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Abstract:- Education is a cornerstone of sustainable development and a fundamental human right recognized under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In India, the concept of One Nation, One Education has emerged as a policy discourse advocating the establishment of common educational standards to reduce disparities in access, quality, and learning outcomes across states and regions. This study examines the potential of a unified educational framework to advance Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. The paper argues that while educational standardization can strengthen national learning benchmarks, improve teacher quality, facilitate equitable resource distribution, and enhance accountability, its implementation must remain sensitive to India's linguistic, cultural, and socio-economic diversity. Adopting a qualitative and analytical approach, the study synthesizes policy documents, including the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, SDG 4 targets and indicators, government reports, and relevant scholarly literature to evaluate the opportunities and challenges associated with a unified education system. The analysis highlights that achieving SDG 4 requires more than curriculum harmonization; it demands robust institutional governance, cooperative federalism, digital inclusion, equitable financing, teacher capacity building, and mechanisms that address regional disparities in educational infrastructure and learning opportunities. Furthermore, the integration of educational technologies and digital public infrastructure can enhance access to quality learning, particularly for underserved and marginalized communities. The study concludes that One Nation, One Education should be understood as a framework for establishing common national quality standards while preserving contextual flexibility for states and local communities. Such a balanced approach can strengthen educational equity, improve learning outcomes, and contribute significantly to India's progress toward achieving SDG 4. The paper offers policy insights for designing an education system that is equitable, inclusive, resilient, and aligned with national development priorities and the global sustainable development agenda.