Published Paper Details:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia among elderly individuals worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies associated with AD. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-? (A?) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal degeneration, cortical atrophy, and cognitive decline. The amyloid cascade hypothesis explains the role of A? accumulation in triggering tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction. Alzheimers disease progresses through multiple stages, including preclinical stage, mild cognitive impairment, mild-to-moderate AD, and severe AD. Common symptoms include memory loss, language impairment, behavioral disturbances, and reduced spatial awareness. Diagnostic approaches involve clinical examination, neurocognitive assessment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis.Currently available pharmacological therapies include cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, along with the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. India faces major challenges in the management of AD because of its rapidly increasing elderly population, lack of awareness, social stigma, and limited healthcare access. Recent advances in immune therapeutics, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, artificial intelligence, and machine learning offer promising future directions for early diagnosis and disease-modifying treatment strategies. However, challenges related to disease heterogeneity, drug delivery, and ethical concerns still remain. Continued research is essential for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of Alzheimer's disease.