Published Paper Details:

Anemia is a common blood condition found all over the world and is a significant public health problem, affecting people of all ages. Correct diagnosis in the laboratory is crucial to understand the root cause, the level of the disease, the right treatment and surveillance of the treatment response. The traditional tests used for the evaluation of anemia remain the same: complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear examination, reticulocyte count, iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate level determination, hemolysis markers and a bone marrow examination. Some of these procedures, however, may be not be useful in complex, inherited and atypical cases. The use of flow cytometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, molecular diagnostic techniques, cytogenetics, mass spectrometry, and point of care testing (POCT) have improved the ability of laboratory medicine to make diagnoses.Recent developments in laboratory medicine have improved diagnostic accuracy by using flow cytometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, molecular diagnostic techniques, cytogenetics, mass spectrometry and point of care testing (POCT). Recent advances in the study of iron metabolism and erythropoiesis have introduced new emerging biomarkers including hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), erythroferrone and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). The incorporation of AI, machine learning, digital pathology, and automated hematology platforms has further enhanced diagnostic precision, allowing for quicker data analysis and standardizing interpretation. The focus of future developments will be on multi-omics approaches, single-cell sequencing, wearable diagnostic devices, nanotechnology-based biosensors, lab-on-a-chip technologies and AI-driven precision diagnostics, all of which will help in personalized management of anemia. Combining traditional lab examinations with molecular testing and digital innovations will make a diagnostic process more efficient, better clinical decisions and help achieve better patient outcomes.