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The development of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)in India has been an important concern of the government due to their extreme socio-economic vulnerability and isolation. These groups, now officially known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), have historically lived in remote forests, hills, and inaccessible regions with limited contact with mainstream society. As a result, they faced severe challenges such as poverty, low literacy, poor health conditions, malnutrition, and lack of access to basic services. After India's independence in 1947, tribal welfare became a significant part of national development policies. The Government of India began implementing special programmes under the Tribal Sub-Plan to improve the socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Tribes. In 1975, a special category called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) was introduced to identify the most vulnerable tribal communities who required urgent and focused attention. The identification of PTGs was based on specific criteria such as pre-agricultural level of technology, stagnant or declining population, extremely low literacy rates, and subsistence-level economy. Over time, several welfare measures were introduced, including housing support, healthcare services, education programmes, livelihood development, and food security initiatives. In 2006, the term PTG was officially replaced with PVTG to adopt a more respectful and appropriate terminology. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has played a central role in designing and implementing policies for these communities through targeted schemes and development programmes. These initiatives aim not only to improve living standards but also to protect the cultural heritage, traditions, and identity of tribal communities. Although various efforts have been made over the decades, many PVTGs still face significant developmental challenges. Therefore, continuous policy attention, community participation, and sustainable development strategies remain essential for improving their quality of life while preserving their unique cultural identity.