Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Bahuvishayak Shiksha Ke Sandarbh Mein 64 Kalaon Ka Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan

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Bahuvishayak Shiksha Ke Sandarbh Mein 64 Kalaon Ka Vishleshanatmak Adhyayan

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Precision agriculture is moving from isolated sensing and threshold-based automation toward integrated platforms that jointly interpret soil condition, irrigation-water quality, weather variability, crop response, and disease pressure. This paper presents a structured integrative review and an implementable framework for a Plant and Ground Monitoring System (PGMS) that combines calibrated field sensing, edge intelligence, cloud analytics, remote sensing, machine-learning inference, and a multilingual web dashboard. The review synthesizes evidence on soil nutrient monitoring, crop and fertilizer recommendation, evapotranspiration-informed irrigation, image-based plant disease diagnosis, and edge-cloud deployment. The resulting architecture uses an ESP32-S3 field node to acquire soil moisture, soil pH/electrical conductivity/nutrients, irrigation-water pH/electrical conductivity, atmospheric measurements, and leaf imagery; local rules provide safe operation during connectivity loss, while cloud services perform time-series analysis and decision fusion. Reported literature demonstrates approximately 97% crop-classification accuracy in one hybrid MLP-LSTM study, soil-parameter deviations below 13.26% against laboratory measurements, and water savings reported up to 70% in reviewed smart-irrigation deployments. These outcomes are not treated as results of the proposed prototype; instead, they define evidence-based performance targets and a staged validation protocol. The review identifies interoperability, field robustness, calibration drift, uncertainty communication, and secure deployment as the principal barriers to practical adoption. PGMS addresses these gaps through multimodal fusion, confidence-aware recommendations, offline control, and traceable human override.

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Climate-smart agriculture, edge computing, Internet of Things, irrigation scheduling, plant disease detection, precision agriculture, soil fertility.

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The fig-fig wasp interaction represents one of the most fascinating examples of co-evolution and ecological specialization in nature, where fig trees (Ficus spp.) and their pollinating wasps (Family: Agonidae) maintain a highly specific and mutualistic relationship. The study investigates the ecological interactions between fig trees and their associated faunal diversity, with special emphasis on fig- fig wasp relationships among four Ficus species: Ficus racemosa, F. benghalensis, F. religiosa, and F. benjamina. Field observations and laboratory analysis were conducted over a period of three-months in and around Jnanasiri campus, Tumkur University. Different developmental phases (A-E) of syconia were dissected and examined to document floral morphology, wasp developmental stages, and faunal associations. A total of 35 faunal species of invertebrates and vertebrates were recorded to be interacting with Ficus trees, highlighting its role as ecological hubs and keystone species. Hymenopterans (fig wasps) constituted the most diverse group, comprising pollinating fig wasps (PFWs) and non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFWs) exhibiting parasitic, gall-inducing, inquiline, and parasitoids behaviours. Species specific pollination mutualisms were confirmed, by Ceratosolen fusciceps with F. racemosa and Eupristina masoni with F. benghalensis. The study emphasized on fig- fig wasp systems as intricate micro-ecosystems governed by highly specialized and co-evolved interactions, while simultaneously supporting various faunal diversity. These findings reinforce the ecological significance of Ficus as keystone species and highlight the utility of fig - fig wasp systems as versatile models for evolutionary and micro-ecological research.

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Ficus, Fig wasps, Microcosm, Co-evolution, Keystone species

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Electric vehicles are increasingly promoted as environmentally friendly and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, yet their performance and safety depend critically on the behavior of the battery pack. When lithium ion cells are connected in series and parallel, manufacturing tolerances, temperature variations, and operating conditions lead to unequal charging and discharging, causing cell imbalance, reduced usable capacity, higher losses, and accelerated degradation. This study investigates a real-time Battery Management System (BMS) with integrated cell balancing to mitigate these issues in electric vehicle applications. An equivalent circuit model of a lithium ion battery is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, using experimentally derived open circuit voltage, internal resistance, and RC network parameters to capture both steady state and transient behavior during charge-discharge cycles. The work evaluates passive, active, and hybrid balancing concepts and proposes an adaptive passive balancing strategy that selects different resistor values based on state of charge differences among cells. The resulting BMS architecture performs continuous monitoring of voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge, while executing the adaptive balancing algorithm and enforcing CCCV based charging and protection limits. Simulation results demonstrate improved balancing speed, reduced energy loss, enhanced efficiency, and more uniform cell voltages compared with conventional passive methods, thereby supporting safer operation, longer battery life, and extended driving range in electric vehicles.

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Battery Management System; Lithium ion battery; Cell balancing; State of Charge estimation; Adaptive passive balancing; MATLAB/Simulink modelling.

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Digital learning has become an inevitable element in higher education and has been instrumental in affecting students' academic performance, psychological well-being, and behavioral pattern. This research paper attempts to investigate the impact of attitudes of students towards digital learning on their psychological well-being and behavior patterns. The study was designed in such a way that it used the quantitative research method whereby primary data were obtained from 150 respondents using a structured questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed through SPSS software using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and simple linear regression analysis. It is evident from the study results that students showed positive attitudes towards digital learning and that these attitudes have significant impacts on psychological well-being and behaviors. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that the attitudes of students towards digital learning had significant impacts on psychological well-being and behavioral patterns. The research paper concludes that positive attitudes towards digital learning improve students' psychological well-being and behavioral patterns.

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Digital Learning, Students' Attitudes, Psychological Well-being, Behavioural Patterns, Higher Education, Academic Engagement.

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The report examines the stress levels of employees in banking and the productivity of organizations on the frequency data of each of the 400 participants on average. Questions related to demographic, workload pressure, job security, work-life balance, physical and mental stress, organizational support, leadership, organizational culture, and productivity were included in the questionnaire. Using the five-point Likert scales given, the weighted item and agreement percentages were calculated. The findings suggest that stress can manifest in many ways. 65% said that they felt overwhelmed with workload, 68% said they were unable to balance work and their personal lives, 62% said they felt physically exhausted at the end of the workday and 54% felt mentally drained after work. Meanwhile, several staff members said that their workplace was supportive: Attitudes towards the productivity effects of stress were also high. 63% felt that stress adversely affected team productivity, 61% felt that stress adversely affected customer service, 68% felt that high levels of stress had a negative effect on overall productivity and 66% felt that reducing stress can help to improve the output of the organization. The results, therefore, indicate that there is a strong perception of a relationship between employee stress and organizational productivity. Frequency tables for aggregates were presented, however, so that correlation, regression, reliability and significance testing could not be done at the level of the individual respondents. The report does not, then, give causal evidence, but rather a careful descriptive interpretation.

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Employee Stress; Workplace Stress; Organizational Productivity; Banking Sector; Workload Pressure; Work-Life Balance; Organizational Support; Employee Performance.

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Hanumangarh district is a significant arid and semi-arid region located in the northwestern part of Rajasthan, where the natural environment is profoundly influenced by climate, soil, water availability, and human activities. The district's climate is predominantly hot and dry, characterized by extreme summer temperatures, erratic rainfall, and a significant drop in temperature during winter. Over the past few decades, factors such as rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, prolonged droughts, intense short-duration rainfall, increased evaporation rates, and shifting weather patterns have impacted the district's natural vegetation. Climate change particularly affects arid and desert flora that are adapted to survive with limited water availability. Key arid-zone plant species in Hanumangarh district include Khejri, Rohida, Babool, Kikar, Ber, Aak, Fog, Thor, Ker, and Kumat, alongside various grasses and shrubs. These plants play a vital role in maintaining the local ecosystem's balance while contributing to soil and biodiversity conservation, fodder availability, micro-climate regulation, and the rural economy. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns associated with climate change are affecting processes such as germination, growth, flowering, fruiting, and natural regeneration. Reduced soil moisture due to erratic rainfall slows the growth rate of many plants, while prolonged droughts increase the risk of plant mortality and the depletion of vegetation cover. Conversely, certain arid-zone species exhibit greater resilience to the changing climate due to traits like deep root systems, reduced leaf surface area, thorny structures, and biological water-conservation capabilities. Additionally, factors such as agricultural expansion, excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation, grazing pressure, road and urban development, industrial activities, and the alteration of natural habitats are placing further strain on the arid vegetation. The combined impact of climate change and human pressures may lead to regional disparities in vegetation structure and distribution. In irrigated areas, agricultural crops and other man-made vegetation have replaced natural arid-zone vegetation, whereas natural shrubs and grasses remain significant in areas that are less irrigated or barren.

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Climate change, Hanumangarh district, arid climate, semi-arid region, arid vegetation, natural vegetation, temperature rise, rainfall variability, drought, desertification, vegetation cover, biodiversity, ecosystem, vegetation distribution, soil moisture, water availability, groundwater exploitation, land-use change, agricultural expansion, grazing pressure, Khejri, Rohida, Babool, Fog, Ber, Aak, Thor, Ker, Kumat, grass species, plant regeneration, vegetation conservation, environmental balance,

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This paper examines Nadia Hashimi's When the Moon Is Low as a literary representation of Afghan motherhood under patriarchy, Taliban rule, and forced migration. Focusing on Fereiba Waziri, the study argues that the novel reconfigures motherhood as a site of constrained but meaningful agency rather than passive suffering. Through close textual analysis and a feminist-postcolonial reading, the paper investigates how Fereiba's pursuit of education, her clandestine teaching, her role in protecting her children, and her morally complex decisions during migration challenge reductive images of Afghan and Muslim women as silent victims. The paper further contends that Hashimi represents motherhood as both an affective and political practice shaped by war, displacement, and gendered violence. By foregrounding maternal agency, the novel offers a nuanced critique of domestic patriarchy and transnational refugee precarity while highlighting the ethical burdens carried by women in conditions of structural vulnerability.

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Afghan women, Maternal agency, Migration, Motherhood, Patriarchy, Refugee displacement, War.

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BACKGROUND: Ayurveda places a strong emphasis on preventive health for women. The holistic approach of Ayurveda considers not only the physical health but also the mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being of individuals. There are different Parichary?s (Regimen) mentioned during different phases of Reproductive life. Premenstrual Syndrome is a concerning menstrual health issue exhibiting Psychosomatic symptoms affecting social, academic, or work performance. Rajaswala parichary? conserve Sv?sthya Avasth? (Healthy condition), which in turn could help women with PMS to respond in a healthier manner to the drastic psychosomatic changes. MATERIALS & METHODS: 40 Female subjects fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of Premenstrual Syndrome were randomly selected and divided into two equal group of 20 subjects in each. Group A were given Rajaswala parichary? and Group B was observed without intervention. Assessment was carried out on the first day of enrolment and followed by 5th day of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS: When comparison was done between the group - Highly significant difference in the effect of intervention was noticed in Group A with p value < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Though the results are good and encouraging, further study can be carried out on a large population with bio-chemical markers which is expected to provide definite conclusion. Rajaswala parichary? which is considered as Menstrual taboo in India, the further studies will give strong scientific background to encourage and create awareness to the society.

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Premenstrual syndrome, Rajaswala parichary?, ?tuvyat?ta K?la, Menstrual Regimen

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In oral societies, culture is preserved, carried and transmitted not through written records but through stories, songs, customs, ceremonies, memories, and every day practices which are passed down from one generation to another through oral tradition. The Angami Nagas like the other Naga tribes are also primarily an oral society where much of their traditional and cultural knowledge have been preserved and transmitted through oral tradition. Oral tradition encompasses a wide range of forms including; folktales, folksongs, myths, customs and rituals. In particular, the life-cycle rituals connected with marriage, death, burial and mourning forms an important aspect of the oral and cultural heritage and knowledge of the Angami Nagas. These rituals carry with them beliefs, values, family relationships, community responsibilities and memories of the past. Literature here becomes an important medium through which these knowledge and memories are preserved and transmitted. It is within this premise, the study examines the representation of life-cycle rituals in Easterine Kire's A Terrible Matriarchy, with particular focus on funeral, burial and mourning practices, marriage negotiations, and wedding celebrations. As a writer who is native to the Angami Naga society, Kire draws heavily from her own Angami cultural heritage which makes her works a fertile ground for analyzing and exploring matters of importance related to the cultural tradition and practices. The study then is positioned as an inquiry into how the life cycle rituals in the novel contribute towards the representation of the Angami cultural identity. A close textual reading of A Terrible Matriarchy has been conducted as part of the study while studies conducted on the Angami oral traditions have also been reviewed and discussed along with the close textual reading.

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Angami Nagas; Oral Tradition; Life-Cycle Rituals; Cultural Identity; Easterine Kire; A Terrible Matriarchy

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