Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

The demographics, motives, business performance, and obstacles of women entrepreneurs are the main topics of this study, which looks at how they affect the expansion and development of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu. The goal of the study is to comprehend how women support local economic development, innovation, employment creation, and turnover growth. The research design used was both descriptive and analytical. Using a standardized questionnaire, 400 female entrepreneurs from different districts provided primary data. A stratified random sample technique made sure that all business kinds and sectors were represented. For data interpretation, descriptive statistics, mean score analysis, and hypothesis testing methods including ANOVA and Chi-square were used. According to the research, the majority of female entrepreneurs are young, have just a moderate level of education, and run sole proprietorships.Their companies have a good impact on sustainability, job development, and operational effectiveness. Low profitability, restricted access to financing, and a lack of market expansion, however, continue to be obstacles. Strong entrepreneurial potential is indicated by high scores in compliance, teamwork, and diversity. The report emphasizes how women-led MSMEs may foster inclusive economic growth and community resilience in a revolutionary way. In order to increase women's involvement in entrepreneurship and lessen gender inequities in the MSME ecosystem, it emphasizes the necessity of focused interventions including financial inclusion, capacity-building, and market access support.

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 Keywords

Women Entrepreneurship, MSMEs, Tamil Nadu, Business Performance, Inclusive Growth, Employment Generation, Financial Access, Market Expansion, Gender Empowerment

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This paper presents the design, simulation, and comparative optimisation of a grid-connected hybrid microgrid for Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College (GNDEC), Ludhiana, using HOMER Pro. The study evaluates solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass generation, battery storage, converter, and utility-grid combinations against a conventional grid-only configuration. The campus annual electrical demand is 3,219,990 kWh/year, with an average daily demand of 8,822 kWh/day and a maximum recorded peak of 773 kW. Six system cases and a grid-only base configuration were simulated over 8760 hours using technical, economic, renewable-energy, and environmental indicators. The comparative results identify the PV-biomass-grid configuration (Case 2) as the best overall option, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of INR156.95 million, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of INR2.97/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.6%, grid dependency of 18.3%, and annual CO? emissions of 75,268 kg/year. Case 1, which adds battery storage, gives an NPC of about INR156 million, LCOE of INR2.98/kWh, renewable fraction of 79.4%, and emissions of 81,855 kg/year. Compared with the grid-only base, the selected configuration substantially reduces lifecycle cost, electricity cost, grid dependence, and emissions while maintaining zero unmet load and zero capacity shortage.

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Hybrid microgrid; Solar PV; Biomass; HOMER Pro; Techno-economic optimisation

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The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced new challenges in maintaining the stability and reliability of modern microgrids. Conventional control methods often struggle to manage the dynamic and uncertain nature of power generation and demand. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles to act as distributed energy storage systems by supplying power back to the grid whenever required. This paper presents a Rein-forcement Learning (RL)-Based Vehicle-to-Grid control system for microgrid stability using a tabular Q-learning agent. The proposed system uses a reinforcement learning algorithm to determine the optimal charging and discharging schedules of EV batteries based on real-time microgrid conditions. The RL agent continuously learns from the operating environment and makes intelligent decisions to minimize frequency deviations, reduce voltage fluctuations, improve power balance, and enhance overall system reliability. The proposed model includes renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicles, and utility grid support. The system is developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance under different operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate improved microgrid stability, ef-ficient energy management, reduced dependence on conventional generators, and enhanced utilization of renewable energy sources.

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 Keywords

Vehicle-to-Grid, Reinforcement Learning, Q-Learning, Microgrid Stability, Electric Vehicles, Battery Energy Storage System, Renewable Energy Integration.

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Abstract The increasing mobility of Indian students to Canada has created new opportunities for educational and professional development while also exposing students to unfamiliar linguistic, cultural, and interpersonal practices. This study examines the interpersonal communication and cross-cultural issues and challenges experienced by Indian immigrant students in Canada. It particularly focuses on the ways in which differences in language use, pronunciation, accent, conversational styles, cultural norms, social practices, and pragmatic knowledge may influence interpersonal interaction. The study adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach based on observations from an international conference on interpersonal communicative challenges for Indian immigrant students in Canada, supported by relevant secondary sources, including journal articles, and academic publications. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication difficulties extend beyond grammatical or linguistic competence and may also arise from differences in pragmatic and sociocultural expectations. Differences in conversational openings, greetings, politeness, speech patterns, pronunciation, accent, speech rate, and culturally influenced social behaviour may contribute to misunderstanding and communication difficulties. The study further highlights the use of communication strategies such as requesting repetition, clarification, topic avoidance, and preference for face-to-face interaction when students encounter communicative difficulties. It argues that effective adjustment requires not only English-language proficiency but also pragmatic awareness, cultural understanding, and strategic competence. The study recommends greater attention to cross-cultural and interpersonal communication in orientation and language-support programmes for international students. Developing awareness of culturally situated communication practices can help Indian students participate more effectively in academic, professional, and social interactions in Canada. Keywords: Indian immigrant students, interpersonal communication, cross-cultural communication, pragmatic competence, cultural adaptation and communication strategies.

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Indian immigrant students, interpersonal communication, cross-cultural communication, pragmatic competence, cultural adaptation and communication strategies

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The Ram Chandra Series, written by Amish Tripathi, is a modern, multi-perspective version of the Ramayana. It is a four-novel series consisting of Ram: Scion of Ikshvaku, Sita: Warrior of Mithila, Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta and War of Lanka. The series portrays mythological characters as complex, normal people. This paper is titled "Deconstructing Womanhood in the Ram Chandra Series: A Study of Sita through Multiple Narratives", which discusses the character of Sita in the four Ram Chandra novels and how she is portrayed according to different narrative perspectives. The paper treats Sita more fluidly as a character who embodies strength, intelligence, leadership, agency and moral independence, as an active character, rather than the static, idealised cultural portrait of the ideal woman. It also examines the transformation of Sita through the lens of deconstruction theory. It questions the binary oppositions through which womanhood has traditionally been defined in a fixed framework. According to the study, it is not possible to define Sita in any simple or singular identity because her different representations can be understood as showing that identity and meaning can be created through perspective, context and interpretation; that is the central premise of Deconstruction Theory. Sita in Tripathi's work has become an important persona for challenging conventional portrayals of womanhood.

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 Keywords

Amish Tripathi, Ram Chandra Series, Sita, deconstruction, feminism, ecofeminism, womanhood, mythological retelling, multiple narratives, postmodernism.

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This study analyses the impact of Limited Time Offers (LTOs) and flash sales on consumer behaviour. The research emphasises certain factors, including the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), discounts, time pressure, and scarcity messaging, as well as their connections with impulse and unplanned purchases. The data collection process was done using structured questionnaires distributed among 103 respondents in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, through purposive sampling techniques. The analysis of data was carried out using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The results show that there are strong correlations between FOMO and unplanned purchases, discounts and purchase probability; as well as scarcity messages and impulse buying behaviour.

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Limited-Time Deals, Flash Sales, Consumer Decision-Making, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), Impulse Buying, Scarcity, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behaviour

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Women entrepreneurship has come to the fore as a prime source of inclusive economic growth, employment and socio-economic empowerment. The Government of India and Government of Uttar Pradesh have implemented various policy measures to encourage entrepreneurial development among women, such as the One District One Product (ODOP) programme, Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), and Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM). This review paper critically explores the targets, implementation mechanisms, women-specific provisions, and the effectiveness of these schemes. It synthesises the evidence in this area from government reports and the latest empirical research. The review reveals that financial assistance, women's skill development, Entrepreneurship training, Market linkage, and institutional support have played a significant role in enhancing women's access to entrepreneurial opportunities, but the impacts of these schemes depend on the design of the entrepreneurship programmes, the quality of implementation, awareness of the beneficiaries, and access to complementary support services. Limited awareness, procedural complexity, market access, lack of post-training support, and institutional coordination are recurring issues that are reported in the literature as factors that limit the sustainability of women's businesses in the long-term. Plus, the previous studies have largely focused on examining individual schemes separately, and there's a limited comparative analysis of the contribution of these schemes to women entrepreneurship in Uttar Pradesh. These areas of research are identified, and the need for an integrated policy approach that merges financial inclusion, capacity building, market development, and institutional support for making government interventions more effective in supporting sustainable women entrepreneurship is underlined.

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 Keywords

Women entrepreneurship, Government schemes, ODOP, PMEGP, PMMY, PMKVY, DAY-NULM, Uttar Pradesh, Entrepreneurship development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Anitha Nair's fiction foregrounds the interior lives of men at a moment of social and cultural transition in India. This paper examines the representation of male identity and masculinity in three selected novels: Mistress (2005), Lessons in Forgetting (2010), and The Better Man (2013). Through a gender-studies lens informed by R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity and feminist ethics of care, the paper argues that Nair traces a critical trajectory: from masculinity defined by possession, authority, and emotional detachment, to a masculinity reconstructed through vulnerability, accountability, and relational presence. In Mistress, male characters seek to own women, narratives, and art. Lessons in Forgetting exposes the violence and ethical bankruptcy of that model in the context of trauma and institutional failure. The Better Man proposes an alternative masculinity grounded in care work and emotional labour. Nair thus contributes to postcolonial gender discourse by suggesting that masculinity is not innate but performed, and can be unlearned and re-performed.

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Anitha Nair, Masculinity, Male Identity, Indian English Fiction, Hegemonic Masculinity, Care Ethics, Gender

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Software energy use is now a measurable, growing slice of global electricity demand, and much of that footprint comes down to how code is written, not what hardware it runs on. Green refactoring, restructuring existing source code to cut its energy footprint without changing what it does, has been proposed as a practical way to close that gap without waiting on new hardware or new languages. This paper reviews the literature on green refactoring for Java, a language that still runs most enterprise and Android backend systems even though sustainability research has largely moved on to mobile and cloud-native platforms. We searched five major databases, applied a structured inclusion and exclusion protocol, and screened the results down to a final set of primary studies covering refactoring techniques, profiling tools, and their reported energy effects. The review sorts green refactoring into six technique categories, compares five widely used Java profiling tools, and lays out what the empirical literature agrees and disagrees on. The clearest finding is that results are inconsistent: energy savings from the same technique vary by workload, JVM version, and measurement tool, and few studies isolate cause from effect cleanly. We identify six open gaps, among them the lack of multi-metric evaluation standards and the near-total absence of automated, profiling-guided refactoring tools for Java, and close with six directions for future work, including AI-assisted refactoring and energy-aware practices for microservice architectures.

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 Keywords

green software engineering, energy efficiency, Java, refactoring, JVM, runtime profiling, literature review, sustainable computing

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