Volume 8 | Issue 2 | February-2020

 Abstract

A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensors that can transfer information obtained from a monitored field over wireless networks. The data is routed via many nodes and connects to other networks such as wireless Ethernet via a gateway.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are self-configured, infrastructure-free wireless networks that detect physical or environmental factors such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, mobility, or pollution and collaboratively transmit their data via the network to a central location or sink. The main aim of this study is to discuss the New Multipath Routing Approach for Energy Efficient in Wireless Sensor Networks. In this work the recommended Multipath routing scheme consists of 3 measures as multipath construction phase, maintenance of optimum energy road and also the energy usage design to enhance the energy efficiency in the sensor networks.The study work involves enhanced multipath routing-based routing, authentication as well as scheduling-based approach to create the wireless sensor networks safer with the least energy usage. A new Multipath Routing Approach (NMRA) is actually created for raising the energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. The multipath routing is built to attain higher throughput as well as load balancing

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 Keywords

Wireless sensor network, multipath routing, energy efficient, optimum energy etc.

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The concept of smart cities has emerged as a transformative approach to urban planning, integrating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics to enhance sustainability, governance, and citizen engagement. This paper provides a comparative analysis of smart city initiatives, focusing on global case studies, including Singapore, Barcelona, Songdo, Amsterdam, and the Indian Smart Cities Mission. The study examines key dimensions such as digital infrastructure, governance models, smart mobility, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic inclusivity. Findings indicate that while centralized governance and high-tech automation (as seen in Singapore and Songdo) ensure efficiency, citizen-centric models (as in Barcelona and Amsterdam) foster transparency and public participation. India's Smart Cities Mission presents a hybrid model that balances greenfield development and retrofitting, yet faces challenges in scalability and digital equity. Despite advancements, smart city projects encounter obstacles related to financial sustainability, digital divide, and governance efficiency. This review underscores the need for an integrated approach where technological advancements align with inclusive urban policies to foster resilient, adaptive, and people-centric cities. The study contributes to the growing discourse on smart urbanization by offering insights into best practices and challenges, providing a framework for future smart city developments globally.

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 Keywords

Smart cities, urban planning, digital governance, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), sustainability, citizen engagement, smart mobility, technological integration, socio-economic inclusivity

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Home automation, also known as domestics, is the process of implementing automation in the home. A home automation system monitors and/or controls home features such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also incorporate home security features such as access control and alarm systems. Mobile communication technology is playing a significant role in automation. This project focuses on reliable home control for remotely turning on and off appliances via a smartphone application. Using this technology, the system enhances the living standard at home, lowers human work, increases energy efficiency, and improves accessibility, resulting in a smarter house.

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 Keywords

Home Automation, Safety

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The relationship between language and travel provides a conduit to investigate the relationship between language and spatial practices, between representation and domination, mapping and politics. Travellers have an integral bond between their discourse of experiences and their ethos of interpretations. The investment in the act of travelling and writing has moved beyond the intention of merely describing a culture. The narratives of journeys woven with the author's imaginations and experiences, gave us travelogues. An ancient genre of literature, travelogues serve as the base for various fictional and non-fictional works. Travelogues inquired the unknown, making us aware of the existence of diversified cultural extremities present in this planet. Travel entails a group away from recognizable places to an unfamiliar one, a familiar place that is diverse from one's home. Modern Indian travel landscape is composed of variety of voices language from the varied ethno cultural spheres and from the spaces in-between cultures. Pankaj Mishra depicts the social and cultural changes in India in backdrop of globalization and modernization, in the shape of a travelogue. His first book, Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India (1995), was a travelogue that described the social and cultural changes in India in the context of globalization. In the travelogue Pankaj Mishra captures an India which has shrugged off its sleepy, socialist air, and has become instead kitschy, clamorous and ostentatious. It is a book without any dull bits, and the language has a full, rich flavour - and the strength of its argument, often more implied than asserted, from the picture of small-town Indian life it offers. It is a book that can be just as easily read to pass the time as to understand our age. Unlike most travel books, which suffer from more than a touch of the random and the inessential, it forges something cohesive from the writer's widely scattered rovings. From a convent-educated beauty pageant aspirant to small shopkeepers planning their vacation in London, Pankaj Mishra paints a vivid picture of a people rushing headlong to their tryst with modernity. An absolute classic, this is a witty and insightful account of India's aspirational middle class.

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journey, texts, religion, tradition, culture

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This paper examines how architectural principles influence costume and makeup design in theatre, focusing on the intersection between spatial and structural concepts and character creation. By incorporating architectural aesthetics such as proportion, balance, and form, theatre designers enhance visual storytelling and thematic depth. The study investigates case studies where architectural principles are applied to costume and makeup design, highlighting the synergy between architectural and theatrical design. This interdisciplinary approach not only enriches the character portrayal but also enhances audience engagement and narrative coherence

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Architectural Principles, Costume Design, Makeup Design, Theatre Production, Character Development, Spatial Aesthetics.

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This paper explores the current types of telehealth systems in use, the unique security challenges faced, the impacts of security breaches, and methods to mitigate security threats in order to provide greater patient safety and data integrity. Despite being around for three decades, telehealth has recently gained considerable popularity and acceptance due to the rising cost of healthcare and the increasing demand for home-based care. However, the rapid advancement of technology has outpaced the development of necessary policies and standards to ensure the utmost security and privacy of both patients and providers [1]. Thus, the healthcare reform implemented is expected to further drive the significant growth of telehealth in the coming years.The analysis unequivocally highlights the groundbreaking and transformative potential of telehealth in enhancing access to care and improving patient outcomes. The immense value that telehealth brings to the table cannot be overstated. By addressing the existing challenges, capitalizing on emerging opportunities, and adopting a patient-centered approach, telehealth has the power to revolutionize the field of healthcare on a global scale. Therefore, all stakeholders, including healthcare providers, policymakers, researchers, and technology developers, are strongly encouraged to remain adaptable, innovative, and proactive[1]. It is only through their collective efforts that the full potential of telehealth can be unlocked, leading to a future where accessible and high-quality healthcare is available to all individuals, regardless of their geographical location or socio-economic status. The advancement of technology in this sector has further enhanced the capabilities of remote healthcare services but has also increased security risks due to the large amount of personal and health information stored on electronic systems. Adherence to system safety, security, integrity, confidentiality, and patient safety is a crucial goal and challenge in this rapidly evolving field.

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 Keywords

Telehealth, telemedicine, cyber security, challenges, Healthcare, vulnerabilities, innovation, technology, automation, clinicians, analytics, HIPAA.

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India's hot-arid climate regions pose unique challenges for residential building design and construction. This research paper explores the potential of passive design strategies to enhance energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and sustainability in Indian residential buildings situated in hot-arid climates. Through case studies, data collection, and rigorous analysis, this study provides insights into the effectiveness of these strategies. The research emphasizes their relevance in making informed decisions in the construction and renovation of such buildings, ultimately contributing to a sustainable built environment.

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Maximizing, Passive Design, Hot-Arid Climate, Indian Residential Buildings, Informed Decision-Making

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History of human civilization, everywhere, knows no period of time death sentence was discarded completely as a mode of punishment and it were only the number of offences which have varied from time to time, State to State according to the prevalent notion of justice and needs of the society . A careful scrutiny of the Ancient Hindu Scriptures and law books reveals that the death sentence was stringent mode of punishment for getting rid of crime and criminal. It has generally been regarded to embody society's strongest condemnation for specific acts of the individuals to make them disentitled even for continuing as a member of the orderly or civilized society. The term capital punishment stands for most severe form of punishment. It is the punishment which is to be awarded for the most heinous, grievous crimes against humanity. While the definition and extent of such crimes vary from country to country, state to state, age to age, the implication of capital punishment has always been the death sentence.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RIGOROUS IMPRISONMENT IN INDIA: A STUDY

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This study has been undertaken to assess the nature, extent and pattern of return migration in Himachal Pradesh. A total sample comprises 200 households from both tribal and non-tribal regions in Himachal Pradesh collected in 2015. Results show that out of total migration in tribal region, 85.4 percent are out-migrants, 9.2 percent in-migrants and 5.4 percent return-migrants. Out of total migration in rural areas of non-tribal region, 94 percent are out-migrants, 6 percent return-migrants and none, in-migrant. Whereas in urban areas of non-tribal region, the percentage of out-migrants (20 percent) is lower than in-migrants (80 percent) and none return migrant. In study area, a relatively higher percentage of return-migrants, moved within the state (78.6 percent) as compared to those from outside state (21.4 percent) and none returned from another country. Overall, a higher percentage of return-migrants moved in from another district (64.3 percent) as compared to same district (14.3 percent). Urban to rural return-migration has been the most dominant migration stream, accounting for 57 percent of the total internal return-migration, followed by rural to rural (42.9 percent).

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 Keywords

Migrant, Out migration, Return migration, Tribal and non-tribal region.

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India is an agricultural country. 70% of Indian economy depends on agriculture but leaf infection phenomena cause the loss of major crops which results in economic loss. Modern technologies have given human society the ability to produce enough food to meet the demand of more than 7 billion people. However, food security remains threatened by a number of factors including climate change, the decline in pollinators, plant diseases, and others. Plant diseases have turned into a dilemma as it can cause significant reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products. Automatic detection of plant diseases is an essential research topic as it may prove benefits in monitoring large field of crops, and thus automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as soon as they appear on plant leaves. The proposed system is a software solution for automatic detection and classification of tomato plant leaf diseases. To achieve this, CNN based automatic detection of disease is carried out using Village plant dataset and the accuracy if the model is found to be 98.68%.

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 Keywords

CNN, Village plant dataset

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition