Volume 7 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Existence of Chronic poverty is the major concern for the country and mitigating it has been the core of all developmental efforts. Post independence, several poverty alleviation programmes initiated by the government have resulted in the overall development of the poor but these programmes were not able to achieve the targeted success. Lack of capital and inaccessibility to credit is the serious constraint to the development and inhibits poor from responding to the opportunities created by the process of development. Empowerment of women is the most important means of poverty eradication. Despite considerable improvement in the status of women post independence, they still constitute the largest section of deprived population. Certain problems such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, availability of proper health care facilities, ignorance etc., which are persistent in rural economy, cannot be tackled individually but could be effectively solved through group efforts. It reminds of a childhood story, where few birds are caught in a net and could not escape one by one. They thought of an idea and decided to fly together in a group and similarly one stick is easily breakable but bundle of sticks is difficult to break. These stories narrate the same moral � �Unity is strength�, �Self help is the best help� and �United we stand and divided we fall�. Hence attacking the problem through collective efforts yields better results. Today such collective group efforts are called as �Self Help Groups�, which has become a powerful tool in initiating the change and transforming the lives of crores of poor and marginalized women across the country.

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 Keywords

Poverty, Collective effort, Group, Women empowerment, Self Help, Unity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

India boasts of being largest democracy in the world. In such political system and democracy, political parties, both national and regional play an important role. India has a multi-party system with recognition accorded to national and state and district level parties. The status is reviewed periodically by the Election Commission of India (ECI). Other political parties that wish to contest local, state or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India. Registered parties are considered as recognized national or state level parties based upon their party�s objective criteria. A recognized party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol, free broadcast time on state run television and radio, a consultation in setting of election dates and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. As per recent publication from Election Commission of India (2018), the total number of parties registered in India is 2,598, out of which, 8 are National parties, 52 are recognized as State parties and 2,538 are unrecognized parties. One of the important feature of the Indian Party System is the presence of a large number of regional parties. Regional party means �a party which generally operates within a limited geographical area and its activities are restricted only to a single or few states�. Added to this, compared with more comprehensive objectives of national political parties, these regional parties represent the interest, needs and requirements of a particular area. Regional parties necessarily concentrate on specific issues concerning, such as, usage of river water, creating local job opportunities, meeting a local needs of the people etc., In simple words, regional parties differ from National parties both in terms of their objectives, outlook, operations as well as the interests they pursue.

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 Keywords

Democracy, Regional requirements, Local needs, Regional demands, Political party.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Co-operative Societies is an autonomous association of people united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. These co-operative societies are voluntary association that replaces capitalism with co-operation, listen to their members� needs, are non-discriminatory in nature, arrive at decisions through discussions and follow the ideals of self-help and mutual help. Co-operatives exist in sectors such as retail, banking, housing, marketing, agriculture, manufacturing, purchasing, employment and in other sectors. Some of the most renowned co-operatives in India are Amul, Shree Mahila Gruha Udyog (Lijjat Papad), KRIBHCO, and Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO � which is also one of the largest co-operatives in the world). India being an agrarian economy laid the foundation of world�s biggest cooperative movement in the world. According to Professor C. R. Fay, Co-operative is �an association for the purpose of joint trading, originating among the weak and conducted always in an unselfish spirit on such terms that all who are prepared to assume the duties of membership may share it�s rewards in proportion to the degree in which they make use of the associations�. Co-operation is based on self help as well as mutual help. It is a joint enterprise of those, who are not financially strong and cannot stand on their own legs and therefore come together not with a view to getting profits but to overcome disability arising out of want of adequate financial resources and thus better their economic conditions. According to the Co-operative Societies Act of each state, a co-operative society registered within a State under the law of that state, is not allowed to operate in other states without the permission of the Government or Registrar Co-operative Societies is an autonomous association of people united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. These co-operative societies are voluntary association that replaces capitalism with co-operation, listen to their members� needs, are non-discriminatory in nature, arrive at decisions through discussions and follow the ideals of self-help and mutual help. Co-operatives exist in sectors such as retail, banking, housing, marketing, agriculture, manufacturing, purchasing, employment and in other sectors. Some of the most renowned co-operatives in India are Amul, Shree Mahila Gruha Udyog (Lijjat Papad), KRIBHCO, and Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO � which is also one of the largest co-operatives in the world). India being an agrarian economy laid the foundation of world�s biggest cooperative movement in the world. According to Professor C. R. Fay, Co-operative is �an association for the purpose of joint trading, originating among the weak and conducted always in an unselfish spirit on such terms that all who are prepared to assume the duties of membership may share it�s rewards in proportion to the degree in which they make use of the associations�. Co-operation is based on self help as well as mutual help. It is a joint enterprise of those, who are not financially strong and cannot stand on their own legs and therefore come together not with a view to getting profits but to overcome disability arising out of want of adequate financial resources and thus better their economic conditions. According to the Co-operative Societies Act of each state, a co-operative society registered within a State under the law of that state, is not allowed to operate in other states without the permission of the Government or Registrar of Co-operative Societies of that State. In case of multi-State co-operative society, it can operate in more than one State as a matter of right.of Co-operative Societies of that State. In case of multi-State co-operative society, it can operate in more than one State as a matter of right.

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 Keywords

autonomous, association, open membership, self help, mutual help, common goal.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Women�s contribution to economic development is great both in visible and invisible form. From primarily being a vehicle of human reproduction, to a vehicle of social, cultural and economic good, she can create wonders. Women constitute almost 50% of the world�s population, their number was 586.5 million as per 2011census report of Government of India. They represent 48.5 % of India�s population. Maternal Health is an important aspect for the development of any country, as survival and well-being of mothers is not only important in their own right but are also central to solving large economic, social and developmental challenges of a country. Government of India has launched various reproductive, Maternal and Child health services, which aims at addressing the major social and health related issues of women and children, which causes mortality and morbidity. Still availability and access to quality health care services in India is not upto the mark. Therefore, to achieve maternal health, in particular, several strategies and programmes have been implemented by the government, which are guided by the central tenets of equity, universal care, entitlement and accountability to provide �continuum of care� ensuring equal focus at various life stages. The Maternal Health Care facilities are not uniformly developed in the state of Karnataka. The northern parts of Karnataka state lag behind the southern parts of Karnataka State. Koppal District is considered as one of the 5 backward districts of North Karnataka region. The perinatal mortality rate of this district has been either equal to or higher than that of Karnataka State. The perinatal mortality rate, during year 2012 � 2013 was 30.3. Dakshina Kannada District is considered as one of the developed district of South Karnataka Region. The PMR of this district was 12.64 during year 2012-2013, which is far below the perinatal mortality rate of Karnataka State.

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 Keywords

Maternal Health, Mortality, Morbidity, Women care, Government initiative.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

�Food is the moral right of all, who are born into this world. Without food, man at most can live but a few weeks; without it all other components of social justice are meaningless� these lines were uttered by the Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug, who is considered as the �Father of Green Revolution�. He received the Nobel Peace prize in 1970, for having saved over a billion people from starvation. The term �Green Revolution� was first used by William S. Gaud, the administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), in a speech on 8 March 1968. Land area is perfectly inelastic, it cannot be artificially created, instead, it is a free gift of nature. On the other hand, population of a county and the world consistently increases. Therefore, every new born baby comes with a mouth, which needs to be feed. As a result, the pressure on the existing land, mounts up every year, forcing it to produce more food grains for the growing population. Today, if population of the world is getting enough food grains and not suffering from malnutrition, entire credit must go to one scientific research outcome, namely, �Green Revolution�. It is a set of research technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds for different crops, especially dwarf wheat and rice. It was associated with chemical fertilizers, agrochemicals, controlled water-supply and newer methods of cultivation, including mechanization. All of these together were seen as a �package of practices� to supersede �traditional� technology of farming and to be adopted as a whole. This paper attempts to find out the genesis of green revolution across globe.

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 Keywords

Food scarcity, population growth, HYV seeds, food security, mechanization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Collaborative learning and interactive electronic-learning (e-learning) are the key factors for the success of this educational system. The aim of this study was to investigate the position of such learning with a glance at the role and influence of constructivist theory in e-learning environments. This is a review article and databases such as Scientific Information Databases, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were reviewed. Also, published resources such as books and papers were also considered. The result of the review showed collaborative learning has a crucial role in e-Leaning goals attachment. Also, e-learning could be effective in education quality. The learning and motivation of students have a significant relationship with the interaction and collaboration in e-learning methods. So the special attention for using scientific approaches needs from organizations and universities who apply the e-Learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Collaborative learning, e-learning, e-learning environments

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Human hand is a very complex mechanism to understand. it has 27 degrees of freedom. When this movement is impaired due to any neurological disorders or in case of fatal accidents, then an amputee is not able to perform their routines. The proposed solution clearly focuses on such techniques which help an amputee to regain their self confidence by the use of such artificial hands. This system used bran signals to operate the patient through headsets. The signal is processed through a control unit and it gives signals to the mechanical system. control of hand movement can be regained through the use of brain waves. Thus human machine interaction systems can be developed at low cost so as to provide access to all amputees who can not effort high cost prosthesis. It can customised as per their need.In this way they can be independant to do their daily routine activities such as tooth brushing, picking up objects, grasping, etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Amputee,Brain,Hand,Headset, Prosthesis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Agriculture is a major source of livelihood for majority of the population. As per an ILO estimate employment in agriculture sector as percentage of the total employment was approximately 44 per cent in the year 2018. To stimulate the productivity of these activities, Government of India has, from time to time, given policy thrusts which led to the various agricultural revolutions As a result, the agriculture sector has not only become self-sufficient but has emerged as the net exporter of several agricultural commodities like rice, marine products, cotton etc. The banks as a mediating force for agricultural credit occupy a crucial role since the agricultural sector faces the critical problem of shortage of finance to invest in the agricultural operations. In order to have a better performance in agricultural credit system, all the adverse forces affecting the lenders and borrowers are to be corrected. All the important aspects of agricultural credit are to be given extreme attention by the policy makers, which will be favourable to the bankers as well as borrowers, so that the society can enjoy a productive result of agricultural credit delivery system.

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 Keywords

Agricultural Credit, Bank, Interest, Security, Margin Money, Processing Fee

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Agriculture as a priority sector occupies a prominent role and hence all possible measures have to be taken to protect this sector in its strict sense. As a result, the Government of India have been framing number of initiatives to protect this sector including provision of adequate credit supply. Interest subsidy is another significant measure, which has to be ensured even now to protect the agriculturists from the high cost of borrowings as well as high cost of agricultural accomplishments. Despite the interest subvention scheme is one of the land marks in the history of agricultural credit system, it has not gained much up to the standard. An in-depth analysis of the subsidy system enjoyed by the agricultural borrowers will be highly helpful to the policy makers in order to ensure a defect free and efficient subsidy system. It is clear from the statistics reveal that majority of the agricultural borrowers have not enjoyed the benefit of subsidy and are out of the purview of the interest subsidy system associated with their credit. It is also undoubted that subsidy is an inevitable one in the credit system for the enrichment of the sector. Therefore, some more crucial measures by way of policies, programmes, initiatives and strategies are to be ensured by Governments at various levels to ensure the availability of subsidy as fixed.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Agriculture, Bank, Borrower, Commercial Bank, Co-operative Bank, Credit, Interest, RRB, Subsidy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

untouchability, cleanliness, sufferings, society

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition