Published Paper Details:

The selection of an appropriate foundation system is essential for ensuring structural stability and serviceability. This study presents a comparative evaluation of isolated, combined, and raft foundations based on Indian Standard codes such as IS 456:2000, IS 6403:1981, IS 1904:1986, and IS 2950:1981. The analysis considers key parameters including bearing capacity, settlement characteristics, stress distribution, and economic feasibility. Isolated footings are found to be suitable for structures on soils with high safe bearing capacity and well-spaced columns. Combined footings are effective in cases of closely spaced columns or boundary constraints, providing better load sharing and reduced eccentricity. Raft foundations, however, exhibit superior performance in weak or compressible soils by distributing loads over a larger area, thereby minimizing differential settlement. The study concludes that while isolated and combined footings are economical under favorable conditions, raft foundations offer enhanced structural safety and long-term performance where settlement control governs design.