Published Paper Details:

Aspergillus niger is a widespread fungal pathogen responsible for black mold on onions and other crops, resulting in significant post-harvest losses, due to reduced shelf life, spoilage, and economic losses to diminished market value and increased waste. The rise in resistance to traditional antifungal treatments has driven the search for alternative, sustainable methods to combat this pathogen. This research review explores the antifungal efficacy of various plant extracts and nanoparticles against A. niger, with a focus on their effectiveness in controlling onion infections. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of existing research on plant extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) for their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Additionally, recent advancements in the development and application of nanoparticles including silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper oxide (CuO NPs), and iron oxide (Fe?O? NPs) were tested for their antifungal properties. These findings suggest that both plant extracts and nanoparticles present promising alternatives for managing A. niger infections in onions, potentially reducing dependence on synthetic fungicides and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. The review underscores the potential of combining biocompatible nanoparticles with plant extracts and offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for future antifungal agents in food packaging, clinical, and agricultural settings. This analysis highlights the most promising nanoparticle formulations by using fungicidal plant extracts for inhibiting Aspergillus niger, thereby enhancing the post-harvest storage of onions.