS), MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification), signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal quality, multipath.

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VANET, Cluster based reliable routing, RSU, Cluster Controller.

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Copper, Bone-implants, Reviews, Material engineering, Review analysis, Meta Analysis

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Mostly both young and old get back pain, but if it is not treated in time the disease takes a permanent shape. Ladies suffer back ache to a great extent during the period of menstruation and pregnancy. It is also possible that this pain may result in fever if the pain is excessive. Lower back pain is muscle tension (or) stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior glutel folds with (or) without leg pain (or) discomfort pain in the region of the back (or) spine. Pain felt in your lower back may come from the spine, muscles, nerve (or) other Back pain can be result of Poor posture, Back strain from poorly designed furniture, Weak back and stomach muscles due to lack of exercise Yoga is a powerful art with incredible healing power. Many incurable and longstanding diseases can be cured through yoga. The yoga treatment is scientific .se, structures in that region etc Yoga is a safe and effective alternative form of medicine for back pain. It helps stretch and strengthens the muscle of the back, abdomen muscle, extremities reduce the tension, increase the flexibility, promotes respiratory and cardio vascular function and maintain posture .It is also reduce risk of disabilities. It increases awareness of the body and how to keep health body. It build muscle mass and maintain muscle strength which protect from lower back pain. It may be concluded that yoga training had a highly positive impact in management of lower back pain.

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Lower back pain, Yoga , pranayama

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One of the most important tasks of the government is to manage economy of the country. It has to decide the means and methods to be used towards this. However, this job was taken up by almost all countries only after great depression. In pre depression era, there was faith in laissez Faire model of economy

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sion. In pre depression era, there was faith

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Services marketing is marketing based on relationship and value. It may be used to market a service or a product. Marketing a service-base business is different from marketing a product-base business. Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing. Services marketing emerged as a separate field of study in the early 1980s, following the recognition that the unique characteristics of services required different strategies compared with the marketing of physical goods. The purpose of this paper is to study the concept, scope and challenges and issues in service marketing. Keywords:Service marketing, scope, challenges, process, product.

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eywords:Service marketing, scope, challenges, process, product.

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Rainfall-runoff models are used to describe the hydrological behavior of a catchment. The relationship between rainfall and runoff is known to be highly non- linear, time varying and spatially distributed. This study presents the application of Artificial Neural Networks to model daily rainfall- runoff for Osmansagar catchment, Hyderabad, India using Levenberg- Marquardt back propagation algorithm. To study the performance of the model developed, various statistical performance indices namely correlation coefficient, normalised root mean square error, coefficient of efficiency, average absolute relative error and threshold statistic are computed during training and testing phases. The results indicate that ANN can effectively be used to model daily rainfall- runoff process

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Rainfall, Runoff, Neural Networks

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In this paper, we have a tendency to tend to gift the matter of mixed sound event verification in associate extremely wireless detector network for home automation systems. In home automation systems, the sound recognized by the system becomes the premise for taking part in positive tasks. However, if a target provide is mixed with another sound because of synchronal incidence, the system would generate poor recognition results, later leading to inappropriate responses. Home automation should be easier and straightforward to use and but value effective to be wide acceptable. Wireless home automation lately should use the foremost recent technology advances thus on be user friendly and powerful. There has been innumerable labor done already throughout this area. throughout this project, current technology components square measure used and residential automation is implemented victimization the communication technologies like net and speech recognition. The comes will analysis and choose fully totally different programme prospects for home automation for mobile devices. The automation centers on victimization relatively inexpensive wireless communication modules. The supposed home automation system will management the lights and electrical appliances in home victimization voice commands.

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WSN, VAD, VHD

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This paper aims at giving an overview his paper aims at giving an overview of implementing safety and security systems in automobiles for today and future development. The perception of safety and security problems on the part of those parties involved in the operation of public transportation. This perception is used as a base to develop an improvement agenda for the particular context of developing countries. The rank of importance for each factor is analyzed by applying the factor analysis. Analysis shows that the user is the most important party involved. The understanding and awareness of the user (including the driver) is the most important variable to imove the condition.

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Automobile, Safety, Security, Public Pransportation.

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In this paper we aim to through some light on Global and Indian Scenario of Indian Automotive Industry.The automotive industry is increasingly becoming the cynosure of the manufacturing sector across the world. The attention and importance to the automotive industry in the economic development and planning policies of Indian Government and its agencies has also witnessed significant up rise. The Indian industry has been evolving over the years, meeting up with challenges as diverse as transitions, consolidations and restructuring, and thereby adapting to the new market conditions.

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Automotive industry, Global, Indian Government, Vehicles

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This paper deals with Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) reduction in nine-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Nine-level voltage source inverter-fed induction motor drive is modeled and simulated using matlab simulink and the results are presented. The FFT spectrums for the outputs are analyzed to study the reduction in harmonics. The hardware is implemented and the results are presented. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

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THD, Induction motor, Voltage source inverter, Multilevel inverter, Matlab Simulink.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ladder drills and Fartlek training on strength endurance among college men volleyball players. Sixty participants, aged 17-23 years, were randomly assigned to three groups: Ladder Drill Group (n=20), Fartlek Training Group (n=20), and Control Group (n=20). The experimental groups underwent 12 weeks of their respective training programs, while the control group continued regular activities without specific intervention. Pre-test and post-test measurements of strength endurance were conducted using the push-up test. The pre-test means were 14.25 (ladder drills), 15.10 (Fartlek), and 14.75 (control), with no significant difference (F=1.38, p>0.05). Post-test means improved to 16.90 (ladder drills), 17.10 (Fartlek), and 15.50 (control), showing a significant difference among groups (F=4.64, p<0.05). Adjusted post-test means confirmed significant improvements for ladder drills (17.22) and Fartlek training (16.82) over the control group (15.46), while no significant difference was observed between the two training methods. The findings indicate that both ladder drills and Fartlek training are effective in enhancing strength endurance in volleyball players, providing coaches with evidence-based options for conditioning programs.

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Volleyball, Strength Endurance, Ladder Drills and Fartlek Training.

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Interval Training, Circuit Training, VO?max and Middle-Distance Runners.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of jump squats and depth jumps on explosive power among volleyball players. Forty-five male collegiate volleyball players (age 17-22 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: Jump Squat Group (n = 15), Depth Jump Group (n = 15), and Control Group (n = 15). The experimental groups underwent their respective plyometric training programs for 12 weeks, while the control group did not participate in any specialized training. Pre- and post-tests on explosive power were conducted, and data were analyzed using ANCOVA at a 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed significant improvements in explosive power for both the Jump Squat Group (pre-test mean = 1.31, post-test mean = 1.44, adjusted post-test mean = 1.42) and the Depth Jump Group (pre-test mean = 1.24, post-test mean = 1.36, adjusted post-test mean = 1.40) compared to the Control Group (pre-test mean = 1.33, post-test mean = 1.34, adjusted post-test mean = 1.31). Post hoc analysis using Scheffe's test indicated significant differences between Jump Squat and Control groups (MD = 0.11), Depth Jump and Control groups (MD = 0.09), while no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups (MD = 0.02). The study concludes that both jump squats and depth jumps are effective plyometric training methods for enhancing explosive power in volleyball players. These exercises can be incorporated interchangeably or complementarily into training programs to improve vertical jump performance, neuromuscular coordination, and on-court performance.

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Jump Squats, Depth Jumps, Explosive Power, Volleyball Players, Plyometric Training, Vertical Jump

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Shot put, weight training, gym exercises, and speed

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The present study aimed to analyze cardiovascular endurance differences among university-level football, handball, and volleyball players of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 300 male players (100 each from football, handball, and volleyball), who had participated in inter-university tournaments during the academic year 2011-12, were randomly selected from five universities of Andhra Pradesh. Cardiovascular endurance was measured using the Cooper 12-Minute Run/Walk Test, and the results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Scheffe's Post Hoc Test. The mean cardiovascular endurance scores were 2717.000 meters for football players, 2574.000 meters for handball players, and 2449.000 meters for volleyball players, with corresponding standard deviations of 119.600, 120.496, and 118.913 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of 125.60 exceeded the critical value of 3.03 at the 0.05 level of significance, confirming significant differences among the groups. Post Hoc analysis further revealed that football players had significantly greater endurance than both handball and volleyball players, while handball players also outperformed volleyball players. The findings highlight that football training strongly develops aerobic capacity, while handball and volleyball players may require supplementary endurance training.

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Cardiovascular endurance, Football players, Handball players and Volleyball players

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