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Background Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder that adversely affects the physical, psychological, social, and occupational well-being of affected individuals. Despite the availability of de-addiction services, many patients continue to experience poor Quality of Life and unsatisfactory Treatment Outcomes due to the complex nature of addiction and its psychosocial consequences. Assessing these outcomes is essential for planning comprehensive, patient-centered rehabilitation services and improving the effectiveness of addiction treatment programs. Objectives 1. To assess the Quality of Life among patients with substance use disorder attending selected de-addiction centers. 2. To assess the Treatment Outcomes among patients with substance use disorder attending selected de-addiction centers. 3. To determine the association between Quality of Life and selected demographic and clinical variables. 4. To determine the association between Treatment Outcomes and selected demographic and clinical variables. Methods A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 patients with substance use disorder attending selected de-addiction centers in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured demographic and clinical profile, the World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, and a standardized Treatment Outcome Assessment Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 200 patients participated in the study. The findings revealed that 58.5% of participants had a moderate level of Quality of Life, 27.5% had a low level, and 14.0% had a high level of Quality of Life. Similarly, 61.0% demonstrated satisfactory Treatment Outcomes, while 39.0% had poor Treatment Outcomes. Significant associations were observed between Quality of Life and educational status, employment status, family support, and history of relapse (p < 0.05). Treatment Outcomes were also significantly associated with duration of substance use, family support, and treatment adherence (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study revealed that a considerable proportion of patients with substance use disorder experienced moderate Quality of Life and satisfactory Treatment Outcomes. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive recovery-oriented interventions and continuous nursing support to support long-term rehabilitation and overall patient well-being.