Published Paper Details:

It is anticipated that ongoing climate change will have an impact on individual organisms at every stage of life, which will have an impact on species populations, communities, and ecosystem function.Because of rising temperatures, ocean acidification, hypoxia, and habitat changes brought on by climate change, fish physiology and behaviour are being profoundly impacted in aquatic ecosystems.Potential changes in biodiversity and the sustainability of fisheries result from these alterations, which also impair metabolic processes, reproductive success, and ecological interactions. Although some species may be able to adapt through behavioural and physiological flexibility, many are in danger because of the quick changes in their surroundings. The effects of these environmental stresses on fish immunological responses, growth, reproduction, and metabolic rates are examined in this review. High temperatures speed up metabolic processes, raising energy needs while perhaps decreasing growth and reproductive success. Ocean acidification impairs feeding and predator avoidance by interfering with sensory processes.Respiratory stress brought on by low oxygen levels modifies habitat choices and movement behaviours. Furthermore, changes in migration and spawning cycles brought on by climate change have an effect on species ranges and population dynamics. Comprehending these physiological and behavioural reactions is essential for forecasting future shifts in biodiversity and putting conservation plans into action. This review highlights knowledge gaps and potential research goals by synthesizing recent studies on fish adaptations and vulnerabilities brought on by climate change.It is essential to comprehend these effects in order to create conservation plans and sustainable management techniques. To protect aquatic ecosystems in a changing climate, future studies should concentrate on species-specific reactions, long-term adaption strategies, and mitigation techniques.