Volume 5 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Integrated optics is a system of light-controlling components combined into a single device. The ultimate aim is to create miniature optical circuits similar to the silicon chips that have revolutionized the electronics industry. However, there exists a growing interest in the development of more and more complex integrated optical devices. In IOS we distinguish between optical integrated circuits, which perform functions similar to electronic circuits in communications systems, and planar optical devices, which are integrated optical systems other than communication systems. The advantage of the optical approach however is that data can be processed at much higher speeds. The goal of Integrated Optical Sensor (IOS) is to develop miniaturized optical devices of high functionality on a common substrate. The state-of-the-art of integrated optics is still far behind its electronic counterpart. Today, only a few basic functions are commercially feasible. The transmission and processing of signals carried by optical beams rather than by electrical currents or radio waves. When the development of the laser first provided a stable source of coherent light for such applications.

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IOS, Integrated Circuits, Optics, Optical beams, coherent light

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Now-a-days, security is a major concern in every region The Wireless Sensor Network is also facing many security problems due to processing power, storage resource, bandwidth and communication ability to expose inside activity and possible attacks. These problems raise severe concerns and points toward necessity to find suitable techniques to provide security to the network. This paper presents various types of attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks.

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Security, Wireless sensor network, Attacks

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In GPS the satellite signal is easily disturbed by the objects in the surroundings of receiver which reduces the accuracy in amplitude and phase of the receiving signal. As a result of the reflections of the signals, carrier phase multipath is caused which is the major problem at GPS receivers. Multipath is the propagation phenomenon in which the signals received by antenna other than line of sight signal is called multipath signal . Multipath signal is superimposed on the direct signal. GPS receivers provide the signal to noise ratio (SNR) used for estimation of multipath errors. Signal Quality Measurement is used for computation of phase error in the signal. In this paper we are using MUSIC algorithm to calculate the multipath parameter i.e amplitude and multipath phase. We are estimating the errors that are occurred due to the multipath which is further used to improve GPS signal precession.

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global positioning system (GPS), MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification), signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal quality, multipath.

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VANET, Cluster based reliable routing, RSU, Cluster Controller.

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Copper, Bone-implants, Reviews, Material engineering, Review analysis, Meta Analysis

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Mostly both young and old get back pain, but if it is not treated in time the disease takes a permanent shape. Ladies suffer back ache to a great extent during the period of menstruation and pregnancy. It is also possible that this pain may result in fever if the pain is excessive. Lower back pain is muscle tension (or) stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior glutel folds with (or) without leg pain (or) discomfort pain in the region of the back (or) spine. Pain felt in your lower back may come from the spine, muscles, nerve (or) other Back pain can be result of Poor posture, Back strain from poorly designed furniture, Weak back and stomach muscles due to lack of exercise Yoga is a powerful art with incredible healing power. Many incurable and longstanding diseases can be cured through yoga. The yoga treatment is scientific .se, structures in that region etc Yoga is a safe and effective alternative form of medicine for back pain. It helps stretch and strengthens the muscle of the back, abdomen muscle, extremities reduce the tension, increase the flexibility, promotes respiratory and cardio vascular function and maintain posture .It is also reduce risk of disabilities. It increases awareness of the body and how to keep health body. It build muscle mass and maintain muscle strength which protect from lower back pain. It may be concluded that yoga training had a highly positive impact in management of lower back pain.

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Lower back pain, Yoga , pranayama

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One of the most important tasks of the government is to manage economy of the country. It has to decide the means and methods to be used towards this. However, this job was taken up by almost all countries only after great depression. In pre depression era, there was faith in laissez Faire model of economy

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sion. In pre depression era, there was faith

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Services marketing is marketing based on relationship and value. It may be used to market a service or a product. Marketing a service-base business is different from marketing a product-base business. Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing. Services marketing emerged as a separate field of study in the early 1980s, following the recognition that the unique characteristics of services required different strategies compared with the marketing of physical goods. The purpose of this paper is to study the concept, scope and challenges and issues in service marketing. Keywords:Service marketing, scope, challenges, process, product.

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eywords:Service marketing, scope, challenges, process, product.

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Rainfall-runoff models are used to describe the hydrological behavior of a catchment. The relationship between rainfall and runoff is known to be highly non- linear, time varying and spatially distributed. This study presents the application of Artificial Neural Networks to model daily rainfall- runoff for Osmansagar catchment, Hyderabad, India using Levenberg- Marquardt back propagation algorithm. To study the performance of the model developed, various statistical performance indices namely correlation coefficient, normalised root mean square error, coefficient of efficiency, average absolute relative error and threshold statistic are computed during training and testing phases. The results indicate that ANN can effectively be used to model daily rainfall- runoff process

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Rainfall, Runoff, Neural Networks

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In this paper, we have a tendency to tend to gift the matter of mixed sound event verification in associate extremely wireless detector network for home automation systems. In home automation systems, the sound recognized by the system becomes the premise for taking part in positive tasks. However, if a target provide is mixed with another sound because of synchronal incidence, the system would generate poor recognition results, later leading to inappropriate responses. Home automation should be easier and straightforward to use and but value effective to be wide acceptable. Wireless home automation lately should use the foremost recent technology advances thus on be user friendly and powerful. There has been innumerable labor done already throughout this area. throughout this project, current technology components square measure used and residential automation is implemented victimization the communication technologies like net and speech recognition. The comes will analysis and choose fully totally different programme prospects for home automation for mobile devices. The automation centers on victimization relatively inexpensive wireless communication modules. The supposed home automation system will management the lights and electrical appliances in home victimization voice commands.

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WSN, VAD, VHD

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This paper aims at giving an overview his paper aims at giving an overview of implementing safety and security systems in automobiles for today and future development. The perception of safety and security problems on the part of those parties involved in the operation of public transportation. This perception is used as a base to develop an improvement agenda for the particular context of developing countries. The rank of importance for each factor is analyzed by applying the factor analysis. Analysis shows that the user is the most important party involved. The understanding and awareness of the user (including the driver) is the most important variable to imove the condition.

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Automobile, Safety, Security, Public Pransportation.

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In this paper we aim to through some light on Global and Indian Scenario of Indian Automotive Industry.The automotive industry is increasingly becoming the cynosure of the manufacturing sector across the world. The attention and importance to the automotive industry in the economic development and planning policies of Indian Government and its agencies has also witnessed significant up rise. The Indian industry has been evolving over the years, meeting up with challenges as diverse as transitions, consolidations and restructuring, and thereby adapting to the new market conditions.

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Automotive industry, Global, Indian Government, Vehicles

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This paper deals with Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) reduction in nine-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Nine-level voltage source inverter-fed induction motor drive is modeled and simulated using matlab simulink and the results are presented. The FFT spectrums for the outputs are analyzed to study the reduction in harmonics. The hardware is implemented and the results are presented. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

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THD, Induction motor, Voltage source inverter, Multilevel inverter, Matlab Simulink.

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Satykkana Vachanagalalli Vaicharika Pragne

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Satykkana Vachanagalalli Vaicharika Pragne

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Sheet metal manufacturing is a critical industrial process widely used in automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, and heavy machinery industries; however, it is also associated with substantial material waste in the form of scrap, off-cuts, and defective components. Effective waste reduction is therefore essential to improve economic efficiency, resource utilization, and environmental sustainability. This paper examines key waste reduction strategies in sheet metal manufacturing by integrating established industrial practices with insights from academic literature prior to 2016. The study focuses on material utilization improvement through nesting optimization, application of lean manufacturing principles, process and technological advancements, recycling and reuse practices, and workforce engagement supported by performance metrics. The analysis highlights that optimized nesting and cutting-stock planning significantly improve material utilization, while lean tools such as value stream mapping, Kaizen, and Just-In-Time production effectively eliminate non-value-added activities. Technological advancements, including CNC machining, automation, and simulation-based process optimization, further reduce defects and rework. Additionally, closed-loop recycling systems and reuse of scrap materials support circular manufacturing practices. The paper concludes that a holistic approach--combining technical, organizational, and human-centric strategies--enables sustained waste reduction and enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of sheet metal manufacturing operations.

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Sheet metal manufacturing, Waste reduction, Material utilization, Nesting optimization, Lean manufacturing, Process optimization, Recycling and reuse, Sustainable manufacturing

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The philosophy of existentialism, which emerged mostly in the 20th century, focuses on analysing why humans are here on Earth and what is the man's purpose? Its definition has always been hazy because there was no one voice of authority Existentialism emerged as a reaction against conventional philosophical traditions that were unable to offer a satisfactory resolution to the mystery of the human condition and personal existence. After World War II, existential philosophy gained enormous popularity and had a significant impact on a wide range of academic fields, including psychology, theology, theatre, art, and literature. Through Sartre's existential philosophy, the article examines Fyodor Dostoevsky's Notes from the Underground, which deals with the tumultuous life of a highly complexly characterised individual. The study aims to document the long-running conflict between human perceptions and behaviour. A very universal frame of human consciousness is projected by the world that is woven throughout the text. Notes from Underground by Fyodor Dostoevsky holds a unique position in the annals of philosophy and world literature. The 1864 creation served as a sort of link between the 20th-century existential philosophical movements and the Russian realistic tradition of the 19th century. Numerous important existentialism-related themes and motifs were foreshadowed in the story, enabling contemporary scholars to refer to Dostoevsky as a precursor to this philosophical movement. It was first released in Russian as Zapiski iz podpolya. Almost all of the moral, religious, political, and social issues that arise in Dostoyevsky's great novels have their roots in this work, which contains some very misanthropic passages.

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Existentialism, Dostoyevsky, life, Meaninglessness, suffering

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This paper examines the literary contributions of R.K. Narayan, one of the most prominent figures in Indian writing in English, with a focus on how Indian culture is represented in his works. Narayan's novels and short stories, set primarily in the fictional town of Malgudi, capture the essence of Indian middle-class life, social values, traditions, and everyday experiences. Writing in English, he skillfully blends local customs, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances without losing accessibility for a global audience. The study explores how his characters, settings, and narrative style reflect the complexities of Indian society while maintaining simplicity and universality in language. It also investigates the philosophical and moral undercurrents, such as family ethics, community life, and human relationships, which are deeply rooted in Indian cultural ethos. Furthermore, the paper highlights Narayan's influence on the development of Indian English literature, showing how his works paved the way for subsequent writers to represent Indian realities in English prose. By analyzing selected novels and short stories, this research demonstrates that Narayan not only preserved Indian cultural identity in literature but also contributed to its international recognition. The study concludes that his unique narrative approach exemplifies the successful integration of Indian cultural sensibilities into English literary tradition, making his works a cornerstone of Indian English literature.

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Indian English Literature, Malgudi, Indian Culture and Narrative Techniques

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core stability training and fartlek training on endurance among football players. Sixty (N=60) male football players from Kadapa district, aged 17-23 years, who had participated in inter-collegiate tournaments, were randomly divided into three groups: Core Stability Training Group (n=20), Fartlek Training Group (n=20), and Control Group (n=20). The experimental groups underwent their respective training programs for 12 weeks, while the control group did not receive any special training. Endurance was assessed through a standard test before and after training, and the data were analyzed using ANCOVA. The pre-test mean values of endurance were 5.11 (CST), 5.22 (FT), and 5.42 (CG), with no significant difference among the groups (F=1.34, p>0.05). The post-test mean values improved to 5.69 (CST), 6.23 (FT), and 5.46 (CG), showing a significant difference (F=6.27, p<0.05). The adjusted post-test means were 5.84 (CST), 6.26 (FT), and 5.28 (CG), with an obtained F-value of 58.98, which was greater than the critical value of 3.16 (p<0.05). Post hoc analysis confirmed that both CST and FT significantly improved endurance compared to the control group, with fartlek training producing superior gains (mean difference = 0.98) compared to CST (mean difference = 0.56). The findings indicate that both core stability training and fartlek training are effective in enhancing endurance, but fartlek training is more impactful due to its direct stimulation of aerobic and anaerobic systems relevant to football performance. Core stability training, while less effective than fartlek, still provides meaningful improvements by enhancing posture, trunk control, and running economy.

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Core Stability Training, Fartlek Training, Endurance and Football Players.

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