Published Paper Details:

Nanomaterials have emerged as a revolutionary class of materials with unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area, quantum effects, and enhanced reactivity. These properties have enabled wide applications in environmental remediation, medicine, agriculture, electronics, and energy sectors. Despite their significant advantages, nanomaterials also pose potential risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation tendencies. This review critically examines both the positive and negative impacts of nanomaterials on the environment. Beneficial applications include water purification, air pollution control, soil remediation, and green energy solutions. However, unintended environmental exposure can lead to toxicity in aquatic systems, soil microorganisms, and human tissues. The study compiles data on commonly used toxic nanoparticles, their environmental pathways, and mechanisms of toxicity. It also discusses safer alternatives and sustainable approaches such as green synthesis and biodegradable nanomaterials. The balance between technological advancement and environmental safety is essential for sustainable development. The findings emphasize the need for stringent regulations, risk assessment frameworks, and eco-friendly nanotechnology practices to minimize adverse effects while maximizing benefits.